IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
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STATE OF WASHINGTON, r-o rjiO
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DIVISION ONE UJ
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Respondent, O
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UNPUBLISHED OPINION C/> i'" r
TYLER T. MARX, J5C/>
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Appellant. FILED: October 14, 2013 en -••"
Dwyer, J. — Tyler Marx was convicted of violating RCW 66.44.270(2)(a),
minor in possession of alcohol. He appeals, contending that his utterance to a
police officer prior to being read his Miranda1 rights should not have been
admitted at trial.2
We conclude that Marx's Fifth Amendment rights were not violated by the
trial court's admission of his pre-Miranda utterance. The trial court found as a
fact that his utterance was voluntary and spontaneous. This finding is supported
by substantial evidence in the record, and, thus, is a verity on appeal.
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
2 Marx also notes that the trial court failed to enter written findings of fact and conclusions
of law in denying his suppression motion. CrR 3.5(c) (After a hearing to determine the
admissibility of a confession, the trial court "shall set forth in writing: (1) the undisputed facts; (2)
the disputed facts; (3) conclusions as to the disputed facts; and (4) conclusion as to whether the
statement is admissible and the reasons therefor."). He requests that we remand for entry of
written findings of fact and conclusions of law. However, although failure to submitwritten
findings offact and conclusions of law constitutes error, such error is "harmless where the trial
court's oral findings are sufficient to permit appellate review." State v. Smith, 67 Wn. App. 81, 87,
834 P.2d 26 M9921 aff'd on other grounds, 123 Wn.2d 51, 864 P.2d 1371 (1993); see also State
v. Cunningham, 116 Wn. App. 219, 226, 65 P.3d 325 (2003); State v. Miller, 92 Wn. App. 693,
703, 964 P.2d 1196 (1998). A"failure to draft formal written findings and conclusions, while
clearly not recommended, does not necessitate reversal." Smith, 67 Wn. App. at 87.
No. 68972-0-1
Furthermore, no interrogation occurred prior to the reading of the Miranda
warnings, as Marx's utterance was voluntary and spontaneous and the officer
could not have known that the officer's statements to Marx would elicit an
incriminating response. Miranda warnings are not required when there is no
interrogation; thus, the trial court properly admitted Marx's pre-Miranda utterance.
Therefore, we affirm.
I
In the evening on January 26, 2011, Renton police officer Michael
Thompson witnessed Marx peering into the windows of a car parked in the Sam's
Club parking lot on South Brady Way. Thompson was sitting in his patrol car,
which was parked in the Sam's Club parking lot, and he knew that the car into
which Marx looked did not belong to Marx. He then watched Marx walk over to a
light pole and climb onto its cement base. Marx "started playing with the sign
that was attached to [the] pole" by "tugging" and "pulling" on it.
Thompson "illuminated" Marx with his vehicle's "spotlight to get a better
view of what he was actually doing with the sign." Marx then "[g]ot down from the
light pole and started jogging towards Talbot Road," so Thompson "turned off
[his] spotlight and went over to go contact" Marx. When Thompson got to the
road, he saw Marx walking away and shined his spotlight on him again.
Marx then "stopped and turned around and began walking towards
[Thompson]." Thompson had not ordered Marx to stop, but he did have his
"headlights and the spotlight on him." As Marx walked toward him, Thompson
parked his patrol car, stepped out, and walked to the sidewalk to speak with
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No. 68972-0-1
Marx.
As Thompson approached Marx, he "could smell the obvious odor of
intoxicants emanating from his person." This changed Thompson's "reason for
speaking with him to a minor in possession" because Marx "looked like a
juvenile. He definitely appeared under the age of 18." Marx was sixteen years
old at the time.
Thompson observed Marx "putting his hands in his pockets and pulling
them out" and Marx "became obviously nervous upon contact." Thompson did
not know what was in Marx's pockets and was working alone, so he told Marx "to
turn around and ... placed him [in] handcuffs for [Thompson's] safety." He
"asked [Marx] for his name and date of birth." Then Thompson "informed [Marx]
of the original reason why [he] was coming to talk to him" and told Marx that "he
was being detained" because Thompson "smelled alcohol."
Marx then responded that "he wasn't going to lie, he was on his way home
and he was a little bit intoxicated." Thompson "instructed [Marx] to not speak any
further and . . . read him his Miranda rights." Thompson testified that when he
informs a person of the reason for his detainment or arrest, sometimes the
person responds and sometimes the person does not; however, in this case,
Thompson "didn't expect" Marx to respond.
Marx "stated he understood his rights" and Thompson did not doubt his
state of mind, despite smelling alcohol. Thompson asked Marx "if he would be
willing to speak with" Thompson, and Marx said that he would. Thompson did
not threaten, force, or promise anything in order to get Marx to talk with him.
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Thompson "asked him where he'd been drinking," and Marx replied that "he was
at a friend's house and his friend had gotten him drunk."
Thompson did not notice any behavior by Marx of the type that Thompson
usually notices when encountering intoxicated persons, such as "poor
coordination, usually stumbling, slurred speech, [or] bloodshot" eyes.3 He did
notice that Marx "had mood swings. He would go from argumentative and
berating to compliant and apologizing, then back to argumentative and berating."
The only sign that Marx had been drinking was the odor of intoxicants, which was
"[v]ery strong."
Thompson arrested Marx "[b]ecause he was a juvenile, and the odor of
intoxicants was coming from his person, meaning he had consumed it," although
he had not observed Marx consuming alcohol or possessing an alcohol
container. Based on Marx's admission and mood swings, Thompson believed
that Marx had consumed alcohol, but not necessarily that he was intoxicated.
Thompson contacted Marx's father, who came to the scene to pick up his
son. While waiting for Marx's father to arrive, and after Thompson had ceased
questioning him, Marx stated that Thompson "should be catching more serious
criminals" and that he "shouldn't be wasting [his] time because [Marx was]
intoxicated."
At trial, Marx moved to suppress his pre-Miranda utterance and post-
Miranda admissions under CrR 3.5. The trial court combined the hearing on
3Marx was also able to climb the light pole base, jump down, run away, and walk back
toward Thompson with normal balance and coordination.
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Marx's suppression motion with the trial on the substantive minor in possession
case, because of "the short duration of this type of trial." The trial court orally
denied Marx's suppression motion, stating that:
[T]his is a voluntary statement that he's making in the course of the
officer conducting a Terry141 stop based upon the behaviors that he
saw. . . . [T]his remained a Terry stop. It turned into a detention.
Accordingly, the statements made prior to the advice of rights were
voluntary in nature. From this court's perspective, ... he was
properly advised of his rights and any statements both . . . pre- and
post-Miranda are admissible.
The trial court did not enter separate written findings of fact and conclusions of
law regarding the suppression motion, but it did enter written findings of fact and
conclusions of law in the substantive minor in possession case.
In finding Marx guilty of minor in possession, the trial court noted that after
being handcuffed, "the defendant indicates, makes what the court has
determined to be a voluntary statement not based on any interrogation:'. . . I'm a
little intoxicated.'" The trial court continued: "[h]e's then advised of his rights and
indicates in responding to questions he'd been drinking at a friend's house, got
drunk there." The trial court recognized that "[h]e didn't have anything physical in
his possession, so we're really just talking about the odor of alcohol, what that
means." The trial court concluded:
And the State's position ... is there's circumstantially enough
evidence to support the consumption. Defense says no, no, no,
there's not enough there, that the court should not. . . allow the
statement of the defendant to influence its determination in this
matter, ... but it is a part of the evidence that the court has before
it. And in that sense, I do find that the State has met its burden.
4Terry v. Ohio. 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
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No. 68972-0-1
Counsel for Marx then asked: "[j]ust for purposes of your findings, it's really just
odor and admission was sufficient, right, Judge?" The trial court responded that
"[i]t is. That's correct."
As to the substantive minor in possession case, the trial court entered
findings of fact and conclusions of law. Therein, finding of fact 8 states that Marx
"made voluntary and spontaneous statements [specifically saying 'I am not going
to lie I'm a little intoxicated.'" Marx appeals his conviction.
II
Marx contends that his Fifth Amendment rights were violated when the
trial court admitted his pre-Miranda utterance at trial. He asserts that because
his utterance was elicited during an interrogation, Miranda warnings were
required. However, the trial court's factual finding that Marx's pre-Miranda
utterance was voluntary and spontaneous is a verity on appeal. Considering that
his utterance was voluntary and spontaneous and that Thompson could not have
known that his statements would elicit an incriminating response from Marx, no
interrogation took place at that time. Because there was no interrogation,
Miranda warnings were not yet required. The trial court properly admitted Marx's
pre-Miranda utterance. Therefore, we affirm Marx's conviction.
A
The standard of review "to be applied in confession cases is that findings
of fact entered following a CrR 3.5 hearing151 will be verities on appeal if
5Although we do not have written findings offact and conclusions of law specifically
addressing CrR 3.5, we have the trial court's written findings of fact and conclusions of law for the
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No. 68972-0-1
unchallenged; and, if challenged, they are verities if supported by substantial
evidence in the record." State v. Broadawav. 133 Wn.2d 118, 131, 942 P.2d 363
(1997).
Marx does not challenge the trial court's finding of fact that his pre-
Miranda utterance was voluntary and spontaneous.6 Marx's "failure to assign
error to the trial court's findings on the voluntariness of [his] confession will leave
them [as] verities on review." Broadawav, 133 Wn.2d at 133. Therefore, as the
trial court found,7 Marx's pre-Miranda utterance was voluntary and spontaneous.
Furthermore, even if Marx had challenged the finding that his utterance
was voluntary and spontaneous, it is supported by substantial evidence in the
record so it is a verity on appeal. See Broadawav. 133 Wn.2d at 131.
Thompson handcuffed Marx for safety purposes, explained to Marx why he was
being detained, and stopped Marx from speaking further immediately after the
incriminating statement was uttered. Thompson then gave him the Miranda
warnings. Thompson did not threaten, bribe, or force Marx to utter the pre-
Miranda statement. Moreover, he did not ask Marx about the odor of alcohol.
substantive minor in possession case. Because the CrR 3.5 hearing and the minor in possession
case both involved the same proceeding, testimony, and questions of fact, the trial court's finding
of fact in the minor in possession case is also subject to the Broadawav standard of review. To
disregard the trial court's finding of fact, merely because it appears in a written finding for the
minor in possession case as a whole rather than for the specific CrR 3.5 suppression issue, and
despite its applicability to the Fifth Amendment issue on appeal, would be to put form over
function. Thus, the Broadawav standard applies.
6Though Marx contends that, under the Fifth Amendment, his utterance was involuntary
as a matter of law, he does not assign error to the trial court's finding of fact that his utterance
was voluntary and spontaneous.
7This court may also rely on the trial court's oral CrR 3.5 ruling. Smith, 67 Wn. App. at
87: see, e.g., State v. Wilson, 144 Wn. App. 166, 183, 181 P.3d 887 (2008). The trial court's oral
finding was that "the statements made prior to the advice of rights were voluntary in nature."
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Thus, substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding that Marx's statement
was voluntary and spontaneous.
B
Because Marx's utterance was voluntary and spontaneous and Thompson
could not have known that his statements would elicit an incriminating response
from Marx, admitting Marx's pre-Miranda utterance at trial did not violate his Fifth
Amendment rights.
Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, "Miranda
warnings must be given when a suspect endures (1) custodial (2) interrogation
(3) by an agent ofthe State." State v. Heritage, 152Wn.2d 210, 214, 95 P.3d
345 (2004); see also U.S. Const, amend. V ("No person . .. shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself."); State v. Unqa, 165 Wn.2d
95, 100, 196 P.3d 645 (2008) ("The protection provided by the state
[constitutional] provision is coextensive with that provided by the Fifth
Amendment."). When these conditions are met, but Miranda warnings are not
given, the suspect's "self-incriminating statements ... are presumed to be
involuntary, and to violate the Fifth Amendment." State v. Sargent, 111 Wn.2d
641,648, 762 P.2d 1127 (1988); accord Heritage, 152 Wn.2d at 214. Such
statements must be excluded from the evidence at trial. Miranda, 384 U.S. at
444; State v. Warner, 125 Wn.2d 876, 888, 889 P.2d 479 (1995).
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Here, the State concedes that Marx was in custody8 and detained by a
police officer, who is an agent of the state; thus, the first and third conditions for
requiring Miranda warnings are satisfied. The parties dispute whether the pre-
Miranda utterance was made during an interrogation, the second condition.
"[S]ince the police surely cannot be held accountable for the
unforeseeable results of their words or actions," interrogation only occurs
pursuant to "words or actions on the part of police officers that they should have
known were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response." Rhode Island
v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301-02, 100 S. Ct. 1682, 64 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1980); accord
Sargent, 111 Wn.2d at 650; State v. Shuffelen, 150 Wn. App. 244, 256, 208 P.3d
1167(2009).
A trial court's determination that an exchange was an interrogation subject
to Miranda is factual and therefore reviewed pursuant to the clearly erroneous
standard. State v. Penney. 152 Wn. App. 665, 671, 218 P.3d 633 (2009) (citing
State v. Walton, 64 Wn. App. 410, 414, 824 P.2d 533 (1992)). An appellate court
will only overturn the trial court's finding if it is "'left with a definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been committed.'" Penney, 152 Wn. App. at 671
(quoting State v. Handlev. 54 Wn. App. 377, 380, 773 P.2d 879 (1989)).
8 The trial court ruled that Marx was not in custody, stating that Marx's utterance was
made "in the course of the officer conducting a Terrv stop" that "remained a Terrv stop. Itturned
into a detention." Case law suggests that a handcuffed suspect still may not be in custody for the
purposes ofMiranda. See, e.g., Heritage, 152 Wn.2d at 218 (citing Berkemer v. McCartv, 468
U.S. 420, 439-40, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 82 L. Ed. 2d 317 (1984) ("Washington courts agree that a
routine Terrv stop is not custodial for the purposes of Miranda" unless a reasonable person would
have also felt that his freedom was curtailed to a degree associated with arrest); Cunningham,
116Wn. App. at 228-29 (the defendantwas not in custody and Miranda warnings were not
required when an officer detained him in handcuffs for 45 minutes). However, the State does not
brief this aspect ofthe trial court's ruling and explicitly concedes that Marx was in custody.
No. 68972-0-1
Here, the trial court's ruling was not clearly erroneous: the evidence
supports a finding that the exchange between Marx and Thompson was not an
interrogation, as Thompson could not have known that his statements would elicit
an incriminating response from Marx. See Sargent, 111 Wn.2d at 650; Penney,
152 Wn. App. at 671. Marx's utterance was voluntary and spontaneous; by its
nature, Thompson could not have known that his statements would elicit Marx's
incriminating response. Marx's utterance was the kind of "unforeseeable result"
that "the police surely cannot be held accountable for." Innis, 446 U.S. at 301-02.
Furthermore, Thompson could not have acted any differently in his
interaction with Marx. He noticed Marx acting out of the ordinary and
approached Marx to inquire about his behavior. In quick succession, he
handcuffed Marx for safety purposes,9 asked Marx his name and age,10 and
informed Marx of the reason why he was being detained. Itwould have been
untenable for Thompson to have approached Marx, handcuffed him, and said
nothing. To do so would have risked escalating the situation and increased the
safety hazard posed to both Thompson and Marx: Marx likely would have
9Handcuffing a suspect for officer safety is permissible. State v. Wheeler, 108 Wn.2d
230, 235-36, 737 P.2d 1005 (1987) (handcuffs are permissible when the police have a legitimate
fear ofdanger during a Terrv stop); see Terrv, 392 U.S. at 23; cf. State v. Allenby, 68 Wn. App.
657, 659, 661, 847 P.2d 1 (1992) (the defendant's "unexpected" pre-Miranda utterance was
voluntary even though the defendant, a juvenile, was handcuffed).
Routine identifying questions are generally not interrogations and therefore do not
require Miranda warnings. State v. Kolesnik. 146 Wn. App. 790, 811, 192 P.3d 937 (2008) ("mere
investigatory stops are notcustodial interrogations requiring a Miranda warning," so a "suspect
may be asked to identify himself or to explain his activities without first receiving a Miranda
warning"); see Penney. 152 Wn. App. at 671 (statements made in reply to questions that are
reasonably likely to produce an incriminating response are not admissible); ejju, Walton, 64Wn.
App. at 414 (asking for the defendant's address for basic identification purposes, when drugs
were found at that address, produced "precisely the routine statements which are admissible,
even though they ultimately prove to be incriminating").
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No. 68972-0-1
become frustrated and angry because he had been handcuffed and did not know
why. Thompson's actions were not designed to elicit an incriminating response
from Marx, nor could he have known that they would, as Marx's utterance was
voluntary and spontaneous. The trial court correctly ruled that no interrogation
occurred before Thompson read Marx the Miranda warnings.
Because the interrogation element was not satisfied when Marx voluntarily
and spontaneously uttered that he was "a little bit intoxicated," Miranda warnings
were not required prior to that time. Heritage, 152 Wn.2d at 214. The trial court
therefore properly admitted Marx's pre-Miranda utterance at trial. See, e.g.,
Heritage, 152 Wn.2d at 213, 220.
Affirmed.
We concur:
1tcke£> JZ.
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