DEE
v.
The STATE.
No. S01A0281.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
April 30, 2001.Garland, Samuel & Loeb, Edward T.M. Garland, Donald F. Samuel, Atlanta, for appellant.
Paul L. Howard, Jr., Dist. Atty., Bettieanne C. Hart, Peggy Ann Katz, Asst. Dist. Attys., Thurbert E. Baker, Atty. Gen., for appellee.
CARLEY, Justice.
The State charged William Dee with murder. At the scene of the homicide, officers found a gun with its serial number scratched off. According to Dee, the victim brandished this weapon at him in an attempt to extort money. When Dee's ex-wife, Gayle Appelgate, informed the police that he owned an "untraceable" gun, they arranged for her to view a weapons "lineup." In this display, the gun discovered at the scene was the only one without a serial number. Ms. Appelgate chose this gun as similar to the one she had observed in Dee's home. Dee filed a motion to suppress her identification of the weapon, contending that the lineup of weapons was unduly suggestive because it included only one untraceable gun. After conducting a hearing, the trial court granted the motion, concluding that the impermissible suggestiveness tainted any identification testimony by the witness. The State filed an appeal from this ruling. During the pendency of that appeal, the trial court reconsidered and held that, although the procedure was suggestive and had infected Ms. Appelgate's ability to identify the gun, Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S. Ct. 375, 34 L. Ed. 2d 401 (1972), did not apply so as to require exclusion *903 of her testimony. The trial court certified this order for immediate review, and we granted the application for interlocutory appeal.
A pre-trial procedure in which either the victim or another eyewitness confronts the accused or views his photograph in an effort "to elicit identification evidence is peculiarly riddled with innumerable dangers and variable factors which might seriously, even crucially, derogate from a fair trial." United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228(IV), 87 S. Ct. 1926, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1149 (1967). See also Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S. Ct. 967, 19 L. Ed. 2d 1247 (1968); Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 272(IV), 87 S. Ct. 1951, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1178 (1967). If such an identification procedure is "so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification[, the defendant is] denied due process of law." Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302(II), 87 S. Ct. 1967, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1199 (1967). "It is the likelihood of misidentification which violates a defendant's right to due process, and it is this which [is] the basis of the exclusion of evidence...." Neil v. Biggers, supra at 198(III), 93 S. Ct. 375.
If, then, a witness identifies an individual as the perpetrator of a crime, not only will that be direct and highly persuasive evidence against defendant, but also the eyewitness will be reluctant to change his identification. [Cit.] Any misidentification of a person's visage is thus likely to become irreparable. The Wade-Gilbert-Stovall trilogy, therefore, recognized the importance of eyewitness identifications, which, by their very nature, carry so much weight with juries, and which necessitate the Neil v. Biggers safeguards.
State v. King, 31 Wash.App. 56, 639 P.2d 809, 812 (1982).
The identification procedure employed in this case did not involve either a confrontation between an eyewitness and Dee or a viewing of his photograph. The police called upon Ms. Appelgate only to identify an inanimate object which she had seen in the past in a completely non-criminal context. "By the great weight of authority, the right to pretrial identification procedures is inapplicable to items of physical evidence. [Cits.]" State v. Roscoe, 145 Ariz. 212, 700 P.2d 1312, 1324 (1984). See also Johnson v. Sublett, 63 F.3d 926, 931(IV)(E) (9th Cir. 1995); Inge v. Procunier, 758 F.2d 1010, 1014-1015 (4th Cir.1985); Hughes v. State, 735 So. 2d 238, 261(V) (Miss.1999); People v. Miller, 211 Mich.App. 30, 535 N.W.2d 518, 523(II) (1995); Brooks v. State, 560 N.E.2d 49, 57-58 (Ind.1990); State v. Cyr, 122 N.H. 1155, 453 A.2d 1315, 1317-1318 (N.H.1982); State v. King, supra at 811-812; State v. Bruns, 304 N.W.2d 217, 219 (Iowa 1981); Commonwealth v. Carter, 271 Pa.Super. 508, 414 A.2d 369, 373 (1979); People v. Coston, 40 Colo. App. 205, 576 P.2d 182, 185(I) (1977); Inge v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 360, 228 S.E.2d 563, 567(4) (1976). Georgia is one of the jurisdictions which have found "no basis for applying the identification procedures applicable to suspects in Neil v. Biggers and Simmons v. United States" to testimony identifying inanimate objects. Grabowski v. State, 234 Ga.App. 222, 224(3), 507 S.E.2d 472 (1998). The distinguishing factor is that the same due process concerns are not implicated in the identification of physical evidence that is allegedly connected to a crime. "The risks inherent in a misidentification of inanimate objects produced in the thousands are not the same as the risks of misidentification of unique human beings." People v. Miller, supra at 523(II). "Objections in the nature of those made here rather go to the weight and sufficiency of the evidence than as a constitutional limitation on its admissibility." Inge v. Procunier, supra at 1015.
Because the pre-trial procedures used to determine the constitutional admissibility of identification testimony do not apply when the identity of an inanimate object is concerned, the exclusionary remedy is also inapplicable.
[I]t has never been the case that identification of an object must be subject to the same precautions given the identification of a person. Rather, any uncertainty in the description, or suggestivity in a prior identification, goes to the weight to be accorded the testimony, not its admissibility. [Cits.] *904 Commonwealth v. Carter, supra at 373. "There is no authority holding that a defendant's due process right to reliable identification procedures extends beyond normal authenticity and identification procedures for physical evidence offered by the prosecution. [Cit.]" Johnson v. Sublett, supra at 932(IV)(E). "[A]ny suggestiveness in the identification of inanimate objects is relevant to the weight, not the admissibility, of the evidence. [Cits.]" People v. Miller, supra at 523(II). Thus, the proper manner for contesting Ms. Appelgate's testimony is by cross-examination at trial, not by a pre-trial motion to suppress. The jury, not the trial court, decides whether her identification of the gun is "dependable and accurate." State v. Roscoe, supra at 1324. See also State v. King, supra at 812. Therefore, the trial court properly denied the motion to suppress Ms. Appelgate's testimony.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.