STATE of Oregon, Appellant,
v.
Russell Thomas MELILLO, Respondent.
(960625BC2; CA A93228)
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Argued and Submitted on March 31, 1999. Decided May 12, 1999.Timothy A. Sylwester, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief were Hardy Myers, Attorney General, and Michael D. Reynolds, Solicitor General.
Jesse WM. Barton, Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was David E. Groom, Public Defender.
Before EDMONDS, Presiding Judge, and DEITS, Chief Judge, and ARMSTRONG, Judge.
EDMONDS, P.J.
The state appeals from a judgment imposing a 38-month prison sentence for first-degree robbery. ORS 164.415(1). Despite the state's request, the trial court refused to impose the 90-month sentence mandated by Ballot Measure 11 as codified in ORS 137.700(2)(q) (1995). We reverse and remand.
The state first argues that the trial court lacked authority to impose the 38-month sentence because it had been required previously by the Supreme Court to impose the 90-month sentence. The state's argument is based on the following facts. Defendant was convicted of first-degree robbery for a crime that he committed after the effective date of Measure 11. The trial court entered its initial *13 final judgment in this case on April 23, 1996. In May 1997, the state filed a motion in a pending mandamus proceeding relating to this case with the Oregon Supreme Court seeking to compel the trial court to enter an amended judgment that imposed the 90-month sentence in light of that court's decision in State ex rel. Huddleston v. Sawyer, 324 Or. 597, 932 P.2d 1145, cert. den. ___ U.S. ___, 118 S. Ct. 557, 139 L. Ed. 2d 399 (1997). The Supreme Court granted that motion and issued a peremptory writ to the trial court that commanded it to impose the sentence "required by ORS 137.700."[1] On September 17, 1997, the matter came back to the trial court. At that second sentencing hearing, the prosecutor did not specifically argue that the order in the peremptory writ precluded the court from considering an as-applied challenge. She did ask the court to impose the mandatory minimum sentence and to reject defendant's as-applied challenge. The trial court then reimposed the same 38-month sentence. This appeal was taken from the resulting judgment.
Defendant argues that, at the second sentencing hearing after issuance of the peremptory writ, the state did not question the authority of the trial court not to impose the 90-month minimum sentence on the ground that it would be unconstitutional under section 16. Therefore, according to defendant, the state has not preserved the argument that the trial court was compelled by the peremptory writ to impose the mandatory sentence without considering an as-applied challenge. We agree that the state has not preserved below the issue that the trial court lacked authority under the writ to consider an as-applied challenge.[2] ORAP 5.45(2).
The next issue is whether a 90-month minimum sentence violates section 16. A sentence is unconstitutionally disproportionate to the offense and to a defendant if it "shock[s] the moral sense of all reasonable persons as to what is right and proper." State v. Isom, 313 Or. 391, 401, 837 P.2d 491 (1992) (citing Cannon v. Gladden, 203 Or. 629, 632, 281 P.2d 233 (1955)). Accord State v. Silverman, 159 Or.App. 524, 977 P.2d 1186 (1999). Defendant argues that the appropriate test under section 16 is whether the sentence is so disproportionate to the offense as "to shock the conscience of fair-minded [persons]" (emphasis defendant's), relying on language from State v. Thornton, 244 Or. 104, 416 P.2d 1 (1966), and that that test could be satisfied here because his trial and appellate counsel and the trial judge, all fair-minded persons, are shocked by the mandatory minimum sentence. Finally, he argues that, because the state relied below on the articulation of the test in Thornton, it should be held to that test on appeal.
In Cannon, the court articulated the "all reasonable persons" standard. Cannon was decided in 1955. The court in Cannon relied on a statement of the test from Sustar v. County Court for Marion Co., 101 Or. 657, 665, 201 P. 445 (1921), which the Sustar court said that it derived from Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349, 30 S. Ct. 544, 54 L. Ed. 793 (1910). See also State v. Ferman-Velasco, 157 Or.App. 415, 430, 971 P.2d 897 (1998) (Warren, J., dissenting). The "fair-minded [persons]" test stated in Thornton appears to originate in State v. Montgomery, 237 Or. 593, 392 P.2d 642 (1964). The Montgomery opinion interpreted the phrase "cruel and unusual punishment" within the context of ORS 138.050 without further citations. We find no support for the argument that the Montgomery court intended to create a different test from that stated in Cannon.
*14 Here, defendant argues that the 90-month minimum sentence violates section 16 because he is only 21 years old, his prior criminal record consists of only a Class A misdemeanor, he cooperated fully with the police after he was arrested, including admitting to various burglaries that the police previously had not been able to solve, and his involvement in this case was limited to being the "wheel man" for his armed co-defendant. However, it is apparent that he was not a youthful one-time offender, nor was he involved in a victimless crime. Defendant has proffered no circumstance such as diminished responsibility that would mitigate the criminality of his conduct. He helped to commit a crime that involved the use of a gun and that was fraught with the potential for causing fear in the victim and promoting violence. See State v. Bowman, 160 Or.App. 8, 980 P.2d 164 (1999) (holding that imposition of a 70-month sentence for second-degree robbery was not constitutionally disproportionate under section 16 where the defendant accosted the victims at night, displayed knives and demanded their property). We conclude that a 90-month mandatory sentence under the circumstances of this case does not shock the moral sense of all reasonable people as to what is right and proper.[3]
Sentence vacated and remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.
NOTES
[1] Under the reasoning in State ex rel. Caleb v. Beesley, 326 Or. 83, 949 P.2d 724 (1997), decided November 28, 1997, and Huddleston, 324 Or. at 614, 932 P.2d 1145, decided February 21, 1997, the trial court was required to impose the minimum sentence mandated by Measure 11 unless the sentence constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of Article I, section 16, of the Oregon Constitution, as applied to defendant.
[2] The state urges us to consider the unpreserved error as "plain error" under ORAP 5.45(2). It views the order in the peremptory writ as being unambiguous. In light of the reference to Huddleston in the Order Allowing Petition for Peremptory Writ of Mandamus, we are not persuaded that the order in the peremptory writ unambiguously directs the trial court not to entertain an as-applied challenge. Therefore, we exercise our discretion not to review this issue.
[3] The prohibition against "cruel and unusual punishment" has undergone a number of different formulations depending on the context of its application both before and after its incorporation into the federal and state constitutions. Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 115 L. Ed. 2d 836 (1991). Nonetheless, Justice Scalia makes an instructive point regarding the argument that the imposition of a mandatory sentence without consideration of mitigating factors, such as no prior felony convictions, violates the Eighth Amendment. He writes that
"[s]evere, mandatory penalties may be cruel, but they are not unusual in the constitutional sense, having been employed in various forms throughout our Nation's history. * * * They were also common in the several Statesboth at the time of the founding and throughout the 19th century. There can be no serious contention, then, that a sentence which is not otherwise cruel and unusual becomes so simply because it is `mandatory.'" Id. at 994-95, 111 S. Ct. 2680 (citations omitted).