Earl R. BUTZ, Linda M. Butz, and Marc Butz, Plaintiffs,
v.
Jimmy Davis HOLDER, Defendant.
No. 9211SC252.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
December 21, 1993.*673 Smith, Debnam, Hibbert & Pahl by John W. Narron and Elizabeth B. Godfrey, Raleigh, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Savage & Godfrey by David R. Godfrey, Raleigh, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Bailey & Dixon by Gary S. Parsons and Denise Stanford Haskell, Raleigh, for defendant-appellee.
JOHNSON, Judge.
Our reasoning in Butz v. Holder, 112 N.C.App. 116, 434 S.E.2d 862 (1993) was based substantially on Gardner v. Gardner, 106 N.C.App. 635, 418 S.E.2d 260 (1992), rev'd, 334 N.C. 662, 435 S.E.2d 324 (1993) and Sorrells v. M.Y.B. Hospitality Ventures of Asheville, 108 N.C.App. 668, 424 S.E.2d 676, rev'd, 334 N.C. 669, 435 S.E.2d 320 (1993). Our Supreme Court has since issued opinions reversing both Gardner and Sorrells. Defendant timely petitioned for rehearing and we granted this petition.
We briefly revisit the facts of Butz. 13-year-old Dwayne John Butz was hit and killed by an automobile driven by defendant. At the time of the accident, which occurred on a bridge, decedent was riding his bicycle on Rural Road 1415 which was approximately one-half mile from his parents' home.
A neighbor went to decedent's home and informed plaintiff father, Earl R. Butz, of the accident; plaintiff father immediately went to the site of the accident where he learned his son had been killed. Decedent was covered with a sleeping bag in the road. Plaintiff mother, Linda M. Butz, and brother, Marc Butz, arrived shortly thereafter, separately.
During the months following the accident, as a result of emotional distress, plaintiff mother sought psychiatric and psychological care and plaintiff father developed high blood pressure.
We held in Butz "where plaintiffs father and mother of the decedent arrived at the scene of the accident shortly after its occurrence, defendant could have reasonably foreseen that negligence on defendant's part might be a direct or proximate cause of plaintiff parents' emotional distress. We hold that this issue of foreseeability as to the parents for negligent infliction of emotional distress is one for the jury." Butz, 112 N.C.App. at 120, 434 S.E.2d at 864.
We relied upon Sorrells in our previous Butz decision. Sorrells involved a 21-year-old son who was killed in an automobile accident, his body mutilated, after being negligently served alcohol by the defendant bartender. The action in Sorrells was brought by the parents of the decedent; our Court held that the issue of foreseeability in Sorrells was one for the jury. On appeal as of right, the Supreme Court reversed, holding that this accident was not reasonably foreseeable.
The Court noted that to state a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED), "the plaintiff need only allege that: `(1) the defendant negligently engaged in conduct, (2) it was reasonably foreseeable that such conduct would cause the plaintiff severe emotional distress ..., and (3) the conduct did in fact cause the plaintiff severe emotional distress.'" Sorrells, 334 N.C. at 672, 435 S.E.2d at 321-22, quoting Johnson v. Ruark Obstetrics, 327 N.C. 283, 304, 395 S.E.2d 85, 97 (1990). The factors to consider in making this foreseeability determination "include, but are not limited to: (1) `the plaintiff's proximity to the negligent act' causing injury to the other person, (2) `the relationship between the plaintiff and the other person,' and (3) `whether the plaintiff personally observed the negligent act.'" Sorrells, 334 N.C. at 672, 435 S.E.2d at 322, quoting Ruark, 327 N.C. at 305, 395 S.E.2d at 98. (Emphasis retained.) The Court stated that in NIED cases, the Court was "compelled to carry out a principle only to its necessary and logical results, and not to its furthest theoretical limit, in disregard of other established principles." (Citations omitted.) (Emphasis retained.) Sorrells, 334 N.C. at 673, 435 S.E.2d at 322. The Sorrells Court concluded as a matter of law "that the possibility (1) the defendant's negligence in serving alcohol to [decedent] (2) would combine *674 with [decedent's] driving while intoxicated (3) to result in a fatal accident (4) which would in turn cause [decedent's] parents (if he had any) not only to become distraught, but also to suffer `severe emotional distress' as defined in Ruark, simply was a possibility too remote to permit a finding that it was reasonably foreseeable." (Emphasis retained.) Id. at 674, 435 S.E.2d at 323.
In Gardner, decedent was a minor son who lived with the plaintiff, his mother. Decedent was killed while riding in a car being driven by the defendant, his father. When the plaintiff heard about the accident, she went to the emergency room and saw her son on a stretcher, his body covered except for his hands and feet. He died later in the day. Our Court held that the defendant therein "could have reasonably foreseen that his negligence might be a direct and proximate cause of the plaintiff's emotional distress[.]" Gardner, 334 N.C. at 664-65, 435 S.E.2d at 326.
On appeal, the Supreme Court noted that in Gardner the first and third of the Ruark requirements had been met, but that "the... requisite factorthat it was reasonably foreseeable defendant's conduct would cause plaintiff's severe emotional distressis the crux of this appeal." Gardner, 334 N.C. at 666, 435 S.E.2d at 327. In looking at all of the factors suggested by Ruark for guidance, The Gardner Court held "that plaintiff's injury was not reasonably foreseeable and its occurrence was too remote from the negligent act itself to hold defendant liable for such consequences." Id. at 668, 435 S.E.2d at 328.
In light of Sorrells and Gardner, to find it foreseeable that defendant's negligence while driving an automobile would result in a fatal accident which would cause decedent's parents to suffer severe emotional distress is not proper on these facts.
Furthermore, the Gardner Court, in dismissing the plaintiffs' NIED claim stated that "there is neither allegation nor forecast of evidence that defendant knew plaintiff was subject to an emotional or mental disorder or other severe and disabling emotional or mental condition as a result of his negligence and its consequences." Gardner, 334 N.C. at 667, 435 S.E.2d at 328. (Emphasis added.) It appears from this language in Gardner that the Supreme Court has held that in any claim for NIED, the plaintiff must allege and through a forecast of evidence show that defendant knew that the plaintiff was subject to an emotional or mental disorder or other severe and disabling emotional or mental condition to say that the consequences of the alleged tortfeasor's negligence were reasonably foreseeable. In the instant case, there is neither allegation nor forecast of evidence that the defendant knew plaintiff parents were subject to emotional or mental disorders or other severe and disabling emotional or mental conditions as a result of defendant's negligence. Therefore, pursuant to Gardner, the emotional distress suffered by plaintiff parents was not a foreseeable consequence of the actions of the defendant.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed.
GREENE and MARTIN, JJ., concur.