405 U.S. 979
92 S. Ct. 1193
31 L. Ed. 2d 255
Ernest Da COSTA
v.
Melvin R. LAIRD, Individually, and as Secretary of Defense of the United States, et al.
No. 71-833.
Supreme Court of the United States
March 6, 1972
On petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
The petition for a writ of certiorari is denied.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, dissenting.
Once again, this Court is confronted with a challenge to the constitutionality of the presidential war which has raged in Southeast Asia for nearly a decade.1 Once again, it denies certiorari. Once again, I dissent.
I have expressed at length my view that the constitutional questions raised by conscription for a presidential war are both substantial and justiciable. See, e. g., Massachusetts v. Laird, 400 U.S. 886, 91 S. Ct. 128, 27 L. Ed. 2d 130 (Douglas, J., dissenting) (Mass. I); Hart v. United States, 391 U.S. 956, 88 S. Ct. 1851, 20 L. Ed. 2d 871 (Douglas, J., dissenting); Holmes v. United States, 391 U.S. 936, 88 S. Ct. 1835, 20 L. Ed. 2d 856 (Douglas, J., dissenting); Mora v. McNamara, 389 U.S. 934, 935, 88 S. Ct. 282, 283, 19 L. Ed. 2d 287 (Douglas J., dissenting); Mitchell v. United States, 386 U.S. 972, 87 S. Ct. 1162, 18 L. Ed. 2d 132 (Douglas, J., dissenting).
The circuits are in conflict as to the justiciability of these questions. Compare Massachusetts v. Laird, 451 F.2d 26 (CA1 1971) (Mass. II) and Orlando v. Laird, 443 F.2d 1039 (CA2 1971), with Velvel v. Nixon, 415 F.2d 236 (CA10 1970) and Luftig v. McNamara, 126 U.S. App.D.C. 4, 373 F.2d 664 (1967).
This Court, of course, should give defense to the coordinate branches of the Government. But we did not defer in the Prize Cases, 2 Black 635, 17 L. Ed. 459 when the issue was presidential power as Commander in Chief to order a blockade. We did not defer in the Steel Seizure Case,2 when the issue was presidential power, in time of armed international conflict, to order the seizure of domestic steel mills. Nor should we defer here, when the issue is presidential power to seize, not steel, but people. See Mass. I, supra, 400 U.S., at 891-900, 91 S. Ct., at 131-132.
The Constitution gives Congress the power 'To declare war,' Art. I, § 8; and it is argued that the Constitution gives to Congress the exclusive power to determine when it has declared war. But if there is such a 'textually demonstrable constitutional commitment,' Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 217 82 S. Ct. 691, 710, 7 L. Ed. 2d 663, it is for this Court to determine its scope. Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 521, 89 S. Ct. 1944, 1964, 23 L. Ed. 2d 491. See Mass. I, supra, 400 U.S., at 892, 91 S. Ct., at 132.
While we debate whether to decide the constitutionality of this war, our countrymen are daily compelled to undergo the physical and psychological tortures of armed combat on foreign soil. Families and careers are disrupted; young men maimed and disfigured; lives lost. The issues are large; they are precisely framed; we should decide them.
Mr. Justice BRENNAN is of the opinion that certiorari should be granted.
Petitioner Da Costa is a Portugese citizen permanently resident in the United States. He was conscripted into the United States Army in December 1970, and commenced this action in July 1971, to enjoin enforcement of military orders deploying him to Vietnam. He alleges that participation by the United States in the Vietnamese conflict has not been authorized by Congress conformably with the Constitution, and that absent such authorization, Congress has no power to conscript for military service in armed conflict overseas.
Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 72 S. Ct. 863, 96 L. Ed. 1153.