IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
DIVISION ONE
Respondent,
No. 68327-6-1
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
RONALD JOHN HUBBARD JR.,
r-o
o
Appellant. FILED: October 14, 2013 £
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o
Dwyer, J. — Ronald Hubbard appeals from the judgment entered orus ^j-
2* in
jury's verdict finding him guilty of one count of child molestation in the third ±^—~'
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degree. Hubbard contends that his conviction should be reversed and the djfce^—
remanded for a new trial both because the trial court erred by denying his motion
to excuse a certain juror for cause and because the trial court erred by excluding
impeachment evidence of the complaining witness's prior bad acts. Finding that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Hubbard's challenge for
cause or by ruling that evidence of the complaining witness's prior bad acts was
inadmissible, we affirm.
I
In 2005 or 2006, Hubbard began dating Siobahn Cuddihy. After dating for
No. 68327-6-1/2
a period of time,1 Hubbard moved into an apartment in Kent with Cuddihy and
her two children, B.M.O. and Sean Moss. While living with Cuddihy, Hubbard
acted as the household disciplinarian, grounding B.M.O. on multiple occasions.
Among other things, B.M.O. was grounded for shoplifting, forging Hubbard's
signature on a school form, cheating on school work, doing other students' work
for pay, and getting suspended from school.
In the summer of 2009, Hubbard, Cuddihy, B.M.O., and Moss moved to
Yamhill County, Oregon. During an argument between Hubbard and Cuddihy's
brother in December 2009, B.M.O. accused Hubbard of molesting her while they
were living in Kent. After hearing B.M.O.'s accusation, Cuddihy's brother called
the police. Subsequently, B.M.O. told the police about three separate incidents
during which, she claimed, Hubbard had molested her.
B.M.O. alleged that the first incident took place at the family's apartment in
Kent. On that occasion, B.M.O. claimed, Hubbard touched her vagina with a
back massager. B.M.O. alleged that the second incident took place shortly
thereafter, and also involved Hubbard touching her vagina with a back massager
at the apartment in Kent. This incident was witnessed by Moss. B.M.O. alleged
that the third incident occurred months later in Federal Way, when Hubbard
pushed her vagina into a hot tub stream. B.M.O. further alleged that during this
incident she could feel Hubbard getting an erection.
The Yamhill County Sheriffs Office referred the matter to the Kent Police
1The testimony of the witnesses varied as to how long Hubbard and Cuddihy dated
before they moved in together. Nevertheless, the exact length of time is immaterial to the issues
on appeal.
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No. 68327-6-1/3
Department. Eventually, the King County Prosecuting Attorney's Office charged
Hubbard with three counts of child molestation in the third degree: count I for the
first back massager incident, count II for the second back massager incident, and
count III for the hot tub incident.
Jury selection for Hubbard's trial began on October 31, 2011. Prospective
jurors filled out a brief questionnaire designed to detect potential biases. The
questionnaire included 10 questions, only one of which is pertinent here:
9. Is there any reason that you would be unable to be fair and
impartial to both sides in a case that involves an accusation
of sexual abuse, sexual assault or sexual misconduct?
Juror 18 answered "no" to all questions on the questionnaire, including question
9. However, when the trial court asked the pool of potential jurors whether any
juror had any hardship that would prevent that juror from serving, juror 18
indicated that she worked three jobs. The trial court declined to excuse juror 18
for hardship, finding that she did not indicate that she would suffer financial harm.
During the first round of general voir dire, juror 18 expressed concern
about "bias" because she was "a mother with daughters," stating that she was
"not sure I could be fair and that concerns me." However, when the prosecutor
discussed child molestation with the potential jurors, juror 18 freely participated in
the discussion. After the first round of voir dire, Hubbard challenged juror 18 for
cause. The trial court denied the challenge without prejudice.
During the second round of general voir dire, juror 18 again expressed
that she was concerned, without going into further detail. The trial court noted for
the record that it would keep in mind juror 18's request for excusal for hardship in
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assessing her overall credibility. The trial court additionally noted some
discomfort on the part of juror 18, and stated its belief that juror 18 did not want
to participate in the trial. However, the trial court was not convinced that this
merited a for-cause dismissal, stating, "I guess the Court's inquiry is what specific
indications, what bias do we have of these assertions." The trial court also
observed that juror 18 had not "expressed any hesitation to promise that. . . she
would follow the Court's instructions." In denying Hubbard's renewed challenge
for cause after the second round of general voir dire, the trial court stated that it
"never found it very convincing that she can't be fair and impartial" and that it did
not "think it rises to the level of the Court finding that it's probable that she's not
going to be able to follow the Court's instructions and consider the evidence fairly
and impartially."
During the third round of general voir dire, juror 18 stated that she "always
abide[s] by the law" and that she "just want[s] to be fair to Mr. Hubbard." Juror 18
ended her voir dire questioning by stating, "I don't think you want me." Hubbard
again renewed his challenge for cause, which the trial court again denied.2 Juror
18 was not the subject of a peremptory challenge and was empanelled as a
member of the jury.
At trial, Hubbard sought to introduce evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts to
prove both an untruthful disposition and a motive to falsely accuse Hubbard of
sexual misconduct. Hubbard sought to introduce into evidence the following prior
2Eleven jurors were excused for cause before the jury was empanelled. One additional
juror was dismissed for cause after the jury was empanelled. The court proceeded with no
alternate jurors.
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No. 68327-6-1/5
bad acts by B.M.O., all of which resulted in Hubbard disciplining her: four
shoplifting incidents, B.M.O.'s forging of Hubbard's signature on a school
document, her cheating on school work, her selling tests and doing other
students' homework for pay, and her being suspended from school.3 B.M.O. was
not convicted of any criminal offenses as a result of any of these incidents.
Citing State v. Cumminqs, 44 Wn. App. 146, 721 P.2d 545 (1986), the trial court
ruled that the evidence was inadmissible under ER 608, as none of the incidents
demonstrated a general disposition for untruthfulness. The trial court also cited
State v. Harper, 35 Wn. App. 855, 670 P.2d 296 (1983), for the proposition that
evidence of B.M.O.'s act of forgery, for which she was never criminally charged
or convicted, could not serve to impeach her veracity as a witness.4
Additionally, the trial court ruled that the evidence was not admissible
under ER 404(b) and ER 403, because its probative value was substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. This was so, the trial court stated,
because introduction of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts "will be extremely time-
consuming and amount to mini trials," and that Hubbard's defense theory "is
supported by the evidence that's already there." The trial court further noted that,
"[tjhere has been an insufficient showing by the Defense that any of these
incidents can be shown to have triggered any of the disclosures," and that there
3 Hubbard sought to question both B.M.O. and Cuddihy about these incidents. With
respect to Cuddihy, the trial court limited Hubbard to general questions about whether the
groundings were the result of "problems at school" or "associating with the wrong crowd." The
trial court indicated that it was "not yet persuaded to start looking at the specifics of shoplifting."
4"Evidence of previous forgeries attacks the witness' reputation for honesty; itdoes not
attack her veracity." Harper. 35 Wn. App. at 861.
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No. 68327-6-1/6
was "no obvious nexus between any of these incidents and some sort of motive
to make up these allegations." The trial court did, however, permit defense
counsel to question B.M.O. about being grounded by Hubbard and about her
anger at Hubbard for stealing some of her belongings from a storage locker.
The jury acquitted Hubbard on counts I and III, and convicted him on
count II. The trial court entered judgment on January 27, 2012, sentencing
Hubbard to 10 months in custody.
Hubbard appeals.
II
Hubbard contends that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court
erred in denying his motion to exclude a juror for cause. This is so, he asserts,
because juror 18 demonstrated actual bias during voir dire. We disagree.
We review a trial court's denial of a juror challenge for cause under a
manifest abuse of discretion standard. State v. Noltie, 116 Wn.2d 831, 838, 809
P.2d 190 (1991). A challenge for cause should be granted only when a juror
exhibits a probability of actual bias such that the juror holds opinions or beliefs
that he or she cannot put aside for the purpose of impartially deciding the merits
of the case. Noltie, 116 Wn.2d at 839-40. Actual bias is defined as "the
existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror in reference to the action, or
to either party, which satisfies the court that the challenged person cannot try the
issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the party
challenging." RCW 4.44.170(2). The burden of showing actual bias rests on the
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No. 68327-6-1/7
party challenging the juror for cause. State v. Wilson, 141 Wn. App. 597, 606,
171 P.3d 501 (2007).
A juror should not be disqualified merely because the juror harbors
opinions that may affect the determination of the issues. "The question is
whether a juror with preconceived ideas can set them aside." State v. Rupe, 108
Wn.2d 734, 749, 743 P.2d 210 (1987).
The trial judge is best situated to determine a juror's competency to
serve impartially. Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1039, 81 L. Ed.
2d 847, 104 S. Ct. 2885 (1984); State v. Gosser, 33 Wn. App. 428,
434, 656 P.2d 514 (1982). The trial judge is able to observe the
juror's demeanor and, in light of that observation, to interpret and
evaluate the juror's answers to determine whether the juror would
be fair and impartial. Patton v. Yount, supra at 1038; Brilev v.
Bass. 750 F.2d 1238, 1246 (4th Cir.1984), cert, denied. 470 U.S.
1088, 85 L Ed. 2d 152, 105 S. Ct. 1855 (1985); State v. Gosser,
supra at 434.
Rupe, 108Wn.2dat749.
Here, juror 18's answers indicated that she believed that she had a "bias"
in a molestation case because she was "a mother with daughters." However,
juror 18 had indicated on her questionnaire that she had no reason to be unable
to be fair and impartial. Upon further questioning during voir dire, she asserted
that she "always abide[s] by the law" and "justwant[s] to be fair." Furthermore,
juror 18 had previously and unsuccessfully requested to be excused for hardship.
In declining to excuse juror 18 for cause, the trial court took the opportunity to
evaluate juror 18's responses, examine her demeanor, and assess her credibility.
The trial court was not convinced that juror 18 could not be fair and impartial.
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No. 68327-6-1/8
Thus, Hubbard failed to meet his burden to establish actual bias on the part of
juror 18.
Nevertheless, Hubbard contends, the trial court manifestly abused its
discretion in denying Hubbard's challenge for cause. This is so, he asserts,
because the trial court denied the motion on the basis of its concern about the
small jury pool. This contention lacks merit. The trial court expressed concern
over the small jury pool, in that if the pool fell below 27 potential jurors, no
alternate would be available. However, the trial court stated, after expressing its
concern:
I'll do my duty, but that will mean we'll have to bring some
additional jurors up here. And the Court is prepared to do that;
however, based on the present record, the Court is comfortable
with the rulings that it has made. . . . The Court will endeavor to
continue to do its duty if it's persuaded we need to call more jurors
in.
Moreover, the trial court's concern about the anticipated need to call more
prospective jurors did not prevent it from excusing a juror for cause on the
morning of trial.5 From the record, it is evident that the trial court did not rule on
Hubbard's motion to excuse juror 18 for cause based on concerns about the size
of the jury pool. There was no abuse of discretion.
Ill
Hubbard next contends that his conviction should be overturned because
the trial court erred by excluding evidence of B.M.O's prior bad acts. This is so,
5Juror 12's language barrier was not revealed until after the jury was empanelled.
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No. 68327-6-1/9
he asserts, because the evidence was admissible under two separate rules of
evidence: ER 608(b) and ER 404(b).6 We disagree.
We review a trial court's ruling on the admissibility of evidence for abuse
of discretion. State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612, 619, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002).
Discretion is abused "only if no reasonable person would have decided the
matter as the trial court did." State v. O'Connor, 155Wn.2d 335, 351, 119 P.3d
806 (2005); see also Darden, 145 Wn.2d at 619 ("Abuse exists when the trial
court's exercise of discretion is 'manifestly unreasonable or based upon
untenable grounds or reasons.'" (quoting State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 258,
893 P.2d 615 (1995))).
Hubbard first contends that evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts was
admissible under ER 608(b).7 Pursuant to ER 608(b), evidence of prior bad acts
of a witness may "in the discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or
6 Hubbard also contends that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated. However, "[a]
defendant in a criminal case has a constitutional right to present a defense 'consisting of relevant
evidence that is not otherwise inadmissible.'" State v. Mee Hui Kim, 134 Wn. App. 27, 41, 139
P.3d 354 (2006) (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Rehak, 67 Wn. App. 157, 162, 834 P.2d 651
(1992)). As the evidence in this case was inadmissible, Hubbard's constitutional rights are not
implicated.
7ER 608 provides:
(a) Reputation Evidence of Character. The credibility of a witness
may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of reputation, but subject
to the limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or
untruthfulness, and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the
character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by reputation
evidence or otherwise.
(b) Specific Instances of Conduct. Specific instances of the conduct
of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness' credibility,
other than conviction of crime as provided in rule 609, may not be proved by
extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the court, if probative
of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross examination of the
witness (1) concerning the witness' character for truthfulness or untruthfulness,
or (2) concerning the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another
witness as to which character the witness being cross-examined has testified.
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No. 68327-6-1/10
untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross examination of the witness (1)
concerning the witness' character for truthfulness or untruthfulness." "Failing to
allow cross-examination of a state's witness under ER 608(b) is an abuse of
discretion if the witness is crucial and the alleged misconduct constitutes the only
available impeachment." State v. Clark. 143 Wn.2d 731, 766, 24 P.3d 1006
(2001) (citing State v. York, 28 Wn. App. 33, 621 P.2d 784 (1980)). The parties
do not dispute that B.M.O. was a crucial witness. Rather, the State maintains
that evidence of B.M.O.'s prior acts was not the only available means of
impeachment. We agree.
Hubbard contends that the evidence he sought to admit was relevant and
"powerful." However, these factors alone do not amount to an abuse of
discretion, pursuant to the standard articulated in Clark, 143 Wn.2d at 766.
Hubbard had ample means to impeach B.M.O. and used them effectively during
the course of the trial. During Hubbard's cross-examination of B.M.O., defense
counsel questioned B.M.O. about numerous prior inconsistent statements that
she made during the course of the investigation of her allegations. Defense
counsel questioned both B.M.O. and Cuddihy about the extent of Hubbard's
disciplining of B.M.O., and whether such discipline was justified or not.
Moreover, defense counsel also elicited testimony from B.M.O. regarding her
anger at Hubbard after he stole some of her belongings from a storage locker.
As the trial court noted in its ruling, exclusion of the specific instances of B.M.O.'s
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No. 68327-6-1/11
prior behavior was not "fatal to the Defense theory ofthe case."8 The trial court
did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts
under ER 608(b)(1).
To the extent Hubbard sought to introduce B.M.O.'s prior bad acts through
the testimony of other witnesses, ER 608(b)(2) prohibits inquiry into specific
instances of conduct, unless the instances concern "the character for truthfulness
or untruthfulness of another witness as to which character the witness being
cross-examined has testified." In other words, prior bad acts probative of
untruthfulness of a witness may not be inquired into until after another witness
has testified as to the truthful reputation of the witness. No witness in this case
testified that B.M.O. had a reputation for truthfulness. Thus, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts under ER
608(b)(2).9
8Although not dispositive, Hubbard's two acquittals provide further substantiation ofthe
fact that Hubbard had ample means to impeach B.M.O.'s testimony. As the State notes, the only
count on which Hubbard was convicted was count It, which involved the incident witnessed and
testified to by Moss. The jury concluded that B.M.O.'s unsupported testimony was not sufficient
to convict Hubbard on counts I and III. This indicates that the trial court was correct in concluding
that avenues other than the challenged "bad act" evidence were available to the defense for
impeachment purposes.
9 Hubbard also briefly contends that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of
B.M.O.'s prior bad acts under ER 608(a). Prior to trial, defense counsel made an offer of proof to
the trial court naming two witnesses that he anticipated would testify to B.M.O.'s reputation for
untruthfulness. Although no ruling was made at that time, the trial court indicated that defense
counsel would need to lay a foundation showing that the witnesses could testify as to B.M.O.'s
reputation for truthfulness in a relevant community. Defense counsel renewed his offer of proof
during the trial. The trial court questioned whether the witnesses, as friends of Hubbard, would
qualify as belonging to a neutral and generalized community, and requested that defense counsel
be prepared to discuss the issue at a later time. See State v. Lord, 117 Wn.2d 829, 873-75, 822
P.2d 177 (1991). After this exchange, defense counsel abandoned this approach and did not call
either witness to testify as to B.M.O.'s reputation for untruthfulness. The trial court cannot have
erred when the decision not to pursue such evidence belonged to counsel.
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No. 68327-6-1/12
Alternatively, Hubbard contends that evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts
was admissible under ER 404(b), which provides that:
[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to
prove the character of a person in order to show action in
conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other
purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
Hubbard sought to introduce B.M.O.'s prior bad acts to prove B.M.O.'s bias
against Hubbard and her motive to falsely accuse Hubbard of sexual misconduct.
The trial court noted that, without the challenged evidence, Hubbard could still
advance his theory regarding B.M.O.'s bias and motive.
Ultimately, the trial court determined that the challenged evidence was
inadmissible under ER 403, as its probative value was substantially outweighed
by its prejudicial effect. ER 403 reads, "Although relevant, evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion ofthe issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of
undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." A
trial court properly excludes evidence that is "remote, vague, speculative, or
argumentative because otherwise 'all manner of argumentative and speculative
evidence will be adduced,' greatly confusing the issue and delaying the trial."
State v. Kilqore. 107 Wn. App. 160, 185, 26 P.3d 308 (2001) (quoting Statev,
Jones. 67 Wn.2d 506, 512, 408 P.2d 247 (1965)), affd on other grounds. 147
Wn.2d 288, 53 P.3d 974 (2002): see also State v. Mee Hui Kim, 134 Wn. App.
27,41, 139P.3d 354 (2006): State v. Donahue, 105 Wn. App. 67, 79, 18 P.3d
608(2001).
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No. 68327-6-1/13
Hubbard contends that evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts was relevant to
prove motive and therefore should have been admitted. However, relevant
evidence is only admissible if it is not subject to any exclusions. ER 402. Here,
the trial court found that B.M.O.'s bad acts were excludable under ER 403, as the
danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed any probative value the
evidence might have had to show motive. The trial court also stated that
evidence of B.M.O.'s prior acts "would tend to distract the jury, mislead the jury,
[and] confuse issues," thus also making the evidence excludable for
considerations of undue delay and waste of time. Hubbard was still able to
cross-examine B.M.O. about her motive to accuse him, as he was permitted to
question her about her being grounded frequently and about her anger toward
him stemming from his theft of her belongings. As the trial court stated,
testimony about the specifics of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts would have "amount[ed]
to mini trials" of B.M.O., putting the complaining witness on trial and greatly
confusing the issues. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding evidence of B.M.O.'s prior bad acts.
Affirmed.
J>
We concur:
^ecJCeo<
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State Of Washington v. Ronald J. Hubbard
Combined Opinion