PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Anthony THREATT, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 233211.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted October 9, 2002, at Detroit. Decided October 25, 2002. Approved for Publication December 20, 2002, at 9:35 a.m. Released for Publication March 7, 2003.*820 Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Michael E. Duggan, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and David A. McCreedy, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Peter Jon Van Hoek), for the defendant on appeal.
Before: SAAD, P.J., and SMOLENSKI and OWENS, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
A jury convicted defendant of aggravated stalking, M.C.L. § 750.411i, and the trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense habitual offender, M.C.L. § 769.12, to a term of six to twenty years' imprisonment. He appeals as of right, and we affirm.
Aggravated stalking consists of the crime of "stalking," M.C.L. § 750.411h(1)(d), and the presence of an aggravating circumstance specified in M.C.L. § 750.411i(2). Here, the prosecution argued that defendant was guilty of aggravated stalking because he engaged in stalking under the circumstances set forth in M.C.L. § 750.411i(2)(a) and (c):
(a) At least 1 of the actions constituting the offense is in violation of a restraining order and the individual has received actual notice of that restraining order or at least 1 of the actions is in violation of an injunction or preliminary injunction.
* * *
(c) The course of conduct includes the making of 1 or more credible threats against the victim, a member of the victim's family, or another individual living in the same household as the victim.
Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to the requirement in subsection 411i(2)(a) that the defendant receive "actual notice" of a personal protection order (PPO). Although defendant does not contend that the evidence was insufficient to establish aggravated stalking under subsection 411i(2)(c), he asserts that where two alternative theories of guilt are submitted to the jury and the evidence supporting one *821 theory is legally insufficient, reversal is required because it is impossible to tell on which theory the conviction was based. See People v. Sammons, 191 Mich.App. 351, 370, 478 N.W.2d 901 (1991); People v. Grainger, 117 Mich.App. 740, 754-755, 324 N.W.2d 762 (1982); People v. Olsson, 56 Mich.App. 500, 224 N.W.2d 691 (1974). Because we hold that there is sufficient evidence of "actual notice," we need not address defendant's "alternative theory" defense.
The term "actual notice" is not defined in subsection 411i(2)(a). Defendant argues, erroneously, that the term should be construed in accordance with the requirements of M.C.L. § 600.2950a relative to service of a PPO. Because the evidence failed to show that he was personally served with a copy of the PPO as required by M.C.L. § 600.2950a, defendant asserts that the evidence was therefore insufficient to establish "actual notice" for purposes of subsection 411i(2)(a).
The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. People v. Webb, 458 Mich. 265, 273-274, 580 N.W.2d 884 (1998). The rules of statutory construction require that every phrase be given its commonly understood meaning. Id. Here, in asking this Court to construe the term "actual notice" in the aggravated stalking statute in accordance with M.C.L. § 600.2950a, defendant appears to rely on the "in pari materia" rule. However, that interpretative aid should be used only where a statute is first determined to be ambiguous. Tyler v. Livonia Pub. Schools, 459 Mich. 382, 392, 590 N.W.2d 560 (1999).
We are not persuaded that the term "actual notice" is ambiguous and, therefore, reject defendant's invitation to construe the term in a manner that incorporates the service requirements of M.C.L. § 600.2950a. Moreover, were we to examine M.C.L. § 600.2950a to determine what is required to demonstrate "actual notice" under the aggravated stalking statute, we would find that it does not support defendant's claim that "actual notice" must be equated with service. MCL 600.2950a(8)(g), and (10) refer to "receiv[ing] actual notice" and "be[ing] served" in the alternative. These references indicate that, under M.C.L. § 600.2950a, "actual notice" is not the equivalent of service.
Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence is sufficient to enable a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had actual notice of the PPO. People v. Johnson, 460 Mich. 720, 723, 597 N.W.2d 73 (1999). The complainant's testimony demonstrated that defendant made several statements from which his knowledge of the PPO could reasonably be inferred, that he had evaded service, and that defendant spoke with both the complainant and an investigator about the PPO.[1] The evidence is sufficient to establish that defendant had "actual notice" of the order.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] The complainant testified that defendant told her, "I better stop playing andand get this ... up off of him." She understood that defendant was referring to the PPO because "[h]e had left messages to that effect before and that's the document that's on file against him." The complainant further testified that defendant referred to a court order or court document in September or October and that, on another occasion, defendant talked about information that was included in the attachment to the PPO.