Paul Larston REEVES, Plaintiff,
v.
Edwin B. HILL, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, Defendants.
James Larry BYRD, by his Next Friend, Fred R. Byrd, Plaintiff,
v.
Edwin B. HILL, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, Defendants, and
Paul Larston Reeves, Additional Defendant.
Virgie Bowman SPACH, Administratrix of the Estate of Samuel Eli Spach, Sr., Plaintiff,
v.
Paul Larston REEVES, and Edwin B. Hill, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, Defendants.
Samuel Eli SPACH, Jr., Plaintiff,
v.
Paul Larston REEVES, Edwin B. Hill, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, Defendants.
Scottle Jo BOWMAN, a minor, by her Next Friend, Ross Strange, Plaintiff,
v.
Paul Larston REEVES, and Edwin B. Hill, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, Defendants.
Virgie Bowman SPACH, Plaintiff,
v.
Paul Larston REEVES, and Edwin B. Hill, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, Defendants.
No. 464.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
January 12, 1968.*534 Haworth, Riggs, Kuhn & Haworth, and Walter W. Baker, Jr., High Point, and Forman, Zuckerman & Scheer, Greensboro, for plaintiff, appellant.
T. Conway Pruett and Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge & Rice and H. Grady Barnhill, Jr., Winston-Salem, for defendants Edwin B. Hill, Administrator of the Estate of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the Estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan.
BRANCH, Justice.
Appellant contends the trial judge erred in denying his motion for judgment as of nonsuit.
Defendants Edwin B. Hill, Administrator of Thomas Franklin Bryan, Sr., and Jacqueline Hill, Administratrix of the estate of Dorothy McKinley Bryan, plaintiff Virgie Bowman Spach, administratrix of Samuel Eli Spach, Sr., and plaintiffs Virgie Bowman Spach, Samuel Eli Spach, Jr., and Scottie Jo Bowman (hereinafter called appellees) by their respective complaints and counterclaims allege, inter alia, that appellant Reeves violated the provisions of G.S. § 20-148 and G.S. § 20-146, in that he failed to pass to the right and give at least one-half of the main-traveled portion of the highway to the automobile in which appellees were riding.
The evidence of Patrolman Holman pertinent to these allegations is as follows:
"I first observed most of the debris on this side of the road, or would be the eastbound lane. There was oil, there was some dirt, there were some broken pieces of glass, red in color, and some was just white, regular glass. * * *
"* * * we found, on the right-hand shoulder
Q. Right-hand shoulder as a person would be headed towards High Point?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. All right, go ahead.
A. Two indentations into the dirt on the shoulder.
Q. Were they old or fresh?
A. In my opinion they were fresh marks.
Q. All right, go ahead.
A. They led in a westerly direction towards the rural unpaved road, and the inside indentation, or pressure mark that I found, extended from thea pressure marka black mark or pressure mark, out into the road.
Q. On the hard surface you mean?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. How far onto the hard surface?
A. I didn't step it off. I didn't make that measurement.
Q. I see. Go ahead and tell what else you found.
A. Then, I believe I observed it going back into the debristhe pressure mark, or a cut out place into the highway, near the center of the road, which would be on the south side, or in the eastbound lanea cut portion of the road, cut away." (Emphasis ours)
A violation of G.S. § 20-148 or G.S. § 20-146 is negligence per se, and when proximate cause of injury or damage is shown, such violation constitutes actionable negligence. Anderson v. Webb, 267 N.C. 745, 148 S.E.2d 846. See also McGinnis v. Robinson, 258 N.C. 264, 128 S.E.2d 608; Bondurant v. Mastin, 252 N.C. 190, 114 S.E.2d 292; Hobbs v. Queen City Coach Co., 225 N.C. 323, 34 S.E.2d 211; Grimes v. Carolina Coach Co., 203 N.C. 605, 166 S.E. 599.
Where plaintiff sues for injuries or damages caused by an automobile collision *535 and offers evidence showing that defendant was driving left of the center of the highway when the collision occurred, such evidence makes out a prima facie case of actionable negligence. Anderson v. Webb, supra.
When considered in the light most favorable to appellees, the testimony as to marks on the north side of the highway going back "into the debris" located in the eastbound lane, when buttressed by the testimony of the dug out holes on the south side of the highway as related to the Chrysler station wagon, permits a reasonable inference that appellant Reeves failed to pass to the right and give at least one-half of the main-traveled portion of the highway to the Bryan automobile.
Appellant also argues that the two Bryans' wrongful death counterclaims should have been nonsuited because the plaintiff administrators failed to show pecuniary loss. In this connection the administrators of the deceased Bryans elicited from the witness Mrs. Spach evidence as follows:
"Both Mr. Bryan and my husband were mechanics by trade and had been mechanics for many years, or in the mechanical business. I knew Mr. and Mrs. Bryan, I had known them for some time about two years. I had been living here in Winston-Salem. I had visited in their home and they had visited in my home. So far as I know, Mr. and Mrs. Bryan were fine people. Mrs. Bryan worked, I believe, at that time in a grocery storeHodges Distributing Company was the name of it. I don't really know if Mrs. Bryan ever worked at L. Roberts, a lady's store. So far as I know, like my husband, they were in good health.
"My husband and Mr. Bryan both worked pretty long hours in the mechanical business out there. Both of them were good mechanics so far as I know. Before Mr. Bryan and my husband went in together in this partnership, Mr. Bryan worked at his garageI suppose he owned this garageas far as I know. I'm talking about Mr. Bryan. Then my husband went in with him. I think Mr. Bryan had operated that garage for some time but I don't know just how long."
Actions for wrongful death are creatures of the statute and the statute does not provide for assessment of punitive damages nor the allowing of nominal damages in the absence of pecuniary loss. G.S. §§ 28-173, 28-174; Armentrout v. Hughes, 247 N.C. 631, 101 S.E.2d 793, 69 A.L.R. 2d 620; Hines v. Frink and Frink v. Hines, 257 N.C. 723, 127 S.E.2d 509.
This Court has recognized an exception to this rule, as a rule of necessity, by allowing recovery for wrongful death of an infant without direct evidence of pecuniary damage other than sex, age and health. Russell v. Windsor Steamboat Co., 126 N.C. 961, 36 S.E. 191.
Nor is it essential that direct evidence of the earnings of a deceased adult be offered in order for there to be recovery of damages. Evidence of his health, age, industry, means and business are competent to show pecuniary loss. Hicks v. Love and Bruton v. Love, 201 N.C. 773, 161 S.E. 394; Owens v. Kelly, 240 N.C. 770, 84 S.E.2d 163.
Appellant relies heavily on Hines v. Frink and Frink v. Hines, supra. This case is distinguishable from instant case in that in Hines v. Frink and Frink v. Hines the record was devoid of any evidence as to age, health, habits or earning capacity. Here, there was evidence that the Bryans were in good health; that Mrs. Bryan worked for a grocery store and Mr. Bryan was part-owner of a garage in which he actively worked as a mechanic. This presents sufficient evidence of pecuniary loss to permit the jury to return a verdict for damages in favor of the Bryan administrators.
*536 The assignment of error relating to the trial court's rulings on the evidence of marks on the north side of the highway is without merit. Appellant did not object to, except to, or move that the evidence elicited as to marks on the north side of the highway be stricken. Rather, he argues in his brief that, because of the confusing manner in which witnesses testified and because of the difficulty experienced by the court reporter in keeping track of the progress of the trial, he was justified in waiting until all the evidence was in to move that such evidence not be considered.
It is generally recognized in this jurisdiction that evidence admitted without objection is properly considered by the court in determining the sufficiency of the evidence and by the jury in determining the issue, even though the evidence is incompetent and should have been excluded had objection been made. This rule does not apply if the evidence admitted without objection is precluded by statute in furtherance of public policy. 1 N.C. Index 2d, Appeal and Error, § 30, p. 162; Harriet Cotton Mills v. Local Union No. 578, 251 N.C. 218, 111 S.E.2d 457, 79 A.L.R. 2d 646. The objection to the admission of this evidence must be made at the time of its introduction, Steelman v. Benfield, 228 N.C. 651, 46 S.E.2d 829; Parsons v. Benfield, 228 N.C. 651, 46 S.E.2d 829, and where testimony sufficient to establish a fact at issue has been received in evidence without objection, a nonsuit cannot be sustained even if the only evidence tending to establish the disputed fact is incompetent. Skipper v. Yow, 249 N.C. 49, 105 S.E.2d 205.
All appellees allege high speed and violations of G.S. § 20-140, G.S. § 20-141(a) and G.S. § 20-141(c).
We recognize that since appellees rely on the physical facts at the scene of the collision to carry their cases to the jury, they must offer evidence by established facts sufficient to take the cases out of the realm of conjecture and into the field of legitimate inference. Williamson v. Randall, 248 N.C. 20, 102 S.E.2d 381; Parker v. Wilson, 247 N.C. 47, 100 S.E.2d 258.
The physical facts, speaking louder than words, show that the Chrysler station wagon moved less than 10 feet towards the south side of the road from the debris and holes found in the south side of the road, while the Ford traveled about 30 feet from this point, and the motor of the Ford, operated by appellant, was found 75 feet in front of the place where the Ford came to rest and about 105 feet northwest from the debris located on the south side of the road. If the station wagon had been traveling at a high rate of speed and had struck the Ford "head-on", a strong inference would arise that the Chrysler station wagon would have driven the Ford back to the north side of the highway and that the Chrysler would have continued a greater distance away from the point of impact; further, that such a collision would not have resulted in the motor from the Ford automobile being thrown forward in a northwesterly direction.
The tremendous damage to the automobiles, when taken with the physical facts on both sides of the road and considered with appellant's statement that the Bryan automobile approached at "what seemed like a normal speed," and when taken in the light most favorable to appellees, permits the inference that appellant Reeves immediately before and at the time of the collision operated his automobile at an excessive speed.
Appellees having made out a prima facie case of actionable negligence, it then becomes a question for the jury. The trial court correctly denied appellant's motions for nonsuit.
Appellant contends the trial judge committed reversible error in connection with his instructions relative to speed.
"One of the most important purposes of the charge is `the elimination *537 of irrelevant matters and causes of action or allegations as to which no evidence has been offered, and (to) thereby let the jury understand and appreciate the precise facts that are material and determinative.' * * * it is error to charge on an abstract principle of law not raised by proper pleading and not supported by any view of the evidence." Dunlap v. Lee, 257 N.C. 447, 126 S.E.2d 62, 96 A.L.R. 2d 754.
In the pleadings in the instant case there are allegations as to excessive speed and evidence of physical facts sufficient to infer excessive speed. Appellant vigorously argues that there is prejudicial error because the judge charged on G.S. § 20-141(b) (exceeding stated speed limits) when it was not pleaded. This is ordinarily error; however, in the instant case, since there was sufficient allegations and proof to justify a jury-verdict on the basis of negligence other than exceeding the stated speed limit (i. e. violation of G.S. § 20-148 and G.S. § 20-146, G.S. § 20-141(a) and G.S. § 20-141(c)), the fact that the trial judge charged on one section of a speed statute which was not properly pleaded would not seem to mislead or confuse the jury under the facts of this case so as to influence the verdict. While not a model charge, as a whole it is sufficient to allow the jury to understand the precise facts which are determinative of the issues, and therefore does not contain prejudicial error.
Appellant assigns as error the ruling of the trial judge which excluded from the consideration of the jury the adverse examination of appellant Reeves.
Prior consistent statements of the witness are admissible to strengthen his credibility when his veracity has been impugned in any way. March v. Harrell, 46 N.C. 329. In interpreting this rule we must consider it with the well recognized principle that it is the duty of the judge to control and supervise the course and conduct of the trial. Miller v. Greenwood, 218 N.C. 146, 10 S.E.2d 708.
It is admitted in the record that appellant testified to substantially the same thing at the trial as he did in his adverse examination. By questioning his own witness, appellant's counsel could clarify any matter he deemed beclouded by the cross-examination, rather than pursue the time consuming and tedious process of reading the questions and answers in the adverse examination and requiring the trial court to pass on objections to such questions and answers. In the case of Greer v. Whittington, 251 N.C. 630, 111 S.E.2d 912, the Court quoted from Electric Park Amusement Co. v. Psichos, 83 N.J.L. 262, 83 A. 766, as follows: "`It is always in a judge's discretion, as indeed it is his duty, to stop an examination when he can see that its further progress will be futile; it is especially important to do so in a long case like this.'" We find no prejudicial error in the court's ruling excluding the adverse examination.
Appellant assigns as error the failure of the judge to admit certain testimony relative to the physical condition of the driver of the Bryan automobile before the collision.
Virgie Bowman Spach testified, in part:
"We left my husband's house trailer about 10:00 o'clock on our way to Wilmington and we drove a right good ways and we stopped at this drive-in cafe to get something to eat, and then after we left there we had the wreck.
"After we left there I laid my head over on my husband's shoulder and went to sleep, and next thing I remembered, we were in the wreck. I don't remember the collision at all. The next thing I remember, I heard a lot of loud talking and I heard someone tell me to be quiet, that we had had a wreck. I didn't know where I was at that time. I don't know whether I was in the car or on the ground. *538 CROSS EXAMINATION by Mr. Parrish:
On this night we had occasion to stop to get something to eat on the way to the beach. I believe the place we stopped at was Kelly's Place just out of Winston.
Q. Mrs. Spach, I'll ask you what, if anything, did Mr. Bryan say as regards his physical condition when you stopped to get something to eat?
MR. BARNHILL: Object.
OBJECTION OVERRULED.
A. Mr. Bryan said he was hungry and tired, he thought we'd stop and get a bite to eat.
Q. Did you have an occurrence or did something happen later on down the road as regards the operation of the car?
MR. BARNHILL: Object.
Objection sustained, and the plaintiff Reeves, in apt time, excepted. EXCEPTION NO. 10.
(If permitted, the witness would have answered as follows: "Well, just before we were in the wreck this car was coming on behind Mr. Bryan, and started to make astarted to pass him, and Mr. Bryan merged over in the left lane and almost hit him. He cussed him and called him a G. D. S. O. B. several times and told him to take all of the road, and my husband said to go ahead, and he said, `I guess it's just a bunch of drunks.'"
Scottie Jo Bowman testified, in part, as follows:
"Q. All right. Did you hear Mr. Bryan make any statement at any time alongeither at the time you were leaving Winston-Salem or any time between there and the accident about being tired or sleepy?
MR. BARNHILL: Objection.
THE COURT: Overruled.
Q. Did you?
A. Well, a short time before we stopped we were talking about we were he was tired, he'd like to get something to eatmight rest him.
Q. All right. And did you hear him make that statement?
A. Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Wait a minute. Strike it out. Strike out her statement aboutshe's a passenger in his automobile and he's dead. Strike it out.
To the striking of the answer, the plaintiff Reeves, in apt time, excepted. EXCEPTION NO. 8
I do not recall that the restaurant that I spoke of is located here in the southern end of Winston-Salem. I'm not familiar with it. After we had something to eat we then proceeded on towards Wilmington. I don't remember what time it was that I went to sleep, but I remember asking what time it was, and I'm not sure, but it was something till 12:00.
I do not remember going through any towns. It was night and I really wasn't paying any attention.
Q. Now, somewhere between Winston-Salem and the place where this wreck happened did something else happen with respect to the operation of the car by Mr. Bryan?
MR. BARNHILL: Object.
Objection sustained, and the plaintiff Reeves in apt time excepted. EXCEPTION NO. 9.
(If permitted, the witness would have answered as follows: `We were going down the streetI'm not sure what town but there was a car coming out of a side street, and it came overit was sort ofI'll call it Main Street. I'm not sure of the street, but it wasMr. Bryan started to change lanes over into *539 the left lanehe was on the outside lane, and he liked to bump the front end of the other car, and this car pulled up beside of him and cursed him for a right good while and then went on down the street and turned left.'"
It is apparent that this testimony was offered to show that the driver of the Bryan automobile was tired and sleepy and that his physical condition contributed to the collision.
It is noted that the witness, Virgie Bowman Spach, was allowed to testify that Bryan stated "he was hungry and tired, and he thought we'd get a bite to eat." The fact that similar testimony was stricken when offered through another witness is not prejudicial. Rowe v. Murphy, 250 N.C. 627, 109 S.E.2d 474.
The remaining testimony offered as to Bryan's physical condition was not in any way correlated with the collision as to time, place and distance.
The case of Greene v. Meredith, 264 N.C. 178, 141 S.E.2d 287, holds that it is prejudicial error to admit testimony of the defendant's excessive speed at a point some two miles from the point of collision when there is no evidence that the defendant continued to maintain such speed to the time of the collision.
Again considering whether evidence was too remote or conjectural to be admissible, the Court in Corum v. Comer, 256 N.C. 252, 123 S.E.2d 473, stated:
"`The question is the negligence of the offending party at the time and place of the accident. It does not necessarily follow that a defendant is negligent at the critical time and place because he was negligent at some other place and at a different time.'"
Evidence of the fact that Bryan might have changed into another lane at some unknown town, at an unstated time, while he was an undetermined distance from the scene of the collision, is too remote to allow the jury to infer his physical condition at the time and place of the collision.
We find no prejudicial error in the record which warrants a new trial.
No error.