UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FIFTH CIRCUIT
_________________
No. 96-11467
(Summary Calendar)
_________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
RICHARD LOWDER,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Northern District of Texas
(3:96-CR-070-2-G)
August 26, 1997
Before DAVIS, EMILIO M. GARZA, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Richard Lowder appeals the sentences imposed as a result of
his guilty pleas to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, possession with intent
to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
841(b)(1)(A), and use of a communication facility to facilitate a
drug trafficking crime in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). We
affirm.
*
Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined
that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent
except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir. R.
47.5.4.
I
The government charged Lowder and several codefendants in a
superseding indictment with conspiracy to distribute 1,000
kilograms or more of marijuana (count one), possession with intent
to distribute and distribution of approximately 600 pounds of
marijuana (count two), and use of a communication facility (a
telephone) to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (count three).
The government also charged the defendants with forfeiting certain
assets to the United States pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853 (count
five).1
Lowder pleaded guilty to counts one, two and three, and true
to count five. He signed a factual resume in connection with his
guilty plea in which he admitted, among other things, to
participating in the conspiracy to distribute 1,000 kilograms or
more of marijuana as charged in count one of the indictment. He
also admitted that he possessed approximately 600 pounds of
marijuana with intent to distribute as charged in count two. He
confessed that he knowingly and intentionally used a telephone to
discuss various matters pertaining to the distribution of
marijuana. He also admitted various facts regarding the forfeiture
charge.
In the original Presentence Report (“PSR”), the probation
officer recommended that the district court hold Lowder accountable
1
Count four of the indictment was a criminal forfeiture
count naming only defendant Paul Z. Lowder, Lowder’s father.
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for 6,622 kilograms of marijuana for sentencing purposes, resulting
in a base offense level of 34. The probation officer also
recommended a two-level increase for possession of a dangerous
weapon pursuant to United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual §
2D1.1(b)(1) (Nov. 1995) [hereinafter USSG], a three-level increase
for Lowder’s role in the offense pursuant to USSG § 3B1.1(b), no
increase for obstruction of justice, and a two-level decrease for
acceptance of responsibility pursuant to USSG § 3E1.1(a). After
these recommendations, the recommended total offense level was 37.
After receiving objections to the PSR, the probation officer
revised his recommendation to include a four-level increase for
Lowder’s role in the offense pursuant to USSG § 3B1.1(a), a two-
level increase for obstruction of justice pursuant to USSG § 3C1.1,
and no credit for acceptance of responsibility. After these
revised recommendations, the recommended total offense level was
42.
At Lowder’s sentencing on counts one, two and three, the
district court adopted the probation officer’s revised
recommendation. The court sentenced Lowder pursuant to a total
offense level of 42 and a guidelines imprisonment range of 360
months to life. The court sentenced Lowder to 260 months’
imprisonment on count one, 360 concurrent months’ imprisonment on
count two, and 48 concurrent months on count three. The court also
imposed a five-year concurrent term of supervised release on counts
one and two and a one-year concurrent term of supervised release on
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count three. Finally, the court imposed a $150 special assessment.
Lowder appeals.
II
Lowder first argues that the district court erred in enhancing
his total offense level by two for obstruction of justice pursuant
to USSG § 3C1.1. Lowder contends that he did not commit perjury
and that, in any event, the district court did not make the
findings necessary for imposition of the two-level enhancement. A
district court’s finding that a defendant has obstructed justice
under USSG § 3C1.1 is a factual finding we review for clear error.
United States v. Storm, 36 F.3d 1289, 1295 (5th Cir. 1994), cert.
denied, 514 U.S. 1084, 115 S. Ct. 1798, 131 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1995).
Section 3C1.1 provides for a two-level increase in the
defendant’s offense level “[i]f the defendant willfully obstructed
or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration
of justice during the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of
the instant offense. . . .” The commentary to § 3C1.1 specifically
lists “committing, suborning, or attempting to suborn perjury” as
examples of conduct to which the enhancement applies. USSG
§ 3C1.1, comment. (n.3(b)). If a defendant objects to a sentence
enhancement resulting from his trial testimony, a district court
must review the evidence and make independent findings necessary to
establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of justice, or an
attempt to do the same. United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87,
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95, 113 S. Ct. 1111, 1117, 122 L. Ed. 2d 445 (1993).
Here, the district court found that Lowder “was untruthful at
the trial of his codefendants where he testified as a witness for
them with respect to material matters in this case.” The court
concluded that Lowder’s failure to give truthful testimony on
material matters “that were designed to substantially affect the
outcome of that trial” warranted a two-level upward adjustment for
obstruction of justice. These findings, which mirror the findings
approved by the Supreme Court in Dunnigan, are sufficient to
withstand appeal. See Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 95, 113 S. Ct. at 1117
(“The district court’s determination that enhancement is required
is sufficient, if . . . the court makes findings of an obstruction
of, or impediment to, justice that encompasses all of the factual
predicates for a finding of perjury.”). Lowder’s argument that the
district court erred by failing to specify those portions of his
testimony that the court found to be false is refuted by the
district court’s adoption of those paragraphs of the PSR addendum
that list the specific instances of false testimony. See United
States v. Laury, 985 F.2d 1293, 1308 n.18 (5th Cir. 1993) (“Because
the district court expressly adopted the factual findings in the
presentence report, . . . we treat the findings as those of the
district court.”). Lowder provides no evidence demonstrating that
these factual findings are erroneous. Under these circumstances,
we find no error in the district court’s imposition of a two-level
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increase in Lowder’s offense level for obstruction of justice.
Lowder next argues that the district court erred in denying
him a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility
pursuant to USSG § 3E1.1(b) because his factual resume demonstrates
that he accepted responsibility for his actions. He also contends
that he pleaded guilty at the “earliest possible time,” enabling
the government to avoid preparing for trial. The defendant bears
the burden of demonstrating that he is entitled to the reduction,
and we review the sentencing court’s determination with even more
deference that the pure “clearly erroneous” standard. United
States v. Flucas, 99 F.3d 177, 180 (5th Cir. 1996), cert. denied,
__ U.S. __, 117 S. Ct. 1097, 137 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1997). The entry
of a guilty plea does not entitle a defendant to a reduction as a
matter of right. Id.
Conduct which results in an offense-level enhancement under
§ 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice “ordinarily indicates that the
defendant has not accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct”
except in “extraordinary cases in which adjustments under both
§§ 3C1.1 and 3E1.1 may apply.” USSG § 3E1.1, comment. (n.4).
Lowder does not argue that this is an exceptional case in which
adjustments under both §§ 3C1.1 and 3E1.1 may apply. Rather, he
argues that the district court’s imposition of an enhancement for
obstruction of justice was erroneous and that therefore the court’s
refusal to reduce his offense level for acceptance of
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responsibility was erroneous also. As we have determined that the
district court did not err in enhancing Lowder’s sentence for
obstruction of justice, we similarly reject Lowder’s argument that
the district court improperly denied him a reduction for acceptance
of responsibility.
Lowder next contends that the district court erred in
increasing his total offense level by two levels for possession of
a firearm during the commission of a drug trafficking crime
pursuant to USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1). He maintains that the temporal and
spacial relationship between the weapons and the drug trafficking
required by § 2D1.1(b)(1) does not exist. In the alternative, he
argues that the district court did not make sufficient findings to
justify the firearm enhancement. We review a district court’s
factfinding, connecting a weapon to a drug-related offense, for
clear error. United States v. Webster, 960 F.2d 1301, 1310 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 927, 113 S. Ct. 355, 121 L. Ed. 2d
269 (1992).
Section 2D1.1(b)(1) provides for a two-level increase in a
defendant’s offense level “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a
firearm) was possessed.” Possession need only be established by a
preponderance of the evidence. Webster, 960 F.2d at 1310. Once it
is established that a firearm was present during the offense, the
district court should apply the enhancement unless it is clearly
improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense. Id.
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(citing USSG § 2D1.1, comment. (n.3)).
In concluding that the firearm enhancement was appropriate,
the district court observed that weapons had been found with drug
paraphernalia. Specifically, the PSR explained that agents
discovered a loaded AR 15 assault rifle and a loaded Baretta 9
millimeter handgun along with scales used for weighing marijuana in
a closet in Lowder’s residence. See United States v. Mergerson, 4
F.3d 337, 350 (5th Cir. 1993) (explaining that government may
satisfy its burden of proving by preponderance of evidence that
defendant possessed weapon by showing that weapon was found in same
location where drugs or drug paraphernalia were stored or where
part of transaction occurred), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1198, 114 S.
Ct. 1310, 127 L. Ed. 2d 660 (1994). Lowder’s argument that the
district court erred by failing to find that Lowder owned the guns
or knew that they existed is irrelevant. See Flucas, 99 F.3d at
179 (stating that “[n]either the sentencing guidelines nor the case
law requires that the Government prove a defendant had knowledge of
a weapon’s existence” for purposes of application of § 2D1.1(b)(1)
weapons enhancement).
Lowder last argues that the district court erred in finding
6,622 kilograms of marijuana attributable to him for sentencing
purposes. He asserts that the district court’s findings were
insufficient because the court made no finding that 6,622 kilograms
of marijuana were reasonably foreseeable to him. Lowder claimed in
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district court that he should be held responsible for 2,931.81
kilograms of marijuana, a quantity just below the 3,000 kilogram
cut-off in the sentencing guidelines for an offense level of 32.
We review for clear error a district court’s factual findings
regarding the quantity of drugs attributable to the defendant for
sentencing purposes. United States v. Vital, 68 F.3d 114, 120 (5th
Cir. 1995).
In determining the relevant facts at sentencing, the district
court is not restricted to information that would have been
admissible at trial. Id. Instead, it may consider any information
that has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable
accuracy. Id.
In making its drug quantity finding, the district court
observed that “[i]t was rather convenient, maybe even disingenuous
that the defendant can remember this far removed from the events in
question exactly how much marijuana was involved so that it
conveniently comes out just under the break point for the guideline
section that was used . . . .” After hearing detailed testimony
from DEA Special Agent Doug Trammel on the quantity of marijuana
attributable to Lowder for sentencing purposes,2 the district court
2
Special Agent Trammel testified that through discussions
with Lowder’s codefendants, he determined that Lowder transported
and distributed approximately 1,800 pounds of marijuana in 1994.
He also testified that through conversations with the same
codefendants, he determined that Lowder transported and distributed
approximately 11,000 pounds of marijuana from February through
December 1995. These figures resulted in an aggregate marijuana
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permissibly decided to resolve the credibility choice between the
government’s version and Lowder’s version in favor of the
government. See United States v. Edwards, 65 F.3d 430, 432 (5th
Cir. 1995) (stating that “[f]aced with conflicting reports of the
amount of drugs involved, the district court was free to make a
credibility choice,” and finding no error in district court’s
decision to credit agent’s testimony regarding drug quantity).
AFFIRMED.
quantity of approximately 12,800 pounds, or a little over 6,000
kilograms, of marijuana.
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