PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
SECTION 7463(b),THIS OPINION MAY NOT
BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY
OTHER CASE.
T.C. Summary Opinion 2013-78
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
MARK ANTHONY RAEL, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 7237-11S. Filed October 21, 2013.
Mark Anthony Rael, pro se.
Michael S. Hensley, for respondent.
SUMMARY OPINION
GUY, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions
of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was
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filed.1 Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by
any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other
case.
Respondent determined a deficiency of $3,278 in petitioner’s Federal
income tax for 2007 and an accuracy-related penalty of $656 under section
6662(a). Petitioner filed a timely petition for redetermination with the Court
pursuant to section 6213(a).
The issues for decision are whether petitioner is: (1) entitled to a $13,548
deduction for unreimbursed employee business expenses comprising vehicle
expenses of $7,065 and miscellaneous expenses of $6,483 reported on Schedule
A, Itemized Deductions; (2) entitled to an $8,750 deduction for repairs reported on
Schedule E, Supplemental Income and Loss; and (3) liable for an accuracy-related
penalty under section 6662(a). To the extent not discussed herein, other issues are
computational and flow from our decision in this case.
1
Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue
Code (Code), as amended and in effect for 2007, and Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. All monetary amounts are rounded to
the nearest dollar.
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Background
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of
facts, the supplemental stipulation of facts, and the accompanying exhibits are
incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioner resided in California at the time
the petition was filed.
I. Petitioner’s Employment
During 2007 petitioner worked as a civil engineer for Keystone
Communities (Keystone), a residential real estate developer in southern California.
Keystone’s business office was in Mission Valley, California, and petitioner
worked on Keystone projects in La Mesa, Carlsbad, and Riverside County,
California.
During the initial planning stage of a Keystone project, petitioner was
responsible for hiring civil engineers and landscape architects and obtaining
necessary construction permits from local authorities. When a project advanced to
the construction phase, petitioner assisted in reviewing bids and hiring contractors
to perform the necessary construction work. Petitioner normally drove his
personal vehicle from his residence to Keystone’s office and, when necessary, he
drove from the office to various business meetings or to Keystone construction
sites.
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Petitioner testified that Keystone did not have a reimbursement policy for
employee transportation costs or other business expenses and that he purchased
numerous items required to perform his work for Keystone. Petitioner further
testified that he was unable to provide a witness to corroborate his testimony
because Keystone’s owner died in 2009 and the company dissolved at that time.
Petitioner maintained a calendar during 2007 describing his daily work
activities for Keystone. Although many of the calendar entries are illegible or
unintelligible, some entries indicate that petitioner was scheduled to attend
meetings on behalf of Keystone at various locations in southern California. The
entire month of July 2007 is missing from petitioner’s calendar. Many of the daily
entries include a notation of the number of miles that petitioner drove that day,
along with the name of the city, town, or Keystone project that petitioner visited.
It appears that the daily mileage totals were added to the calendar sometime after
2007.
II. Petitioner’s 2007 Tax Return
Petitioner timely filed Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for
2007. Petitioner reported wages of $75,465 from Keystone, and he checked the
box for “single” filing status.
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A. Itemized Deductions
Petitioner claimed itemized deductions of $18,439 on Schedule A (after the
application of the 2% floor), including $13,549 for unreimbursed employee
business expenses reported on Form 2106, Unreimbursed Employee Business
Expenses, comprising in part $7,065 for vehicle expenses and $6,483 for
miscellaneous business expenses.
1. Vehicle Expenses
Petitioner reported that he drove 14,566 and 3,434 miles for “business” and
“other” purposes, respectively, and he elected to use the standard mileage rate in
computing the $7,065 deduction claimed for vehicle expenses.2
2. Miscellaneous Business Expenses
Petitioner provided a schedule, summarized below, identifying items that he
purchased during the course of his employment with Keystone:
2
The Commissioner generally updates the optional standard mileage rate
annually. See sec 1.274-5(j)(2), Income Tax Regs. Rev. Proc. 2006-49, sec. 5.01,
2006-2 C.B. 936, 938, established a standard mileage rate of 48.5 cents per mile
effective for transportation expenses incurred on or after January 1, 2007.
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Item Expense
Department of Construction Affairs $125
Construction license 187
Maps, records, and supplemental
documents 488
Tracing paper, batteries, printing,
yearly organizer 250
Mobile phone 1,860
Office rack/file 1,000
Wireless hookup 54
AOL Express 299
Kinkos 172
Engineering periodicals 216
Lunches 500
Total 5,151
Petitioner did not provide any invoices, receipts, canceled checks, or similar
documentation to substantiate the miscellaneous business expenses listed above.
B. Schedule E
During 2007 petitioner owned two residential rental properties. Petitioner
reported on Schedule E that he paid repair expenses of $8,750 for one of the
properties. At trial, however, he did not produce invoices, receipts, canceled
checks, or similar documentation to substantiate the expenses.
III. Tax Return Preparation
Petitioner’s tax return for 2007 was prepared by Charlene Mendenhall, an
employee of H&R Block. Petitioner testified that he provided Ms. Mendenhall
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with calculations of the miles that he drove for business purposes. He further
testified that, after Ms. Mendenhall prepared the return, he did not review the
document in any detail before it was electronically filed. Ms. Mendenhall is not a
certified public accountant.
IV. Notice of Deficiency
Respondent disallowed the deductions petitioner claimed for unreimbursed
employee business expenses reported on Schedule A and the repair expenses
reported on Schedule E and determined that petitioner is liable for an accuracy-
related penalty under section 6662(a). Respondent computed petitioner’s tax
liability for 2007 by allowing a standard deduction of $5,350 based on a filing
status of single.3
Discussion
The Commissioner’s determination of a taxpayer’s liability in a notice of
deficiency normally is presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of
proving that the determination is incorrect. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290
U.S. 111, 115 (1933). As discussed in detail below, petitioner failed to comply
with the Code’s substantiation requirements, and he did not maintain all required
3
Although petitioner testified at trial that he was married (but seeking a
divorce) during 2007, respondent did not request to change petitioner’s filing
status from single to married filing separately. See sec. 1(c) and (d).
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records. Therefore, the burden of proof as to any relevant factual issue does not
shift to respondent under section 7491(a). See sec. 7491(a)(1) and (2); Higbee v.
Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 442-443 (2001).
Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the
burden of proving entitlement to any deduction claimed. Rule 142(a); INDOPCO,
Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering,
292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). A taxpayer must substantiate deductions by keeping
and producing adequate records that enable the Commissioner to determine the
taxpayer’s correct tax liability. Sec. 6001; Hradesky v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 87,
89-90 (1975), aff’d per curiam, 540 F.2d 821 (5th Cir. 1976); Meneguzzo v.
Commissioner, 43 T.C. 824, 831-832 (1965). A taxpayer claiming a deduction on
a Federal income tax return must demonstrate that the deduction is allowable
pursuant to a statutory provision and must further substantiate that the expense to
which the deduction relates has been paid or incurred. Sec. 6001; Hradesky v.
Commissioner, 65 T.C. at 89-90.
When a taxpayer establishes that he or she paid or incurred a deductible
expense, but fails to establish the amount of the deduction, the Court normally
may estimate the amount allowable as a deduction. Cohan v. Commissioner, 39
F.2d 540, 543-544 (2d Cir. 1930); Vanicek v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 731, 742-
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743 (1985). There must be sufficient evidence in the record, however, to permit
the Court to conclude that a deductible expense was paid or incurred in at least the
amount allowed. Williams v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560 (5th Cir. 1957).
Under section 162(a), a deduction is allowed for ordinary and necessary
expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or
business. Whether an expenditure satisfies the requirements for deductibility
under section 162 is a question of fact. See Commissioner v. Heininger, 320 U.S.
467, 475 (1943). Personal, living, and family expenses are generally
nondeductible. Sec. 262(a).
The term “trade or business” includes performing services as an employee.
Primuth v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 374, 377-378 (1970). However, an employee
business expense is not ordinary and necessary if the employee is entitled to
reimbursement from his or her employer. See Podems v. Commissioner, 24 T.C.
21, 22-23 (1955); Noz v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-272.
Section 274(d) prescribes more stringent substantiation requirements to be
met before a taxpayer may deduct certain categories of expenses, including
expenses related to business meals and entertainment and the use of listed property
as defined in section 280F(d)(4). See Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 823, 827
(1968), aff’d per curiam, 412 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1969). As relevant here, the term
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“listed property” includes passenger automobiles and cell phones. Sec.
280F(d)(4)(A)(i), (v).4 To satisfy the requirements of section 274(d), a taxpayer
generally must maintain adequate records or produce sufficient evidence
corroborating his own statement, establishing the amount, date, and business
purpose for an expenditure or business use of listed property. Sec. 1.274-5T(b)(6),
(c)(1), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46016-46017 (Nov. 6, 1985).
Section 1.274-5T(c)(2), Temporary Income Tax Regs., supra, provides in relevant
part that “adequate records” generally consist of an account book, a diary, a log, a
statement of expense, trip sheets, or a similar record made at or near the time of
the expenditure or use, along with supporting documentary evidence. Section
1.274-5(j)(2), Income Tax Regs., provides that the strict substantiation
requirements of section 274(d) for vehicle expenses must be met even where the
optional standard mileage rate is used. Finally, the Court may not use the rule
established in Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d at 543-544, to estimate expenses
covered by section 274(d). Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. at 827; sec. 1.274-
5T(a), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014 (Nov. 6, 1985).
4
Sec. 280F(d)(4) was amended by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010,
Pub. L. No. 111-240, sec. 2043(a), 124 Stat. at 2560, which removed cellular
phones (and similar telecommunications equipment) from the definition of listed
property. The amendment is effective for taxable years beginning after
December 31, 2009. Id. sec. 2043(b).
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I. Unreimbursed Employee Business Expenses
A. Vehicle Expenses
Petitioner reported on Form 2106-EZ that he drove 14,566 miles for
business purposes during 2007. Although we do not doubt that petitioner drove
some number of miles in connection with his work for Keystone, many of the daily
entries in his 2007 calendar are illegible or unintelligible, making it impossible to
determine the specific destination and/or business purpose for each trip. We also
note that the calendar entries recording the number of miles that petitioner drove
on a particular day appear to have been added to the calendar sometime after 2007,
casting doubt on the overall accuracy of the document. Considering all of the
facts and circumstances, we conclude that petitioner has failed to meet the strict
substantiation requirements of section 274(d) with regard to vehicle expenses. See
sec. 1.274-5(j)(2), Income Tax Regs. (providing that the strict substantiation
requirements of section 274(d) for vehicle expenses must be met even where the
standard mileage rate is used). As a result, respondent’s determination
disallowing the deduction petitioner claimed for vehicle expenses is sustained.
B. Miscellaneous Expenses
Petitioner claimed a deduction of $6,483 for miscellaneous unreimbursed
employee business expenses for items such as residential and construction
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licenses, office supplies, cell phone service, engineering periodicals, and lunches
with his Keystone team and consultants. As previously mentioned, meals and
entertainment expenses and cell phone charges are subject to the strict
substantiation requirements of section 274(d). In any event, petitioner failed to
provide invoices, receipts, canceled checks, or similar records to substantiate any
of the miscellaneous expenditures, and he did not offer secondary evidence
corroborating his testimony regarding the expenditures. On the record presented,
we sustain respondent’s determination disallowing the $6,483 deduction petitioner
claimed for miscellaneous employee business expenses.
II. Schedule E
Petitioner claimed a deduction of $8,750 on Schedule E for repair work he
purportedly performed on one of his rental properties. Respondent disallowed the
deduction for lack of substantiation.
Petitioner failed to produce any bills, receipts, canceled checks, or similar
records to substantiate the repair expenses, and he did not offer secondary
evidence corroborating his testimony. There is no evidence to permit the Court to
estimate the amount of any deductible expense. On the record presented,
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respondent’s disallowance of the deduction petitioner claimed for repair expenses
is sustained.
III. Accuracy-Related Penalty
Section 6662(a) and (b)(1) imposes a penalty equal to 20% of the amount of
any underpayment attributable to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.
The term “negligence” includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to
comply with tax laws, and “disregard” includes any careless, reckless, or
intentional disregard of rules or regulations. Sec. 6662(c). Negligence also
includes any failure to keep adequate books and records or to substantiate items
properly. Sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.; see Olive v. Commissioner, 139
T.C. 19, 43 (2012).
Section 6664(c)(1) provides an exception to the imposition of the accuracy-
related penalty if the taxpayer establishes that there was reasonable cause for, and
the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to, the underpayment. Sec. 1.6664-
4(a), Income Tax Regs. The determination of whether the taxpayer acted with
reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into
account the pertinent facts and circumstances. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax
Regs.
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A taxpayer may be able to demonstrate reasonable cause and good faith (and
thereby escape the accuracy-related penalty of section 6662(a)) by showing
reasonable reliance on professional advice. See sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax
Regs. However, reliance on professional advice is not an absolute defense to the
section 6662(a) penalty. Freytag v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 849, 888 (1987), aff’d,
904 F.2d 1011 (5th Cir. 1990), aff’d, 501 U.S. 868 (1991). A taxpayer asserting
reliance on professional advice must prove that: (1) the adviser was a competent
professional with sufficient expertise to justify reliance; (2) the taxpayer provided
the adviser necessary and accurate information; and (3) the taxpayer actually relied
in good faith on the adviser’s judgment. See Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v.
Commissioner, 115 T.C. 43, 99 (2000), aff’d, 299 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2002). As a
defense to the penalty, petitioner bears the burden of proving that he acted with
reasonable cause and in good faith. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 446.
With respect to a taxpayer’s liability for any penalty, section 7491(c) places
on the Commissioner the burden of production, thereby requiring the
Commissioner to come forward with sufficient evidence indicating that it is
appropriate to impose the penalty. Once the Commissioner meets his burden of
production, the taxpayer must come forward with persuasive evidence that the
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Commissioner’s determination is incorrect. Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at
447; see Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. at 115.
Respondent discharged his burden of production under section 7491(c) by
showing that petitioner failed to keep adequate records and properly substantiate
the deductions he claimed. See sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.
Although petitioner relied on a paid tax preparer, there is no evidence in the
record regarding the return preparer’s experience or qualifications that would
support the conclusion that petitioner’s reliance on the preparer was reasonable.
Petitioner admitted that he did not carefully review the return before filing it.
Taxpayers have a duty to review their tax returns before signing and filing them,
and the duty of filing accurate returns cannot be avoided by placing responsibility
on a tax return preparer. Metra Chem Corp. v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 654, 662
(1987); Magill v. Commissioner, 70 T.C. 465, 479-480 (1978), aff’d, 651 F.2d
1233 (6th Cir. 1981). In sum, on the record presented, petitioner failed to show
that he acted with reasonable cause and in good faith within the meaning of
section 6664(c)(1).
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Accordingly, respondent’s determination that petitioner is liable for an
accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) is sustained.
Consistent with the preceding discussion,
Decision will be entered
for respondent.