TONY EDWARD LEWIS
v.
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA.
Record No. 761041.
Supreme Court of Virginia.
June 10, 1977.Present: All the Justices.
Defendant was convicted by jury of murder and robbery of prison guards and attempted escape from a state penal institution. On the day of trial, the court denied defendant's motion for a change of venue on the ground of detrimental publicity. On voir dire the court excused for cause a venireman who stated he would not impose the death penalty in "any proper case" and also refused defendant's request to inquire of veniremen whether defendant's race would preclude a fair and impartial verdict. Defendant was sentenced to death for murder pursuant to Code | 53-291 (in force at time of offense), to forty years for robbery and to five years for attempted escape. The Supreme Court granted a stay of execution to enable defendant to appeal but the Governor commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment before a writ of error was granted.
1. Whether a change of venue is granted is within the sound discretion of trial court. A motion for change is properly denied when the trial court finds attendant publicity unlikely to influence or inflame jury. The newspaper articles in question were factual in nature and non-prejudicial, the last article appearing approximately six months before trial date. Only one among twenty-four prospective jurors had read about the case. He disavowed prejudice.
2. A prospective juror may be excused for cause if he states he would never vote to impose the death penalty or that he would refuse to consider its imposition in the case before the court.
3. Absent racial factors suggesting a likelihood that racial prejudice might affect defendant's trial there is no need to question prospective jurymen specifically about racial prejudice.
4. The question of constitutionality of defendant's death sentence is moot. Code | 53-291, and a sentence imposed under it, is presumptively valid and enforceable. The Governor, having commuted the viable death sentence, substituted therefor a valid life sentence which is the only sentence now subject to review.
5. Evidence is amply sufficient to sustain defendant's convictions either as actual perpetrator or as aider and abettor with the commission of each of the offenses for which he was indicted and convicted.
Error to a judgment of the Circuit Court of Southampton County. Hon. James B. Godwin, judge presiding.
William J. Rhodes, Jr., for plaintiff in error.
James E. Kulp, Assistant Attorney General (Anthony F. Troy, Attorney General, on brief), for defendant in error.
CARRICO, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
On March 23, 1975, a riotous disturbance occurred at Southampton Correctional Center, a penal institution in Southampton County. As a result, the defendant, Tony Edward Lewis, was indicted for the murder and robbery of one prison guard, for the robbery of another guard, and for attempted escape. On January 13, 1976, a jury convicted the defendant of all the charges and fixed his punishment at death for the murder, 40 years imprisonment for the two robberies, and 5 years for the attempted escape. On April 12, 1976, the trial court confirmed the verdicts and imposed the sentences fixed by the jury.
The defendant was scheduled to die on June 15, 1976, but we granted a stay to enable him to seek an appeal. Then, on October 20, 1976, the Governor commuted the defendant's death sentence to life imprisonment. Later, we awarded the defendant a writ to consider his allegations of error concerning his convictions.
The evidence shows that on March 23, 1975, the defendant was confined in building C-1 at Southampton Correctional Center, where he was serving a 25-year sentence for a prior conviction of felony. On the same date, Officers Ronald Albert Barnes and Alfred Lynch were employees of the correctional center, assigned to building C-1.
Approximately 9:30 p.m. on March 23, Officer Barnes was attacked in the corridor of the cell block in building C-1 by an inmate, Michael Cross. Barnes was beaten into unconsciousness. When Officer Lynch attempted to aid Barnes, he was grabbed from behind and pinioned by the defendant, preventing the rescue effort. The defendant then dragged Lynch the length of the corridor to an isolation cell, forced him to unlock the door, and pushed him inside. A voice from the corridor instructed the cell's inmate, Vernon Joe, to "take everything [Lynch] had." [1] Vernon Joe removed Lynch's keys and money, threw the items into the corridor, and departed the cell.
Meanwhile, Cross had dragged Officer Barnes along the corridor toward the isolation cell. Midway, when Barnes appeared to regain consciousness, Cross hit and kicked him, and he relapsed into unconsciousness. The defendant and Vernon Joe then joined the attack upon Barnes, with the defendant kicking and "stomping" the officer. Cross removed Barnes' keys and money and handed the items to the defendant. Thereupon, assisted by Vernon Joe, the defendant dragged Officer Barnes along the corridor and threw him into the isolation cell with Officer Lynch.
Armed with Lynch's keys, Vernon Joe gained access to a master lever and opened the cell doors. Using a hammer obtained from the guard office, the defendant "beat" the padlock off a cell door not opened by the master lever.
Freed from their cells, a number of the inmates left the building. During the ensuing confusion, a guard observed the defendant and other inmates attempting to climb the 13-foot chain link and barbed wire fence surrounding the prison compound. Because unarmed, the guard merely ordered the inmates to leave the fence area. Unable to scale the fence, the defendant fell back inside the prison compound and ran.
After the tumult had subsided, Officer Barnes was transported to a Richmond hospital. The next morning, he died from his injuries.
I.
Change of Venue
On the day of trial, the defendant moved for a change of venue, asserting that the "publicity of the event, in all forms, is conclusively detrimental to a fair, impartial trial." After argument, the trial court denied the motion.
In arguing his motion, the defendant focused his complaint upon four articles appearing in a Norfolk newspaper generally circulated in Southampton County, the locale of the trial. The articles do not appear in the record, so we do not know their contents. The Commonwealth's Attorney, however, represented to the trial court that the articles were merely factual in nature and were non-prejudicial. The Commonwealth's Attorney asserted also that the last article appeared approximately six months before the trial date. The defendant did not then, and does not now, refute the prosecutor's representations. Furthermore, of the 24 prospective jurors examined on voir dire, only one had read about the case, and he disavowed any resulting prejudice.
In denying the motion for a change of venue, the trial court found the attendant publicity unlikely to influence or inflame the jury. Whether a change of venue should have been granted was a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court. Under the circumstances of this case, the court did not abuse its discretion. Jefferson Commonwealth, 214 Va. 747, 754, 204 S.E.2d 258, 264 (1974); Greenfield Commonwealth, 214 Va. 710, 716-17, 204 S.E.2d 414, 419-20 (1974).
II.
Jury Selection
(a)
On voir dire examination, the trial court asked the prospective jurors whether they had "any religious or conscientious scruples or objections against the imposition of capital punishment." One member of the panel, Tessie Grant, responded affirmatively. The court then asked Grant whether his objection was "absolute." Again, Grant answered affirmatively. Finally, when the court inquired of Grant whether, "in any proper case," he could impose the death penalty, he replied, "No, sir." Upon challenge by the Commonwealth's Attorney, the court excused Grant for cause.
Relying upon Witherspoon Illinois, 391 U.S. 510 (1968), the defendant contends the trial court erred in excusing prospective juror Grant. We disagree with the defendant. Witherspoon stands for the proposition that a sentence of death cannot be carried out if the jury imposing or recommending the sentence is chosen by excluding veniremen simply because they voice general objections to capital punishment. But Witherspoon recognizes that a prospective juror may be excused for cause if he states that he could never vote to impose the death penalty or that he would refuse even to consider its imposition in the case before the court. Accord, Davis Georgia, 429 U.S. 122, 123 (1976).
Here, prospective juror Grant admitted that his objection to the death penalty was "absolute" and that he could not impose the sentence "in any proper case." It was not error, therefore, to excuse him for cause. Moreover, a Witherspoon error affects only the sentence of death and not the conviction for which the penalty is imposed. Because the defendant's death sentence has been commuted to life imprisonment, he cannot now rely upon the alleged error in excusing the prospective juror.
(b)
During voir dire examination of the jury, the defendant requested the trial court to inquire of the prospective jurors whether they could "reach a fair and impartial verdict even though the accused [was] a Negro." The court refused the request, and the defendant assigns the refusal as error.
On this precise point, the United States Supreme Court has spoken twice recently. In Ham South Carolina, 409 U.S. 524 (1973), the Court reversed, on due process grounds, the petitioner's drug conviction for the trial court's refusal to examine prospective jurors "as to possible prejudice against petitioner" because he was a Negro. The Court noted that the petitioner was well known in the locale of his trial as a civil rights activist and that his basic defense was that law enforcement officers were "out to get him" for his civil rights activities. But in Ristaino Ross, 424 U.S. 589 (1976), involving prosecution of a Negro for violent crimes against a white security guard, the Court held that, absent "racial factors such as existed in Ham," 424 U.S. at 598, "the need to question veniremen specifically about racial prejudice" does not rise to constitutional dimensions. 424 U.S. at 597.
Here, it appears that the deceased victim, Officer Barnes, was white and that the defendant is black. But beyond the fact of the defendant's race, nothing appears from the record to suggest there was any likelihood racial prejudice might affect the defendant's trial. Ristaino applies, therefore, and we hold there was no denial of due process in the trial court's refusal of the defendant's voir dire request.
III.
Constitutionality of the Death Penalty
The defendant's principal arguments relate to the constitutionality of Va. Code | 53-291, under which the defendant was convicted and sentenced for the murder of Officer Barnes. In pertinent part, the statute was worded as follows:
"It shall be unlawful for an inmate in a penal institution as defined in | 53-9 or in the custody of an employee thereof to do any of the following:"
"(1) To kill... such employee...."
"...."
"An inmate guilty of such killing as is mentioned in this section... shall be guilty of first degree murder and be punished by death...." [2]
The defendant argues that because | 53-291 "provides no standards to guide a jury in determining which defendants shall live and which shall die," the mandatory death penalty prescribed by the statute is unconstitutional. This result must follow, the defendant says, from the Supreme Court's decisions in Woodson North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, and Roberts Louisiana, 428 U.S. 325, both decided July 2, 1976, which invalidated mandatory death penalty statutes of North Carolina and Louisiana. Virginia's statute, the defendant asserts, suffers the same vice as the North Carolina and Louisiana statutes, viz., the "lack of focus on the circumstances of the particular offense and the character and propensities of the offender." Roberts, 428 U.S. at 333.
The Attorney General contends, however, that the commutation awarded by the Governor in this case has rendered moot the question of the constitutional validity of the defendant's death sentence. On the other hand, the defendant maintains the question is not moot. He argues that when, on October 20, 1976, the Governor issued the commutation order, there was no viable death sentence to commute. Virginia Code | 53-291 had been invalidated and his sentence of death voided, the defendant asserts, on July 2, 1976, by the decisions in Woodson North Carolina and Roberts Louisiana; therefore, when the Governor acted later to commute the sentence, the action was improper and meaningless. Accordingly, the defendant concludes, he is entitled to a new trial.
We do not agree with the defendant concerning the effect of Woodson and Roberts upon the death sentence involved in this case. We do not believe those decisions automatically invalidated Va. Code | 53-291 or immediately voided the defendant's death sentence.
At the time the defendant was convicted and sentenced, Furman Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), enunciated the then current view concerning capital punishment. In Furman, the Supreme Court had struck down certain death penalty statutes because they vested juries with unbridled sentencing discretion. Furman, however, did not invalidate mandatory death penalty statutes. Indeed, following Furman, it was believed that, because they restricted jury sentencing discretion, mandatory death penalty statutes would survive constitutional attack.
Relying upon this belief, in the interim between Furman and the decisions in Woodson and Roberts, this court, in Jefferson Commonwealth, 214 Va. 747, 204 S.E.2d 258 (1974), and Washington Commonwealth, 216 Va. 185, 217 S.E.2d 815 (1975), upheld the constitutionality of the very mandatory death penalty statute, | 53-291, of which the defendant now complains. Admittedly, | 53-291 is similar to the statutes struck down in Woodson and Roberts and, because of those decisions, we might, in some future case, be compelled to change our view of | 53-291 and to declare the statute invalid. But until that action is taken directly, | 53-291 and any sentence imposed under it stand, at least presumptively, valid and enforceable.
At the time the Governor commuted the defendant's death sentence, therefore, Jefferson and Washington enunciated the law of this Commonwealth concerning mandatory death penalties and sustained the constitutional validity of | 53-291. Accordingly, the defendant's sentence of death, imposed pursuant to | 53-291, was a viable and existing sentence on the date of its commutation.
In commuting the sentence, the Governor acted pursuant to authority conferred by the Virginia Constitution, Article V, Section 12, and by statute, Va. Code | 53-228. The effect of the commutation was to substitute a sentence of life imprisonment for the death penalty, a substitution the Governor was empowered to make without the defendant's consent. Lee Murphy, 63 Va. (22 Gratt.) 789, 798 (1872). And, following commutation, the defendant is not "entitled to have his sentence determined anew by a jury." Rose Hodges, 423 U.S. 19, 22 (1975).
After commutation of a sentence of death, the penalty substituted therefor is the only sentence to be considered. In such circumstances, the defendant's status is to be viewed as though the substituted sentence, and not the allegedly invalid death penalty, had been imposed originally. Bowen State, 488 S.W.2d 373, 375-76 (Tenn. 1972).
In the present case, therefore, because the life term was substituted validly for a viable sentence of death, the conclusion is inescapable that the question of the constitutionality of the death penalty has been rendered moot. Accordingly, we deny the defendant's request for a new trial with respect to his sentence.
IV.
Sufficiency of Evidence
The remaining question concerns the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the defendant's convictions. We deal summarily with this contention. The evidence was amply sufficient; it connected the defendant directly, either as the actual perpetrator or as an aider and abettor, with the commission of each of the offenses for which he was indicted and convicted.
For the reasons assigned, the judgment of the trial court, as modified by the Governor's commutation order, will be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] At the time this instruction was given, the defendant and Cross were the only inmates in the corridor, and Cross was occupied in subduing Officer Barnes some distance from the isolation cell.
[2] Effective October 1, 1975, the portion of | 53-291 relating to murder committed by an inmate of a penal institution was repealed and incorporated into | 18.2-31. The portion of | 53-291 prescribing the death penalty for such murder was repealed and incorporated into | 18.2-10.