Mary TIERNEY, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Court of Claims UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN REGENTS, Defendant-Appellee.
Docket No. 239690.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted July 9, 2003, at Lansing. Decided August 5, 2003, at 9:05 a.m. Released for Publication September 18, 2003.*576 Davis & Kuhnke, P.C. (by Peter A. Davis and Carol A. Kuhnke), Ann Arbor, for the plaintiff.
Sullivan, Ward, Bone, Tyler & Asher, P.C. (by Ronald S. Lederman), Southfield, for the defendant.
Before: NEFF, P.J., and FORT HOOD and BORRELLO, JJ.
NEFF, P.J.
Plaintiff Mary Tierney appeals by leave granted an order of the trial court denying her motion for leave to file a fourth amended complaint alleging patient abandonment in this medical malpractice action. We reverse and remand.
I
The issue presented in this case is whether under Michigan law a doctor's abandonment of his patient is actionable, as either medical malpractice or as a separate cause of action for patient abandonment. We hold that a claim of patient abandonment as a form of medical malpractice is viable under Michigan law under the circumstances alleged in this case. The trial court erred in denying plaintiff leave to file a fourth amended complaint encompassing her claim of patient abandonment in the context of her medical malpractice action. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
II
Plaintiff had high-risk pregnancies and was a patient under the care of doctors at the Obstetrics Clinic of the University of Michigan. She filed this action after she suffered two successive miscarriages, the first of which she alleged resulted from negligent treatment by Dr. Clark Nugent and Dr. Anthony Opipari in performing a *577 cerclage,[1] and the second of which she alleged resulted from the abandonment of her as a patient by Dr. Cosmos van de Ven after he learned that plaintiff had filed a lawsuit against his office mate, Dr. Nugent.
At issue is the trial court's dismissal of plaintiff's claim against Dr. van de Ven premised on patient abandonment. Although the specific details concerning the alleged abandonment are in dispute, the general circumstances are undisputed. After her first miscarriage, plaintiff became pregnant again [2] and began treating with Dr. van de Ven. As in her earlier pregnancy, plaintiff was scheduled for a cerclage. After she was admitted for surgery, Dr. van de Ven informed plaintiff that he would not be performing the procedure because plaintiff had filed a lawsuit against Dr. Nugent. Plaintiff obtained a referral to another obstetrician, who performed the cerclage four days later. Plaintiff subsequently suffered another miscarriage.
Plaintiff filed this action against defendant, alleging a claim of patient abandonment on the basis of Dr. van de Ven's actions. The trial court granted defendant's motion for partial summary disposition, dismissing plaintiff's claim of "patient abandonment" on the ground that Michigan law does not recognize a cause of action for patient abandonment unless it is made in the context of a medical malpractice claim against the physician. The trial court later denied plaintiff's motion to file a fourth amended complaint to include a claim of patient abandonment as a form of medical malpractice. The court reiterated its previous ruling that there is no distinct cause of action for patient abandonment under Michigan law.
III
Generally speaking, a person who engages a physician to treat his case impliedly engages him to attend throughout the illness or until his services are dispensed with. Stated differently, the relation of physician and patient, once initiated, continues until it is ended by the consent of the parties or is revoked by the dismissal of the physician, or until the latter's services are no longer needed or he withdraws from the case. Thus, the physician has a definite right to withdraw from the case provided he gives the patient reasonable notice so as to enable him to secure other medical attendance. Such a withdrawal does not constitute an abandonment. It is but a corollary of the physician's right to withdraw from a case upon giving proper notice, that he is under a duty to continue attendance upon the patient until the conditions for his rightful withdrawal are complied with. Consequently, a physician who is generally engaged to attend a patient is liable for any damages caused by his abandoning the case without sufficient notice or adequate excuse, provided injury results from his action. [Anno: Liability of physician who abandons case, 57 A.L.R.2d 432, 437.]
Although the trial court acknowledged that Michigan has recognized a patient abandonment claim, citing Fortner v. Koch, 272 Mich. 273, 261 N.W. 762 (1935), the court found Fortner distinguishable because in that case the Supreme Court only addressed the plaintiff's claim of patient *578 abandonment in the context of his claim of medical malpractice. We find this distinction inconsequential.
In this case, plaintiff was under the care of Dr. van de Ven. The fact that he declined to perform a procedure and terminated his treatment of plaintiff is no less grounds for legal redress than the circumstances in Fortner, where the defendant doctor misdiagnosed the plaintiff's syphilis as cancer and therefore failed to pursue a course of proper treatment. Id. at 276-277, 261 N.W. 762. The Fortner Court found no error in the trial court's separate instruction on the question of patient abandonment. Id. at 279-280, 261 N.W. 762.[3] The claim of abandonment in Fortner essentially was premised on the lack of treatment:
"A physician is not chargeable with neglect in allowing intervals to elapse between his visits, where the patient needs no attention during the intervals, but he is negligent in doing so where the attention is needed * * * the frequency of the visits is a question for the physician to determine, if he uses ordinary judgment." [Id. at 280, 261 N.W. 762, quoting 48 C.J., p. 1130.]
The general rule governing patient abandonment is, as stated in Fortner:
When a physician takes charge of a case and is employed to attend a patient, the relation of physician and patient continues until ended by the mutual consent of the parties, or revoked by dismissal of the physician, or the physician determines that his services are no longer beneficial to the patient and then only upon giving to the patient a reasonable time in which to procure other medical attendance. [Id.]
The circumstances in this case fall within the general rule enunciated in Fortner.
Further, contrary to the trial court's analysis, it seems evident that plaintiff's claim of patient abandonment was initially framed in the context of a medical malpractice claim. As defendant points out, in a medical malpractice action a physician's conduct is compared to the degree of skill, care, and diligence exercised by a member of the same profession, practicing in the same or similar locality. Becker v. Meyer Rexall Drug Co., 141 Mich.App. 481, 485, 367 N.W.2d 424 (1985).
"Malpractice, in its ordinary sense, is the negligent performance by a physician or surgeon of the duties devolved and incumbent upon him on account of his contractual relations with his patient." [Id. at 484, 367 N.W.2d 424, quoting Delahunt v. Finton, 244 Mich. 226, 230, 221 N.W. 168 (1928).] ...
"`[M]edical malpractice * * * has been defined as the failure of a member of the medical profession, employed to treat a case professionally, to fulfill the duty to exercise that degree of skill, care and diligence exercised by members of the same profession, practicing in the same or similar locality * * *.'" [Becker, supra at 485, 367 N.W.2d 424, quoting Adkins v. Annapolis Hosp., 116 Mich.App. 558, 564, 323 N.W.2d 482 (1982).]
"The key to a malpractice claim is whether it is alleged that the negligence occurred within the course of a professional relationship." Becker, supra at 485, 367 N.W.2d 424; see also Bronson v. Sisters of Mercy Health Corp., 175 Mich.App. 647, 652-653, 438 N.W.2d 276 (1989) (applying the rule in Becker in the context of negligence claims against hospitals).
*579 In this case, as in Becker, plaintiff alleged that the negligence occurred in the course of such a relationship. Under this standard, plaintiff's patient abandonment claim is clearly one of malpractice. The affidavit of merit submitted by plaintiff stated, "it was a violation of the standard of practice of Dr. [v]an de Ven to not complete the cerclage on [December 7, 1998] or arrange for some other qualified physician to perform the cerclage on that date and that his refusal to do so constituted patient abandonment." Moreover, if there was any question concerning the nature of her claim before her motion to file a fourth amended complaint, any doubt was resolved by plaintiff's request to expressly frame her patient abandonment claim as a form of malpractice.
This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court's denial of a motion to amend a complaint. Jenks v. Brown, 219 Mich.App. 415, 420, 557 N.W.2d 114 (1996). Although the trial court has discretion to allow or deny amendments,
[a]mendment is generally a matter of right rather than grace. A trial court should freely grant leave to amend if justice so requires. MCR 2.118(A)(2). Leave to amend should be denied only for particularized reasons, such as undue delay, bad faith, or dilatory motive on the movant's part, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party, or where amendment would be futile. [Id. 419-420, 557 N.W.2d 114 (citations omitted).]
The trial court erred in ruling that plaintiff's alleged action for patient abandonment was not viable under Michigan law. The court's denial of plaintiff's motion to amend her complaint on the basis that she had no viable legal claim was an abuse of discretion. We remand this case to allow plaintiff the opportunity to file a fourth amended complaint alleging her claim of patient abandonment as a form of medical malpractice.
IV
Defendant argues that the denial of plaintiff's motion to amend her complaint was proper on the alternative ground that plaintiff failed to show that Dr. van de Ven breached the applicable standard of care with regard to patient abandonment. Whether evidence of plaintiff's claim meets the legal standard for patient abandonment is a matter for the trier of fact.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] A cerclage is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is sutured during pregnancy to prevent it from opening prematurely.
[2] Plaintiff was forty-nine years old at the time of her first pregnancy. Both pregnancies involved in vitro fertilization.
[3] On later appeal, the Supreme Court acknowledged the defendant's duty to not abandon treatment of the plaintiff. Fortner v. Koch, 277 Mich. 429, 269 N.W. 222 (1936).