STATE of North Carolina
v.
James Alfonzo POWELL.
No. 50.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
June 12, 1979.*156 O. Hampton Whittington, Jr., Durham, for defendant.
Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Asst. Atty. Gen. Thomas B. Wood, Raleigh, for the State.
COPELAND, Justice.
For the reasons stated below, we must grant the defendant a new trial on his burglary conviction, and we find no error in the remaining convictions.
In his first assignment of error, the defendant contends the trial court erred in not submitting to the jury the lesser included offense of second degree burglary as an alternative to a verdict of first degree burglary. We agree; therefore, the defendant *157 must be granted a new trial on his conviction of first degree burglary.
In State v. Tippett, 270 N.C. 588, 155 S.E.2d 269 (1967), Mr. and Mrs. Patton had been entertaining guests at their home all evening. At about 11:00 p. m. they both left and drove the guests home. The Pattons got back home about half an hour later and went directly to bed in separate bedrooms, but neither of them looked into the third bedroom before retiring. Mrs. Patton read until about 12:30 a. m. She was later awakened by the defendant, who raped her.
In Tippett the trial court submitted the charges of first and second degree burglary to the jury, and the defendant was found guilty of second degree burglary. Noting that "the house was unoccupied for approximately half an hour immediately before Mr. and Mrs. Patton returned to it and retired for the night without going into the third bedroom of the house," this Court found no error in instructing on second degree burglary even though "where all the evidence is to the effect that the building was actually occupied at the time of the breaking and entry, the court is not authorized to instruct the jury that it may return a verdict of burglary in the second degree." Id. at 595, 155 S.E.2d at 274.
In State v. Allen, 279 N.C. 115, 181 S.E.2d 453 (1971), Mr. Johnson was visiting his eighty-seven year old mother at her home. He testified that his mother went to bed, and right after that, at about 10:00 p. m., he left. The defendant's statement to police officers indicated that he entered one room of Mrs. Johnson's home around midnight, saw no one and took a television set. Mrs. Johnson did not testify. Justice Lake, speaking for this Court, stated:
"While this evidence would permit the jury to draw an inference that Mrs. Johnson was in the house at the time the defendant broke and entered, it does not, even if true, compel a finding to that effect. Consequently, the question of whether the house was actually occupied at the time of the breaking and entering was for the jury, and had there been no announcement by the solicitor [that he was proceeding against the defendant only on a charge of second degree burglary], it would have been necessary for the court to submit to the jury, as possible verdicts, both burglary in the first degree and burglary in the second degree, depending upon whether they found, upon this evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the house was or was not occupied at the time of the breaking and entering." Id. at 119, 181 S.E.2d at 456.
In the case before us, there is no positive evidence as to when the intruder first entered the Baynard home on 28 or 29 April 1978. There is no evidence that Reverend or Mrs. Baynard checked the third bedroom before retiring. The record does indicate, however, that entry to the house was gained by breaking a window in the unoccupied bedroom, but neither Reverend nor Mrs. Baynard was awakened by the sound of shattering glass. A policeman who investigated the case testified that there was a hammer, a screwdriver and a small steak knife in the third bedroom, and the overhead light fixture and light bulbs were found on the bed. Thus, the jury could have found that the intruder entered the house when it was unoccupied, got caught there when the Baynards came home later that night and waited in the third bedroom until Reverend Baynard went to sleep before he acted. Under these facts, the trial court was required to submit second degree burglary to the jury as a possible verdict. Its failure to do so entitles the defendant to a new trial on his conviction for first degree burglary.
Defendant also argues the trial court erred in not granting his motion to suppress from evidence the items seized from his room by the policemen. We do not agree.
On 8 May 1978 four Durham policemen went to defendant's room to investigate a reported disturbance involving a gun. Officer Taylor knocked on defendant's bedroom door that was ajar, and the defendant said, "Yes." Officer Taylor identified himself as a policeman, said he would like to talk with him and then entered the room. The defendant, who was lying in bed, identified *158 himself as Tommy Davis and stated that he had moved there three weeks ago from 416 East Geer Street.
Two other police officers in the room recognized the defendant as being James Alfonzo Powell because of a flyer they had received the previous day specifying that Powell was to be picked up for a felony charge in Fayetteville. One of the addresses given for Powell was 414 East Geer Street. These two officers then walked over to the bed and asked the defendant to stand up. As he did, they handcuffed him and told him he was under arrest.
At this point the defendant volunteered that the officers were looking for James Alfonzo Powell who was his cousin and who defendant claimed was "at 414 East Geer Street right now. If you go over there you can get him." One of the officers asked if he had any identification to show that he was not James Alfonzo Powell because "even though I [the officer] knew in my mind it was James Alfonzo Powell, I felt that I was obligated under duty of my office to at least give him some benefit of a doubt." After the defendant claimed he had no identification, the policemen asked him if they could look for identification. The defendant replied that he had nothing to hide, and the officers could look if they wished. Officer Johnson said, "Now, are you sure," and the defendant said "Please look, and get over there because he will be gone before you can get there."
One officer stepped over to the dresser, noticed a wallet in a partially open drawer and said, "I have got his wallet." He then opened it up and discovered it was Reverend Baynard's wallet. At the same time another officer unfolded a piece of paper that was lying on a table and saw it was a birth certificate with the name of James Alfonzo Powell on it. At this point the officers ceased their search. A search warrant was obtained, and a subsequent examination of defendant's room resulted in the seizure of some clothing and the coin box that was taken from the Baynard residence on 3 May 1978.
After a pretrial hearing on defendant's motion to suppress the evidence, the court made findings of fact and conclusions of law. In denying the motion, the court found, inter alia, that "the defendant specifically invited and directed the officers to look about the room for identification and in doing so the defendant freely and voluntarily and unequivocally gave his consent to a limited search of the room for identification." We agree.
It is beyond dispute that a search pursuant to the rightful owner's consent is constitutionally permissible without a search warrant as long as the consent is given freely and voluntarily, without coercion, duress or fraud. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). See also State v. Vestal, 278 N.C. 561, 180 S.E.2d 755 (1971); State v. Virgil, 276 N.C. 217, 172 S.E.2d 28 (1970). "[T]he question whether a consent to a search was in fact `voluntary' or was the product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of all the circumstances." Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra, 412 U.S. at 227, 93 S.Ct. at 2047-48, 36 L.Ed.2d at 862-63.
The defendant claims that his consent was not given voluntarily because he was in custody at the time, had not been given his Miranda warnings and had not been told that he had the right not to consent to the search. Although all these factors are to be considered in determining the voluntariness of the consent, they are not, taken either alone or together, conclusive. See generally Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, id.
In this case the defendant "specifically invited" the policemen to search his room, obviously to supply credibility to his story that he was Tommy Davis and that the James Alfonzo Powell the police were looking for was his cousin, who was at a different address. There is absolutely no evidence that the officers used any duress or coercion to induce defendant's consent to a limited search for identification. Furthermore, *159 the examination by the officers was reasonably restricted to that purpose. The only evidence of fraud was that which the defendant was attempting to perpetrate on the officers. Under these facts, the trial court correctly denied defendant's motion to suppress. This assignment of error is overruled.
The defendant next claims the trial court erred in allowing into evidence certain statements he made to the policeman in his room on 8 May 1978 after he had been arrested when he had not been given his Miranda warnings.
Before introducing Reverend Baynard's wallet and coin box into evidence, Officer Taylor and Officer Hanan testified as to what occurred in defendant's room on the morning of 8 May 1978. The only statements made by the defendant after he was arrested that were testified to were his answers to the officers' request to search the room for identification and his volunteered assertions that he was not James Alfonzo Powell and that the policemen were looking for his cousin, who was at 414 East Geer Street. The defendant had identified himself as Tommy Davis when the officers first entered the room and before he was arrested.
The officers did not give the defendant his Miranda warnings while in the room because "we did not intend to interrogate him." "However, the warnings required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, in order to make competent a confession made in custody, need not be given by officers before obtaining the consent of the owner to a search of his premises." State v. Vestal, supra, 278 N.C. at 579, 180 S.E.2d at 767. Furthermore, the evidence clearly shows that the defendant's comments as to his cousin being James Alfonzo Powell were volunteered by him as soon as he was arrested. They were not in response to any interrogation; therefore, they were admissible despite the fact that no Miranda warnings had been previously given. See, e. g., State v. Jackson, 280 N.C. 563, 187 S.E.2d 27 (1972). Thus, the argument that the policeman failed to give Miranda warnings is without merit.
Defendant contends the trial court erred in refusing to grant his motion to sever some of the charges against him. We do not agree.
The State made a motion to consolidate all the charges against the defendant, and the defendant moved to sever the charges stemming from the 29 April 1978 occurrence from the charges resulting from the 3 May 1978 incident. After a pretrial hearing on the matter, the court found:
"1. That the defendant is charged on several bills of indictment with various charges each of which is stated as a separate count as required by H.C.G.S. 15A-924;
2. That the evidence as offered by the State tends to show a series of offenses connected together as parts of a common scheme;
3. That the several offenses were so closely connected in time, place, and occasion that it would be difficult to separate proof of one charge from proof of the others; and
4. That the joinder for the purpose of trial of the offenses . . . will not prejudice a fair determination of the defendant's guilt or innocence of each offense."
The court did, however, grant the defendant's motion to sever the charge of felonious possession of a firearm by a convicted felon because "joinder for trial of [that charge] with the remaining cases may prejudice a fair determination of the defendant's guilt or innocence of such offense."
G.S. 15A-926(a) states that "[t]wo or more offenses may be joined . . . trial when the offenses, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are based on the same act or transaction or on a series of acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan." Thus, there must be some sort of "transactional connection" between cases consolidated for trial. See State v. Greene, 294 N.C. 418, 241 S.E.2d 662 (1978).
*160 In this case there are two incidents some four days apart involving a break-in of the same dwelling house by a black man in faded green or khaki pants. In both instances the man seemed to be working alone and on foot, and he apparently entered the house by breaking a bedroom window. Both times the intruder stole items from the house. A motion for joinder of offenses is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge. Id. There has been no showing the court abused its discretion in this case.
Furthermore, the defendant has not pointed to how he was prejudiced from the joinder.
"[I]n determining whether an accused has been prejudiced by joinder `. . . The question is not whether the evidence at the trial of one case would be competent and admissible at the trial of the other. The question is whether the offenses are so separate in time and place and so distinct in circumstances as to render a consolidation unjust and prejudicial to defendant.'" State v. Greene, supra at 423, 241 S.E.2d at 665 (quoting State v. Johnson, 280 N.C. 700, 704, 187 S.E.2d 98, 101 (1972)). (Emphasis in original.)
Clearly, these two events were close enough in time, place and circumstance that the defendant was not prejudiced by having to defend the charges arising from them in one action. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charges against him at the close of the State's evidence.
In his brief to this Court "defendant concedes that there was probably enough evidence to go to the jury on all the charges except receiving stolen property, which the court dismissed." Defendant also admits the court correctly charged the jury on the doctrine of recent possession of stolen property. There is no doubt that the trial court correctly denied defendant's motion to dismiss. This argument is without merit.
As to the first degree burglary conviction, defendant is granted a NEW TRIAL. As to the remaining convictions, we find NO ERROR.