13-451-cv
Grant v. County of Erie, Erie County Youth Detention Services
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH
THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
17th day of October, two thousand thirteen.
Present:
PIERRE N. LEVAL,
PETER W. HALL,
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
Circuit Judges,
____________________________________________________
LINDA GRANT,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. 13-451-cv
COUNTY OF ERIE, ERIE COUNTY YOUTH DETENTION
SERVICES,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________________________________________
FOR APPELLANT: HARVEY P. SANDERS, Sanders & Sanders, Cheektowaga, NY.
FOR APPELLEES: ALISA A. LUKASIEWICZ, CRAIG R. BUCKI, Phillips Lytle, LLP,
Buffalo, NY.
____________________________________________________
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of
New York (Skretny. C.J.),
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part, and VACATED and
REMANDED in part.
Appellant Linda Grant appeals from the Decision and Order entered on January 2, 2013
dismissing her Complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Grant’s complaint alleged
violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), New York State Human Rights Law
(“NYHRL”), and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”). We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of this case, and the issues
on appeal.
We review de novo the district court’s decision to grant a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss
for failure to state a claim, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true and drawing
all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor. ATSI Commc'ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493
F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir. 2007). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). In its review, the
court is entitled to consider facts alleged in the complaint and documents attached to it or
incorporated in it by reference, documents "integral" to the complaint and relied upon in it, and
facts of which judicial notice may properly be taken under Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of
Evidence.1
1
See Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2000) (“[F]or purposes of a motion to dismiss, we have deemed a
complaint to include any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated
in it by reference . . .”); Int'l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995)
(“[A]lthough the amended complaint in this case does not incorporate the Agreement, it relies heavily upon its terms
2
This Circuit has recognized an exception to the rule that a court must accept all factual
assertions as true when attenuated allegations supporting the claim are contradicted by more
specific allegations in the Complaint or when a claim is based on wholly conclusory and
inconsistent allegations. See Hirsch v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 72 F.3d 1085, 1095 (2d Cir.
1995), Salahuddin v. Jones, 992 F.2d 447, 449 (2d Cir. 1993). That exception, however, does
not obtain in this case. The district court determined that it need not accept as true Grant’s claim
that a “fourth doctor . . . cleared [her] to return to work” because in the district court’s view this
allegation was contradicted by that doctor’s (Dr. Bergeron’s) opinion “that it is not appropriate
for her to return . . . to full duty [—] without restriction [— to] the type of work where she would
have to restrain physically strong people.” On that basis the district court granted the County’s
motion to dismiss for failure to state a plausible claim of discrimination, reasoning that the
complaint and the documents on which it relied did not establish that Grant was qualified to
perform the essential functions of her job—a necessary element to make out her claim for
discrimination. See Kinneary v. City of New York, 601 F.3d 151, 156 (2d Cir. 2010).
Dr. Bergeron, however, found that Grant was qualified to perform the functions of her
job. The report concludes that, “from an orthopedic stand point, . . . [Grant] could return to her
regular work . . . [and] would be able to defend herself.” It is true that the report goes on to
question whether it is “reasonable” to return her to work given her age and medical history and
opines that this would not be “appropriate.” But Dr. Bergeron’s reason for raising these
questions is concern that Grant may reinjure herself, not that she lacks the qualifications to
perform her job. Dr. Bergeron’s report, accordingly, does not support the district court’s
and effect; . . . [t]he Agreement is ‘integral’ to the complaint, and we consider its terms in deciding whether
[plaintiff] can prove any set of facts that would entitle it to relief”); Brass v. Am. Film Techs., Inc., 987 F.2d 142,
150 (2d Cir. 1993) (in determining the adequacy of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), consideration is limited to facts
stated on the face of the complaint, in documents appended to the complaint or incorporated in the complaint by
reference, and matters of which judicial notice may be taken).
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conclusion of Grant’s lack of qualification to perform her work duties. Because Dr. Bergeron’s
report states that Grant is able to perform the essential functions of her job, it cannot serve as the
basis for dismissing her claim of discrimination at this stage in the litigation. We thus vacate that
portion of the judgment that dismisses the complaint on the ground that Grant is no longer
qualified to return to her job.
Regarding the dismissal of Grant’s New York state law claims on the ground that the
notice of claim was inadequate, a district court may dismiss an action sua sponte for failure to
state a claim so long as the plaintiff is given notice of the grounds for dismissal and an
opportunity to be heard. Thomas v. Scully, 943 F.2d 259, 260 (2d Cir. 1991). Here, the County
did not assert inadequate notice of claim as an affirmative defense, nor did the County advance
an argument to this effect in its principal memorandum or reply memorandum in support of its
motion to dismiss. By raising the issue sua sponte and determining the motion to be “fully
briefed and oral argument unnecessary,” the district court denied Grant notice and an opportunity
to be heard on the very ground on which it ultimately dismissed the state law claims. For that
reason, the district court erred in dismissing Grant’s New York state law discrimination and
retaliation claims for failure to file and serve a notice of claims. See Id. (“Though the district
court has the power to dismiss a complaint sua sponte for failure to state a claim on which relief
can be granted, it may not properly do so without giving the plaintiff an opportunity to be
heard.”); Wachtler v. County of Herkimer, 35 F.3d 77, 82 (2d Cir. 1994) (“The district court has
the power to dismiss a complaint sua sponte for failure to state a claim . . . so long as the plaintiff
is given notice and an opportunity to be heard.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The portion
of the judgment dismissing the state law claims is also vacated.
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We affirm that portion of the judgment that dismissed Grant’s retaliation claim. On the
facts pleaded, Grant failed to demonstrate that she had engaged in a protected activity that then
subjected her to retaliation. Even assuming her EEOC filing was an adequately pleaded
protected activity that formed the basis for the alleged retaliation, there could be no causal
connection between it and the adverse employment action from which a reasonable jury could
infer retaliatory intent. See Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713, 719 (2d Cir. 2002). Grant
made no complaints directly to the County, nor did she make any complaints about any
discrimination by the County prior to her filing a charge with the EEOC on July 16, 2010. Her
adverse job action had already taken place months before she filed the discrimination charge
with the EEOC.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part, and
VACATED and REMANDED in part, for proceedings consistent with this decision.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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