People v. Raby

Summarize Case

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572 N.W.2d 644 (1998)

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Robert D. RABY, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 108010.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

February 5, 1998.

*645 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Arthur A. Busch, Prosecuting Attorney, and Donald A. Kuebler, Chief, Research, Training and Appeals, Flint, for People.

State Appellate Defender by Susan M. Meinberg, Detroit, for Defendant-Appellant.

Opinion

PER CURIAM.

The defendant pleaded guilty of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and was sentenced to serve twenty to thirty years in prison. The Court of Appeals affirmed, rejecting the defendant's claim that the sentencing guidelines had been improperly scored. We also affirm.

I

The defendant sexually abused his daughters. This criminal behavior began in 1991 and extended into 1993, when one of his daughters reported the abuse at school. Originally charged with a variety of offenses, he pleaded guilty in December 1993 to one count of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. M.C.L.§ 750.520b(1)(a); M.S.A. § 28.788(2)(1)(a).

Sentencing took place in March 1994. Scoring the guidelines, the circuit court gave 50 points for Offense Variable 12.[1] That variable reads:

OV 12 CRIMINAL SEXUAL Score all penetration PENETRATION(S) involving the offender 50* 2 or more criminal sexual arising out of the same penetrations criminal transaction. 25* 1 criminal sexual penetration 0 No criminal sexual * In CSC 1st and CSC penetrations 3rd do not score the one penetration that forms the basis of the conviction offense.

The sentencing proceeding was brief, and the defendant did not challenge the scoring of the guidelines.

The sentence imposed by the circuit court was a term of twenty to thirty years in prison. The twenty-year minimum sentence was at the high end of the range recommended by the guidelines.[2]

On appeal, the defendant challenged the scoring of the guidelines, and Court of Appeals ruled that further proceedings were necessary in light of an error in the scoring of OV 12. 213 Mich.App. 801, 541 N.W.2d 282 (1995). All three judges of the panel agreed that this outcome was required by the Court's prior decision in People v. Polus, 197 Mich.App. 197, 495 N.W.2d 402 (1992). However, two panel members expressed the opinion that Polus had been wrongly decided and *646 indicated that, were they free to so hold, they would conclude that OV 12 was properly scored in the present case.[3]

The Court of Appeals soon vacated its opinion and ordered that "a special panel shall be convened pursuant to Administrative Order No.1994-4 to resolve the conflict between this case and People v. Warner, 190 Mich.App. 26 [475 N.W.2d 397] (1991)." 213 Mich.App. 801, 541 N.W.2d 282.

After further briefing, the seven-judge special panel issued its decision. 218 Mich.App. 78, 554 N.W.2d 25 (1996). The lead opinion, with three signatures, was authored by Judge Smolenski. He wrote to uphold the scoring of OV 12. Employing a different analysis, Judge Markman wrote a concurring opinion that also bears three signatures. Judge Michael J. Kelly dissented.

The defendant has applied to this Court for leave to appeal.

II

The dispute regarding the scoring of OV 12 centers on whether penetrations that occur on separate occasions are to be scored under the variable. The instructions state that points are to be scored for "all penetrations involving the offender arising out of the same criminal transaction." Elsewhere in the guidelines manual, the word "transaction" is defined in this manner:[4]

Transaction: The acts occurred in a continuous time sequence and displayed a single intent or goal. [Michigan Sentencing Guidelines (2d ed., 1988), p. 10.]

This issue regarding the proper scoring of OV 12 has divided the Court of Appeals. In People v. Warner, supra, the Court of Appeals appeared to conclude that it was permissible to score 50 points for OV 12 where there had been an extended period of molestation. However, the present issue was not developed in the Warner opinion, and the statements of the Court of Appeals can be characterized as dicta.[5]

In People v. Polus, supra, the majority said that the 50-point scoring decision in such an instance was error, since separate assaults committed over a lengthy period were not part of the "same criminal transaction."[6] The contrary view in Warner was dismissed as "mere dicta." 197 Mich.App. at 201, n. 3,495 N.W.2d 402.

Judge Griffin dissented in Polus, saying that Warner was "binding precedent."[7] He added:

The majority orders a remand to the sentencing court "for the limited purpose of determining if its sentence would be changed in light of the correct scoring of the guidelines." Ante [at] 201-202 [495 N.W.2d 402]. Such a remand is unnecessary and a waste of valuable judicial resources. The sentencing judge clearly believed that the sentence he imposed was proportionate and an appropriate social response to the crime and the criminal. I agree and therefore would affirm defendant's sentence. No reasonable person would find the sentence disproportionate,[[8]] considering defendant's conduct. Under the circumstances of this case, I would find *647 a sentence of any lesser term of years to be disproportionately lenient and therefore invalid.

The scoring of the guidelines is not an end in itself but rather a means to achieve a proportionate sentence. Because the majority and I agree that the defendant's sentence is proportionate and valid, the ordered remand is an academic exercise without a purpose. As appellate judges, we should "decline ... to engage the trial court in the futile exercise of marching up the sentencing hill again, only to hand down the same sentence and march back down." People v. Ristich, 169 Mich.App. 754, 759, 426 N.W.2d 801 (1988), and United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 449-452, 92 S. Ct. 589 [593-594], 30 L. Ed. 2d 592 (1972) (Blackmun, J., dissenting). [197 Mich.App. at 207-209, 495 N.W.2d 402; footnote omitted.]

In People v. Bivens, 206 Mich.App. 284, 520 N.W.2d 711 (1994), a majority of the panel disagreed with Polus on the issue whether Warner was dicta. Instead, the majority accepted Judge Griffin's view, expressed in Polus, that Warner was controlling precedent. The majority thus upheld the scoring of 50 points for OV 12.[9]

The issue arose again in People v. Hyland, 212 Mich.App. 701, 538 N.W.2d 465 (1995). There, the panel agreed with Judge Kelly's Bivens concurrence, concluding that it was bound to follow Polus and that Bivens was "wrongly decided." 212 Mich.App. at 711-714, 538 N.W.2d 465.[10]

In the present case, the special panel was summoned to resolve the conflict in earlier cases, and was thus freed from the question whether Warner was binding precedent. The members of the special panel were thus able to focus on the merits of the OV 12 issue, and their several opinions well summarize the competing schools of thought with regard to OV 12.

In his lead opinion, Judge Smolenski concluded:

Applying the plain language of the guidelines, we conclude that, as in this case and in Warner, a defendant's ongoing penetrations of a victim over an extended period can constitute acts that occurred in a continuous time sequence and displayed a single intent or goal. This is especially true in the present case. The victim was a child who lived in the same household as defendant. Defendant molested or penetrated the victim daily for more than two years. That conduct under these circumstances gives rise to an inference that defendant intended to conceal his continued molestation of the victim during that extended period. Thus, such conduct constituted acts that occurred in a continuous time sequence and displayed a single intent or goal.
Alternatively, even if we were to find that the guidelines' definition of "transaction" was ambiguous and judicial construction therefore warranted, we would conclude that the foregoing construction is a reasonable construction that best accomplishes the object and purpose of OV 12. [218 Mich.App. at 83-84, 554 N.W.2d 25.]

Concurring, Judge Markman discussed People v. Vonins (After Remand), 203 Mich.App. 173, 176-177, 511 N.W.2d 706 (1993), in which the Court had said that the same prior conviction could be scored under both PRV 2 and PRV 6. Judge Markman continued:

Similarly, the assessment of points for prior instances of criminal sexual penetration for both OV 12 and OV 25 would be proper. These variables are directed, *648 at least arguably, toward different purposes: OV 12 specifically addresses penetrations arising out of the same criminal transaction whereas OV 25 addresses contemporaneous criminal acts. Yet most conduct covered by OV 12, under either the broad or narrow reading of it, would also constitute contemporaneous criminal acts under OV 25. Because these variables, although not identical, do overlap, the conduct that would support scoring under OV 12 would generally also support scoring under OV 25.

Accordingly, we should interpret the criminal sexual conduct guidelines with the understanding that factors may be scored under more than one offense variable. In this context, the rule that we should interpret specific variables so as to produce an harmonious whole does not support the narrow reading of the "continuous time sequence" element of OV 12 over the broader reading.
As discussed above, both the narrow reading and the broader reading of this element of OV 12 are reasonable. Therefore, under a de novo standard of review, we would not reverse the trial court's reading of OV 12. We conclude that OV 12 is broad enough to reach the prior instances of criminal penetration at issue here. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's scoring of OV 12 for defendant's prior instances of criminal sexual penetration. We additionally conclude that the same factor may be scored under more than one offense variable. [218 Mich.App. at 90-91, 554 N.W.2d 25; footnotes omitted.]

In dissent, Michael J. Kelly presented his view that the Polus interpretation is correct:

There is no reasonable justification for calling numerous instances of criminal sexual conduct over a two-year period the same criminal transaction. The defendant was not charged with "numerous criminal sexual penetrations over a two-year period." He was charged in five specific counts. There is no such count or crime entitled "years of molestation." Not even the tortured exegesis of the mind of a medieval monk can deduct four from five and come up with years of molestation. For what little it is worth, I think People v. Polus, 197 Mich.App. 197, 199, 495 N.W.2d 402 (1992), was correctly decided. The Supreme Court could not muster the votes to grant leave on an application, 447 Mich. 952, 530 N.W.2d 479 (1994), and we should not supply their missing votes.
In conclusion, I believe it is unseemly to couch appellate decision-making in language posturing indignation at the crimes and criminals on review, torturing support for the interpretation that results in the longest durance for the criminal. If the prosecutor here wanted two, three, four, or five convictions and the resulting sentencing consequences, he need not have entered into a bargain for one conviction. The result reached in Polus was eminently correct; the instruction on its face limits consideration to penetrations involved in the same criminal transaction. Prior criminal sexual penetrations between the defendant and the victim were scored under OV 25, and properly so. If the trial court concluded that OV 25 inadequately addressed the importance of prior penetrations, it had authority to exceed the guidelines with very little risk of reversal by way of appellate review, but that is another subject. [218 Mich.App. at 93-94, 554 N.W.2d 25.]

III

The special panel has concluded that it was not error for the circuit court to score 50 points for OV 12 in this case. While we have no disagreement with that conclusion, we believe it entirely unnecessary to reach the merits of this scoring question.

As Judge Griffin correctly explained in Polus, "The scoring of the sentencing guidelines is not an end in itself but rather a means to achieve a proportionate sentence." 197 Mich.App. at 208, 495 N.W.2d 402. Where, as here, the sentence is not disproportionate, there is no basis for relief on appeal.

In People v. Mitchell, 454 Mich. 145, 173-178, 560 N.W.2d 600 (1997), we elaborated on the point that is central to an understanding *649 of the Michigan sentencing guidelines: They are not the product of legislative action. We repeated in Mitchell, 454 Mich. at 175, 560 N.W.2d 600, our earlier statement that, "because our sentencing guidelines do not have a legislative mandate, we are not prepared to require adherence to the guidelines." People v. Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 656-657, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990).

In Mitchell, these considerations led to the principle that guides us in the resolution of the present case:

Simply stated, because this Court's guidelines do not have the force of law, a guidelines error does not violate the law.35 Thus, the claim of a miscalculated variable is not in itself a claim of legal error.

35 For the same reason, error cannot be predicated on a claim that the instructions were misinterpreted.

[454 Mich. at 175, 560 N.W.2d 600 (footnote 36 omitted).]

In Mitchell, we elaborated further on these concepts, observing again that only an "invalid" sentence is subject to being set aside on appeal:

We have long recognized and recently reaffirmed that a sentence may be set aside only when it is invalid. People v. Whalen, 412 Mich. 166, 169-170, 312 N.W.2d 638 (1981); In re Dana Jenkins, 438 Mich. 364, 373, 475 N.W.2d 279 (1991). In Jenkins, we observed in dicta that the defendant may challenge the scoring of the sentencing guidelines under MCR 6.429; and in People v. Hernandez, 443 Mich. 1, 503 N.W.2d 629 (1993), and People v. Walker, 428 Mich. 261, 407 N.W.2d 367 (1987), we discussed preservation of guidelines scoring issues. To the extent that our decisions have been construed to authorize review and reversal for scoring errors or errors of misinterpretation, Milbourn `s correct observation that guidelines do not have the force of law is controlling. Such relief is unavailable.37
The challenge here asserted is directed not to the accuracy of the factual basis for the sentence, but, rather, to the judge's calculation of the sentencing variable on the basis of his discretionary interpretation of the unchallenged facts. The challenge does not state a cognizable claim for relief. There is no juridical basis for claims of error based on alleged misinterpretation of the guidelines, instructions regarding how the guidelines should be applied, or misapplication of guideline variables.
As emphasized in Milbourn, the guidelines are vehicles to assist the trial judge regarding where a given defendant falls on the sentence continuum recognized by Milbourn. Where the guidelines calculation differs from the trial court's intended sentence, the judge is alerted that the sentence falls outside a normative range and should be evaluated to assure that it is not unfairly disparate, has a rational basis, and is not disproportionate. On postsentence review, guidelines departure is relevant solely for its bearing on the Milbourn claim that the sentence is disproportionate.40 Thus, application of the guidelines states a cognizable claim on appeal only where (1) a factual predicate is wholly unsupported,(2) a factual predicate is materially false, and (3) the sentence is disproportionate.41
Appellate courts are not to interpret the guidelines or to score and rescore the variables for offenses and prior record to determine if they were correctly applied. Guidelines are tools to aid the trial court in the exercise of its authority and a framework for the appellate courts' inquiry into the question whether the sentence is disproportionate and, hence, an abuse of the trial court's discretion. The Court of Appeals erred in reversing defendant's sentence.

37 As in Walker, an "effective challenge" involving guidelines is a challenge to the accuracy of the factual information on which the sentence was based, a challenge grounded in the due process clause under Townsend [v. Burke, 334 U.S. 736, 68 S. Ct. 1252, 92 L. Ed. 1690 (1948) ]. Walker, authorized a review procedure for the preservation of sentencing appeals. Hernandez limited Walker by holding that an appellate court is not compelled to grant a motion to remand where there was "evidence supporting the judge's initial scoring of the sentencing guidelines variable...." Id. at 3, 503 N.W.2d 629. As in Walker, the challenge in Hernandez centered on the factual accuracy of the basis for the sentence. Properly understood, Hernandez *650 affirmed that the accuracy of the information and the adequate notice in the presentence report gave rise to reviewable claims on appeal. It did not authorize a challenge on the basis of the judge's interpretation of the facts underlying the sentence and the scoring decisions based on it, that is, the manner in which the judge scored the variables.

40 Contrary to defendant's claim, we have never held that the sentencing guidelines provide a clear basis on which sentences might be overturned on appeal. Moreover, in requiring judges to state their reasons for departing from the guidelines, the order does not speak of appellate review, but, rather, of the Sentencing Guidelines Advisory Commission's use of that information in generating analysis of whether the guidelines are working effectively.
41 To ask whether it is a misapplication of the guidelines to score points for criminal sexual conduct under OV 12, where prior penetrations were not part "of the same transaction," is to ask a question whose answer has no legal relevance on appeal. As an inquiry about what the guidelines committee had in mind regarding assessment measures that do not have the force of law, the inquiry, at best, asks for an opinion about how the majority of judges would have sentenced the defendant.

[454 Mich. at 176-178, 560 N.W.2d 600 (footnotes 38 and 39 omitted).]

This analysis is equally applicable in the present case. A putative error in the scoring of the sentencing guidelines is simply not a basis upon which an appellate court can grant relief.

For these reasons, we reject the analysis provided in the opinion of the Court of Appeals, but affirm the judgments of the Court of Appeals and the circuit court.[11] MCR 7.302(F)(1).

MALLETT, C.J., and BRICKLEY, BOYLE, and WEAVER, JJ., concurred.

MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, Justice (dissenting.)

In this case we are only called upon to analyze a question of scoring a sentence guideline variable that concerns the definition of a criminal "transaction." Instead, the majority takes this opportunity to advance ill-advised dicta from People v. Mitchell, 454 Mich. 145, 560 N.W.2d 600 (1997), to a position of controlling law. In the process, this Court sanctions the evisceration of sentencing guidelines in Michigan, questions its own authority, and harkens a return to the days of grossly disparate sentencing decisions subject to no real appellate review. Therefore, I dissent.

I

A

This case involves the question of scoring of OV12, criminal penetrations. The instructions for OV12 are as follows:

OV 12       CRIMINAL SEXUAL PENETRATION(S)
   50*      2 or more criminal sexual penetrations
   25*      1 criminal sexual penetration
    0                  No criminal sexual penetrations

Score all penetrations involving the offender arising out of the same criminal transaction.

* In CSC 1st and CSC 3rd do not score the one penetration that forms the basis of the conviction offense.

The defendant here pleaded guilty of one count of CSC I with his then seven-year-old daughter. As part of the plea bargain, three other counts of CSC I and one count of CSC II were dismissed. The trial judge scored the defendant at fifty points for OV12,[1] relying on the presentence investigator's report that the daughter reported that she had been molested for approximately two years, including repeated finger penetrations of her vagina and rectum. The trial court apparently chose to characterize this history as one extraordinarily long criminal transaction.

B

The phrase "criminal transaction" appears to have developed in Michigan from the law of double jeopardy. People v. White, 390 Mich. 245, 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973). The phrase, which appears nowhere else in the current guidelines, is defined by the guidelines manual as "acts occur[ring] in a continuous time sequence and display[ing] a single *651 intent or goal." The definition of this phrase was sufficiently convoluted at the Court of Appeals to produce three opinions from the special panel. In analyzing them, I find that only the dissent has taken the route that seems to me to simply and clearly be required.

The two opinions below that find that a two-year course of molestation is a single "transaction" do so by means much too foreign to the language we utilize for me to agree with them. In one opinion, the Court of Appeals replaces the word transaction with a concept apparently involving as long a time as may go on where acts that are intended to conceal the original acts occur. This creation purports to arise from the plain language of the guidelines. 218 Mich.App. 78, 554 N.W.2d 25 (1996).

In the concurring opinion, it seems as though the Court was willing to leave no dictionary unturned in its quest to imagine a criminal sexual transaction that lasted two years. Eventually, coming upon definitions involving "characterized by continuity," or "connected,"[2] and noting that elsewhere in a dictionary one may find that "continual" is often used interchangeably with "intermittent,"[3] the opinion declares victory; a transaction is all those things that are connected, and, it seems, as long as they intermittently reoccur, the connection shall be forever unbroken.

I agree with the dissent below that the majority "has acquiesced in the trial court's rationalizing a desired result to justify an untoward interpretation of the scoring guidelines in an egregious case."[4] As noted in the dissent below, the crime entitled "years of molestation" does not exist as yet, and the defendant should be sentenced for the acts he was convicted of.[5] I think the meaning of the phrase "criminal transaction" is simple and clear, at least before these opinions of the Court of Appeals. I would find the characterizing of a two-year history of abuse as a single criminal transaction to be error, and remand for resentencing. While my preference for a decision in this case appears above, the majority's use of this case to discard a substantial body of prior decisions compels me to continue.

II

A

The majority has today undertaken an endeavor that returns us to an era that, I think, is far better left in the past, and does so for little more reason than might be called appellate efficiency. The sentencing guidelines were adopted as a mechanism, within the Court's authority, to attempt to correct a problem that came to light in Michigan in the late 1970's—disparate sentencing.[6] Simply put, it became apparent to the Court that sentencing in Michigan, even after adjusting for whatever variables one might choose, was substantially harsher for defendants who were members of certain minorities. We felt that it would be helpful both to sentencing judges and the cause of fairness for judges to be aware of what sentence would be imposed by other members of the bench, given a similar defendant convicted of the instant crime. Toward that end we developed sentencing guidelines to take into account those factors that were capable of objective consideration.[7]

*652 B

Following our adoption of the sentencing guidelines, a substantial body of law has developed in this Court regarding their fair application and review on appeal. The Court today focuses on the language of footnote 41 in Mitchell, that questions concerning the accuracy of scoring variables under the guidelines are questions which have "no legal relevance on appeal." I disagree with the import of this statement, and question the accuracy, appropriateness, and wisdom of the Court dismissing its many prior decisions in this and similar areas as "irrelevant."[8] Likewise, the Court of Appeals thought this question was of such relevance that it merited a special panel to resolve conflicting opinions, an understandable view given the multitude of published decisions of the Court of Appeals addressing the accuracy or merits of guidelines scoring decisions, as well as those decisions that at the least consider the guidelines scoring to be significant to the outcome of a decision.[9]

*653 I question how the majority of this Court, which, along with the dissenters, have both authored and dissented in many opinions in this area, can so summarily decide that such questions, are, upon further reflection, merely irrelevant and inconsequential.[10] The majority seems convinced that we have all been laboring under the assumption that the guidelines have the force of law, and that, having "determined" this not to be so, we must now hail the flaming bush and reverse course. I find this to be not only unpersuasive as an argument, but, as a matter of law, misguided, ill-focused, and not well grounded.

C

The majority cites but three cases to support its conclusion, Mitchell, People v. Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 656-657, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990), and Judge Griffin's dissent in People v. Polus, 197 Mich.App. 197, 208, 495 N.W.2d 402 (1992).[11]Mitchell began this misadventure by lifting a quote from Milbourn.

[W]e believe that the second edition of the sentencing guidelines is the best "barometer" of where on the continuum from the least to the most threatening circumstances a case falls.
Nevertheless, because our sentencing guidelines do not have a legislative mandate, we are not prepared to require adherence to the guidelines. [Id. at 656-657, 461 N.W.2d 1 (emphasis in the original).]

Two things are worth noting about this quotation. The first is the sentence that immediately follows this quotation. "We note that departures are appropriate where the guidelines do not adequately account for important factors legitimately considered at sentencing." Id. at 657, 461 N.W.2d 1. This discussion, which was to become the basis of Mitchell and today's final disposal of the guidelines as a useful tool, dealt entirely with sentencing departures. Nothing here, or elsewhere in our decision in Milbourn, supports the idea that we would then, or should now, countenance obvious errors in scoring that lead to incorrect guideline ranges.

Second, we should note the paragraph that immediately follows the one quoted in Mitchell.

However, because of the increased sophistication of the second edition of the guidelines and because they represent the sentencing practices of the great majority *654 of our state's sentencing judges, they become a useful tool in carrying out the legislative scheme of properly grading the seriousness and harmfulness of a given crime and given offender within the legislatively authorized range of punishments.[Milbourn at 657-658, 461 N.W.2d 1.]

This calls to mind two simple and absolute truths. First, the wrong tool for the job is usually worse than no tool at all. In this context, absent appellate review, the trial courts will receive no guidance on questions arising under the guidelines, nor, for that matter, need they, since now the trial court becomes the final arbiter of scoring questions, which, of course, means each trial court, individually and without real comparison to its judicial brethren. This returns us to the days of trial courts sentencing with no guidance from their peers or the Court. As to the second truth, I am reminded again that some of my colleagues on the bench harbor great disdain for sentencing guidelines in any context.[12]

Finding nothing in Milbourn to support the leap made in Mitchell and adopted today, I see no reason for the majority's holding that is supported, much less required, by law. I decline to join it.

III

The majority restates the position of Mitchell, which, as noted above, was an inaccurate mutation of Milbourn, that the guidelines, being mandated by our administrative order, lack the force of law. Traditionally, our administrative orders have been issued and followed under the assumption that we were exercising our lawful authority pursuant to Const. 1963 art. 6, § 5 over the practice and procedure of the courts of this state.

Such authority seems clearly lawful, and, if so, we are certainly capable of establishing or reviewing sentencing guidelines and the practice and procedure involved in their application. Recall, "[t]he Legislature then left to the judiciary, with regard to most crimes, the task of determining the sentence to be imposed upon each offender within given bounds." Milbourn at 651, 461 N.W.2d 1.[13]

To the extent the majority suggests that our authority lacks the force of law, and, hence, we cannot mandate that our orders be followed and sit in review to assure this, I am certain that a wide variety of recipients of our administrative orders will be relieved to learn that their compliance is merely voluntary.

IV

The extraordinary weakness of the support found by the majority for its position forces me to look to one other reason for today's decision. As noted in Mitchell at 174, n. 34, 560 N.W.2d 600, some of my colleagues on the Court find the workload of reviewing sentencing decisions objectionable:

Careful evaluation of the effect on trial and appellate courts will undoubtedly attend legislative adoption of sentencing guidelines pursuant to 1994 P.A. 445; M.C.L. § 769.32 et seq.; M.S.A. § 28.1097(3.2) et seq. The Court of Appeals experienced a 132 percent increase in appeals in criminal cases between 1988 and 1994. This Court has not published a single opinion remanding a sentence for failure to meet the requirements of proportionality since People v. Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990), and my research indicates that only two such cases have been remanded or reversed by order. This research also indicates that the Court of Appeals has published approximately fifteen such reversals during the same period, with only six since People v. Merriweather, 447 Mich. 799, 527 N.W.2d 460 (1994). On the other hand, a conservative estimate based on very rough research *655 indicates that during the six years since Milbourn was decided, this Court has reviewed well over one thousand cases in which the issue was raised. Given the administrative burden of appeals generated and the limited nature of the relief available, the benefit from such allocation of resources is, at best, unclear.

I find it disconcerting, to say the least, that the Court might consider disposing of all appellate review in a given area under the guise of judicial economy.[14] Furthermore, it seems that the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that, under the current system of review, the trial courts, in general, are properly applying the law, including Milbourn. While such an occurrence certainly is desirable, it hardly follows that, if a given decision or law seems faithfully applied, we forever dispose of all review of that area.[15]

V

This Court today embarks on a decision that ignores not only the facts of the case that is presumed to have brought the issue before it, but many years of published decisions of this Court and the Court of Appeals. Nothing less than the utter disregard of the great weight and breadth of those decisions can support the route the majority takes today. The majority in truth merely adopts the dissent in Milbourn, and stands on their heads several cases before and each guidelines scoring case following it. It does so unsupported by good law or good reason, and, hence, I dissent.

MARILYN J. KELLY, J., concurred with MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, J.

TAYLOR, J., took no part in the decision of this case.

NOTES

[1] The circuit court also gave points for several other offense variables, including ten points under OV 6 ("Multiple Victims"). The defendant later disputed the scoring of OV 6, but it did not alter the offense severity level and, for reasons explained later in this opinion, need not be addressed on appeal.

[2] The circuit court's scoring of the guidelines placed the defendant in cell A-IV of the life-CSC grid; the recommended range for the minimum sentence was 96-240 months.

[3] In a separate concurrence, Judge MCDONALD stated his agreement with the Polus opinion.

[4] In the sentencing guidelines, the word "transaction" appears only in OV 12.

[5] Mr. Warner was sentenced as an habitual offender, and thus the sentencing guidelines did not apply. Michigan Sentencing Guidelines (2d ed., 1988), p. 6. Further, his sentence was found not to violate the principle of proportionality. People v. Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990).

[6] The majority in Polus did not order a resentencing, but rather a remand to determine whether the sentence would be changed in light of the change in the scoring. The trial court was told to bring the defendant before the court for a resentencing only if it first determined that the scoring change would result in a new sentence. 197 Mich.App. at 201-202, 495 N.W.2d 402.

[7] See Administrative Order No.1990-6, 436 Mich. lxxxiv, which was extended in several subsequent administrative orders. This "first-out" rule was amended in Administrative Order No.1994-4, 445 Mich. xci, and was extended indefinitely in Administrative Order No 1996-4, 451 Mich. xciii.

[8] Mr. Polus pleaded guilty of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, M.C.L. § 750.520d; M.S.A. § 28.788(4), and was sentenced to a term of six to fifteen years in prison.

[9] In a concurring opinion, Judge MICHAEL J. KELLY characterized Warner as "simply inapplicable" since the panel in that case "never addressed the issue." 206 Mich.App. at 288, 520 N.W.2d 711. However, Judge KELLY concurred in the majority's decision to affirm, because the sentencing judge in Bivens had clearly indicated that the sentences imposed were the proper sentences, without regard to how the guidelines might be scored.

[10] In Hyland, the panel concluded:

At sentencing, the trial court erred in considering all of the prior conduct of defendant in the scoring of OV 12. Pursuant to Polus, Supra, the trial court can only consider conduct arising out [of] the same criminal transaction in the scoring of OV. 12. We affirm defendant's convictions. We remand for resentencing in a manner consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. [212 Mich.App. at 714, 538 N.W.2d 465.]

[11] We are not persuaded that the other questions presented by the defendant should be reviewed by this Court.

[1] Defendant also questions the scoring of ten points for OV6, but even if OV6 were scored as he wishes, it would not change his scoring grid or recommended sentence.

[2] 218 Mich.App. at 87, 554 N.W.2d 25, Markman, J. (concurring).

[3] Id.

[4] Id. at 92, 554 N.W.2d 25, Kelly, P.J. (dissenting).

[5] The prosecution was certainly not required to offer the defendant the plea bargain herein. The prosecution charged the defendant with five counts of CSC. It could have proceeded to trial on each, and, if the trial judge was correct, many more. Likewise, if the trial judge found the defendant's conduct particularly egregious, he was free to depart upward on the basis of an articulated rationale. There was no need to artificially manipulate the guidelines scoring in this case, yet that is both what occurred and what this Court now implicitly agrees to accept in all future cases where it might occur.

[6] For a brief history of the adoption of sentencing guidelines in Michigan, along with an examination of the changes from the first edition, which are included in the current edition, see, McComb, An Overview of the Second Edition of the Michigan Sentencing Guidelines, 67 Mich. B J 863 (1988).

[7] The current (second) edition of the guidelines was implemented by unanimous vote of this Court in Administrative Order No.1988-4.

[8] A brief visit to some of our past "irrelevant" decisions might include People v. Byrd, 452 Mich. 866, 550 N.W.2d 795 (1996), People v. Edmond, 451 Mich. 930, 550 N.W.2d 537 (1996), People v. Houston, 448 Mich. 312, 319-330, 532 N.W.2d 508 (1995), People v. Williams, 448 Mich. 910, 533 N.W.2d 583 (1995), People v. Merriweather, 447 Mich. 799, 807-808, 527 N.W.2d 460 (1994), People v. Wilson, 444 Mich. 936, 509 N.W.2d 773 (1994), People v. Abbett, 443 Mich. 863, 503 N.W.2d 656 (1993), People v. Hackworth, 443 Mich. 884, 504 N.W.2d 647 (1993), People v. Hernandez, 443 Mich. 1, 503 N.W.2d 629 (1993), People v. Stewart, 442 Mich. 937, 505 N.W.2d 576 (1993), In re Dana Jenkins, 438 Mich. 364, 376, 475 N.W.2d 279 (1991), People v. Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 655-661, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990), which the majority in Mitchell cited as supporting the irrelevance of guidelines, and People v. Walker, 428 Mich. 261, 407 N.W.2d 367 (1987).

[9] See People v. Dilling, 222 Mich.App. 44, 54-56, 564 N.W.2d 56 (1997), People v. Lyons, 222 Mich.App. 319, 321-323, 564 N.W.2d 114 (1997), People v. Acoff, 220 Mich.App. 396, 400, 559 N.W.2d 103 (1996), People v. Dixon, 217 Mich.App. 400, 411, 552 N.W.2d 663 (1996), People v. Elliott, 215 Mich.App. 259, 260-261, 544 N.W.2d 748 (1996), People v. Garner, 215 Mich.App. 218, 219-220, 544 N.W.2d 478 (1996), People v. Gibson, 219 Mich.App. 530, 534-535, 557 N.W.2d 141 (1996), People v. Haacke, 217 Mich.App. 434, 435-436, 553 N.W.2d 15 (1996), People v. Hack, 219 Mich.App. 299, 312-314, 556 N.W.2d 187 (1996), People v. Jarvi, 216 Mich.App. 161, 163-165, 548 N.W.2d 676 (1996), People v. Nantelle, 215 Mich.App. 77, 84-85, 544 N.W.2d 667 (1996), People v. Spicer, 216 Mich.App. 270, 274-276, 548 N.W.2d 245 (1996), People v. Armstrong, 212 Mich.App. 121, 130-131, 536 N.W.2d 789 (1995), People v. Ayers, 213 Mich.App. 708, 723-725, 540 N.W.2d 791 (1995), People v. Cotton, 209 Mich.App. 82, 84-85, 530 N.W.2d 495 (1995), People v. Jackson, 211 Mich.App. 414, 415, 536 N.W.2d 253 (1995), People v. Kreger, 214 Mich.App. 549, 552-553, 543 N.W.2d 55 (1995), People v. Love, 214 Mich.App. 296, 301-302, 542 N.W.2d 374 (1995), People v. Maben, 208 Mich.App. 652, 653-655, 528 N.W.2d 850 (1995), People v. Piotrowski, 211 Mich.App. 527, 529-532, 536 N.W.2d 293 (1995), People v. Rodriguez, 212 Mich.App. 351, 353-355, 538 N.W.2d 42 (1995), People v. Watkins, 209 Mich.App. 1, 5-6, 530 N.W.2d 111 (1995), People v. Alexander, 207 Mich.App. 227, 229-230, 523 N.W.2d 653 (1994), People v. Bivens, 206 Mich.App. 284, 285-287, 520 N.W.2d 711 (1994), People v. Chesebro, 206 Mich.App. 468, 469-474, 522 N.W.2d 677 (1994), People v. Eaves, 203 Mich.App. 356, 358-360, 512 N.W.2d 1 (1994), People v. Hoffman, 205 Mich.App. 1, 24, 518 N.W.2d 817 (1994), People v. Whitney, 205 Mich.App. 435, 436-437, 517 N.W.2d 814 (1994), People v. Woods, 204 Mich.App. 472, 473-475, 517 N.W.2d 239 (1994),People v. Hannan, 200 Mich.App. 123, 127-128, 504 N.W.2d 189 (1993), People v. Johnson, 202 Mich.App. 281, 288-291, 508 N.W.2d 509 (1993), People v. Jones, 201 Mich.App. 449, 506 N.W.2d 542 (1993), People v. LeMarbe, 201 Mich.App. 45, 48-49, 505 N.W.2d 879 (1993), People v. Moseler, 202 Mich.App. 296, 300, 508 N.W.2d 192 (1993), People v. Rosales, 202 Mich.App. 47, 48-49, 507 N.W.2d 776 (1993), People v. Vonins, 203 Mich. App. 173, 176-177, 511 N.W.2d 706 (1993), People v. Buck, 197 Mich.App. 404, 430, 496 N.W.2d 321 (1992), People v. Polus, 197 Mich.App. 197, 495 N.W.2d 402 (1992), People v. Stone, 195 Mich.App. 600, 607-608, 491 N.W.2d 628 (1992), People v. Wilson, 196 Mich.App. 604, 612, 493 N.W.2d 471 (1992), People v. Anway (After Remand), 189 Mich.App. 706, 708-714, 473 N.W.2d 804 (1991), People v. Daniels, 192 Mich.App. 658, 674-675, 482 N.W.2d 176 (1991), People v. Harris, 190 Mich.App. 652, 662-664, 476 N.W.2d 767 (1991), People v. Hudson, 187 Mich.App. 31, 33-35, 466 N.W.2d 313 (1991), People v. Kaczorowski, 190 Mich.App. 165, 173, 475 N.W.2d 861 (1991), People v. Tyler, 188 Mich.App. 83, 86, 468 N.W.2d 537 (1991), People v. Warner, 190 Mich.App. 26, 475 N.W.2d 397 (1991), People v. Williams, 191 Mich.App. 269, 278-279, 477 N.W.2d 877 (1991), People v. Williams, 188 Mich. App. 54, 60, 469 N.W.2d 4 (1991), People v. Milton, 186 Mich.App. 574, 577-578, 465 N.W.2d 371 (1990), People v. Parlor, 184 Mich. App. 235, 236, 457 N.W.2d 55 (1990), People v. Payton, 186 Mich.App. 387, 388, 464 N.W.2d 907 (1990), People v. Reyna, 184 Mich.App. 626, 628-634, 459 N.W.2d 75 (1990), People v. Szczesniak, 186 Mich.App. 492, 493-494, 465 N.W.2d 22 (1990), People v. Puckett, 178 Mich.App. 224, 227-229, 443 N.W.2d 470 (1989), People v. Reddish, 181 Mich.App. 625, 628-630, 450 N.W.2d 16 (1989), People v. Anderson, 166 Mich.App. 455, 482, 421 N.W.2d 200 (1988), People v. Brooks, 169 Mich.App. 360, 365-366, 425 N.W.2d 555 (1988), People v. Day, 169 Mich.App. 516, 517, 426 N.W.2d 415 (1988), People v. Jerovsek, 172 Mich.App. 489, 490-491, 432 N.W.2d 350 (1988), People v. McCracken, 172 Mich.App. 94, 103-106, 431 N.W.2d 840 (1988), People v. Phelon, 173 Mich.App. 157, 158-159, 433 N.W.2d 384 (1988), People v. Roberson, 167 Mich.App. 501, 519, 423 N.W.2d 245 (1988), People v. Tarket, 165 Mich.App. 650, 652-654, 419 N.W.2d 41 (1988), People v. Boucher, 165 Mich.App. 361, 362-363, 418 N.W.2d 464 (1987), People v. Buckles, 155 Mich.App. 1, 8-9, 399 N.W.2d 421 (1986), People v. Eggleston, 148 Mich.App. 494, 504, 384 N.W.2d 811 (1986), People v. Garvie, 148 Mich.App. 444, 452-454, 384 N.W.2d 796 (1986), People v. Green, 152 Mich.App. 16, 18, 391 N.W.2d 507 (1986), People v. Kisielewicz, 156 Mich.App. 724, 726-728, 402 N.W.2d 497 (1986), People v. Walker, 155 Mich. App. 247, 248-249, 399 N.W.2d 489 (1986), People v. Whetro, 152 Mich.App. 524, 526-529, 394 N.W.2d 3 (1986), People v. Wiggins, 151 Mich. App. 622, 626-627, 390 N.W.2d 740 (1986), People v. Yarbough, 148 Mich.App. 139, 145-148, 384 N.W.2d 107 (1986), People v. Benson, 142 Mich.App. 720, 722-723, 370 N.W.2d 16 (1985), People v. Clark, 147 Mich.App. 237, 239-243, 382 N.W.2d 759 (1985), People v. Johnson, 144 Mich. App 497, 376 N.W.2d 122 (1985), People v. Love, 144 Mich.App. 374, 375-378, 375 N.W.2d 752 (1985), People v. Williams, 147 Mich.App. 1, 4-7, 382 N.W.2d 191 (1985).

[10] Of course, such questions are not at all inconsequential. One of the reasons for requiring statements on the record of the reasons for departure from the guidelines is to allow for appellate review. By announcing to the world that it will no longer review guidelines scoring decisions, the Court informs all parties and trial judges where to place those sentencing decisions that could not, and should not, survive appellate review or the light of day.

[11] This may be in large part because, as noted earlier, to support the majority's position, one must inherently agree that time began anew with Mitchell.

[12] See, generally, Milbourn at 652-653, n. 18, 461 N.W.2d 1. See, also, id. at 670, 461 N.W.2d 1, Boyle, J., dissenting, for the only discussion in Milbourn that supports the majority's decision today.

[13] Again, in the majority's quotation of Mitchell regarding the roles of the trial and appellate courts, I hear the echo of the dissent's complaint in Milbourn of the "disenfranchis[ement of] the trial court judiciary of its unique role as the link between a defendant and a victim...." Id. at 670, 461 N.W.2d 1, Boyle, J., dissenting. The majority continues this line between the appellate and trial courts, which, as a matter of law and this Court's authority, is a facade.

[14] Certainly, there are also other areas where large numbers of applications for leave result in minimal relief. And while the Court possesses a variety of administrative tools to control the flow of applications, abdication of its judicial responsibility should not be included in this array.

[15] Then again, does forever mean forever? Just seven years ago, it seemed Milbourn had settled this question. The life expectancy of some decisions of this Court is becoming alarmingly short.