No. 11-1674 – State v. Bowling
FILED
October 11, 2013
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
Workman, Justice, dissenting: OF WEST VIRGINIA
I reluctantly dissent from the majority’s opinion, which upholds the petitioner’s
conviction notwithstanding the fact that all five members of this Court agree that in the
petitioner’s trial there were three separate instances in which testimony elicited by the State
violated the Confrontation Clause found in Amendment VI of the United States Constitution,
and in article III, section 14 of the West Virginia Constitution; and that in two additional
instances, the circuit court’s admission of testimony elicited by the State constituted an abuse
of discretion.
Having served as a circuit judge for seven years in the state’s busiest circuit
and having conducted more jury trials than any other circuit judge in the state during that
period, I recognize that there is no such thing as a perfect trial. A trial court judge must make
quick decisions on a whole plethora of legal issues in the very fluid environment of a jury
trial. However, this Court is seeing on a regular basis convictions of defendants where there
is solid evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, as our system mandates, yet
where prosecutors in their zeal to convict are sometimes failing to give proper regard to the
constitutional rights that belong to all of us.
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This dissent is reluctant not only because there was probably sufficient
evidence to convict without resorting to violating well-established constitutional and legal
principles, but further where a reasonable argument could be made that any of the errors in
the instant case, standing alone, was harmless. Indeed, two, or maybe even three of these
errors, taken together, could be deemed harmless. However, under our long-established
doctrine of cumulative error, I cannot agree that the combination of five errors, all egregious,
all prejudicial, and three in clear violation of the Constitution, were harmless.1
1
The standard for determining whether error is harmless where constitutional rights
are involved was discussed by the Court in State v. Kelley, 192 W. Va. 124, 451 S.E.2d 425
(1994) as follows:
Where constitutional rights are involved, the United States
Supreme Court in Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 84 S.Ct.
229, 11 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1963), set forth the federal standard in
regard to harmless constitutional error. The paramount question
that must be answered in making this determination is “whether
there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of
might have contributed to the conviction.” Id. at 86-7, 84 S. Ct.
at 230, 11 L. Ed. 2d at 173.
Shortly thereafter, the Court revisited Fahy in Chapman
v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705
(1967). The court noted its rule and not the state’s rule is
controlling when constitutional errors are raised. In relying
upon Fahy, the court reiterated that “before a federal
constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able
to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Id. at 24, 87 S. Ct. at 828, 17 L. Ed. 2d at 710-11.
Our adoption of this standard was pronounced in State v.
Thomas, 157 W. Va. 640, 203 S.E.2d 445 (1974). We held in
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2
This Court has held that
‘[w]here the record of a criminal trial shows that the cumulative
effect of numerous errors committed during the trial prevented
the defendant from receiving a fair trial, his conviction should
be set aside, even though any one of such errors standing alone
would be harmless error.’ Syllabus Point 5, State v. Smith, 156
W. Va. 385, 193 S.E.2d 550 (1972).
Syl. Pt. 6, State v. Schermerhorn, 211 W. Va. 376, 566 S.E.2d 263 (2002); see also Syl. Pt.
9, State v. Lively, 226 W. Va. 81, 697 S.E.2d 117 (2010); Syl. Pt. 5, State v. Walker, 188 W.
Va. 661, 425 S.E.2d 616 (1992). Cf. Tennant v. Marion Health Care Found., 194 W. Va. 97,
459 S.E.2d 374 (1995) (holding, in syllabus point eight, that the doctrine of cumulative error
may be applied in a civil case). In the instant case, where there is not even a scintilla of
plausible justification to support admission of the testimony at issue,2 the cumulative effect
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syllabus point 20 of Thomas that: “Errors involving deprivation
of constitutional rights will be regarded as harmless only if there
is no reasonable possibility that the violation contributed to the
conviction.”
Kelly, 192 W. Va. at 130, 451 S.E.2d at 431.
2
In this regard, and with respect to all five errors, the State’s arguments in favor of
admissibility cannot withstand the slightest scrutiny. For example, when the petitioner’s
counsel objected to the testimony of Charles Richmond that at a time remote from the
commission of the murder, “[the victim] made me promise that if she were to be killed in her
sleep that I would tell the police that it was no accident[,]” the State argued that the testimony
was not hearsay because “it’s asking for a promise.” The circuit judge agreed, “yeah, what
did he promise to do.” I am at a loss to discern where in the West Virginia Rules of Evidence
anyone can point to an exception to the hearsay rule for out-of-court statements “asking for
a promise.” Further, I am at a loss to discern any logic behind the State’s argument that an
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of the multiple errors prevented the petitioner from receiving a trial that can be considered
fair under our state and federal constitutions.
I understand that trial attorneys, including prosecutors, in their zeal to win
cases at trial and then, armed with a jury verdict in their favor, take their chances on appeal.
But as this Court has held, the duty of a prosecutor is to “‘seek justice, not merely to
convict.’” State v. Britton, 157 W. Va. 711, 716, 203 S.E.2d 462, 466 (1974) (citations
omitted); see also Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Hatcher, 199 W. Va. 227, 235, 483 S.E.2d 810,
818 (1997) (discussing the Comment to Rule 3.8 of the West Virginia Rules of Professional
Conduct).3 A significant part of that duty is to seek to introduce evidence of the accused’s
guilt which does not violate the constitutional rights possessed by all of us.
Similarly, courts must stand as a bulwark for the protection of individual rights,
and this is a case which cries out for this Court to take a stand for the protection of
constitutional rights. In light of the finding by five Justices of significant and multiple
violations of our constitutions, I must reluctantly conclude that this prosecutor, one of the
2
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out-of-court statement, given by the declarant for the express purpose of being repeated to
law enforcement, is not testimonial.
3
“A prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not simply that of an
advocate. This responsibility carries with it specific obligations to see that the defendant is
accorded procedural justice and that guilt is decided upon the basis of sufficient evidence.”
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best and brightest, stepped over the line of zealous advocacy and into the zone of win-at-all
costs.
In the instant case, the State perhaps realized it had gone too far, because at
several points during the trial, the prosecutor herself requested and received curative
instructions. However, I cannot accept the State’s argument that the circuit court’s
cautionary or curative instructions, given at several points during the trial, were sufficient to
cure the multiple errors which infected these proceedings. A cautionary instruction to the
jury may un-ring the proverbial bell, but it cannot un-ring a carillon.
For these reasons, I dissent.
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