RESIDENTIAL RATEPAYER CONSORTIUM, Appellant,
v.
MICHIGAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION and Consumers Energy Company, Appellees.
Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity (ABATE), Appellant,
v.
Michigan Public Service Commission and Consumers Energy Company, Appellees.
Attorney General, Appellant,
v.
Michigan Public Service Commission and Consumers Energy Company, Appellees.
Docket Nos. 209014, 209019, 209069.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted November 9, 1999, at Lansing. Decided December 7, 1999, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication March 22, 2000.*393 Shaltz & Royal, P.C. (by David L. Shaltz and Diane R. Royal), Lansing, for Residential Ratepayer Consortium.
Clark Hill P.L.C. (by Douglas H. West and Stewart A. Binke), Birmingham, for Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and J. Peter Lark, Donald E. Erickson, and Orjiakor N. Isiogu, Assistant Attorneys General, for Attorney General.
David A. Voges and Henry J. Boynton, Assistant Attorneys General, for Public Service Commission.
Jon R. Robinson, H. Richard Chambers, and Frank R. Knox, Jackson, for Consumers Energy Company.
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and HOOD and WHITBECK, JJ.
*392 PER CURIAM.
Appellants in these three cases appeal as of right from the December 19, 1997, order of the Michigan Public Service Commission in which the PSC approved Consumers Energy Company's application for a voluntary three-year experimental pilot program. We affirm.
The Expanded Gas Customer Choice (EGCC) program approved by the PSC allowed Consumers to expand its gas transportation program, suspended Consumers' gas cost recovery (GCR) clause, froze Consumers' rates at the then current level, and implemented a revenue sharing program that provides customers with a refund if Consumers' earnings exceed a particular level during the term of the program. Appellants contend that the PSC was without authority to suspend a GCR clause and that, even if it had such authority, it should not have done so without a formal hearing because the order increased rates. Appellants also contend that the order is a violation of the statutory requirement that GCR factors be reconciled annually with actual revenues. We disagree.
This Court's review of an order of the PSC is limited; pursuant to M.C.L. § 462.25; MSA 22.44, all rates, fares, charges, classification and joint rates, regulations, practices, and services of the PSC are presumed to be lawful and reasonable. Attorney General v. Public Service Comm., 231 Mich.App. 76, 77, 585 N.W.2d 310 (1998). A party challenging an order bears the burden of demonstrating by clear and convincing evidence that the order is unlawful or unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8); MSA 22.45(8); Attorney General, supra at 77-78, 585 N.W.2d 310. "An order is unlawful if it is based on an erroneous interpretation or application of the law, and it is unreasonable if it is not supported by the evidence." Id. at 78, 585 N.W.2d 310; Associated Truck Lines, Inc. v. Public Service Comm., 377 Mich. 259, 269, 279, 140 N.W.2d 515 (1966). A reviewing court must accord due deference to the administrative expertise of the PSC and may not substitute its judgment for that of the agency. City of Marshall v. Consumers Power Co. (On Remand), 206 Mich.App. 666, 677, 523 N.W.2d 483 (1994).
In Attorney General, supra, this Court addressed a similar situation with regard to power supply cost recovery (PSCR) factors in the electrical utility industry. The statutory schemes for cost recovery clauses in the natural gas and electrical utility industries are identical save for the fact that one refers to GCR factors and the other refers to PSCR factors. For example, M.C.L. § 460.6h(2); MSA 22.13(6h)(2) provides: "Pursuant to its authority under this act, the public service commission may incorporate a gas cost recovery clause in the rates or rate schedule of a gas utility, but is not required to do so." MCL 460.6j(2); MSA 22.13(6j)(2) states: "Pursuant to its authority under this act, the public service commission may incorporate a power supply *394 cost recovery clause in the electric rates or rate schedule of a utility, but is not required to do so." In Attorney General, supra, this Court relied on this discretionary language to hold that the PSC had the authority to suspend the operation of a PSCR clause "at least where the suspension of the PSCR clause will not result in an increase in rates." 231 Mich.App. at 79, 585 N.W.2d 310. The panel reasoned:
To hold otherwise would require the once-adopted PSCR mechanism to continue into perpetuity; we find nothing in the language of M.C.L. § 460.6j; MSA 22.13(6j) to suggest that a PSCR clause in perpetuity is the only type of clause contemplated by the Legislature or that such clauses cannot ever be "sunset."... We read nothing in the law to suggest that the broad authority of the PSC, including its authority to promulgate PSCR clauses, is somehow constrained with respect to its authority to modify the latter, notwithstanding any changes in circumstances that might warrant rescission of such a clause. [231 Mich.App. at 79-80, 585 N.W.2d 310.]
Because the statutory provisions regarding the PSC's authority with regard to GCR clauses is identical to that regarding PSCR clauses and the policy considerations as stated by this Court in Attorney General, supra, are the same, it must be concluded that the PSC also has the authority to suspend GCR clauses.
Moreover, it should be remembered that this matter involves a three-year experimental program. In Great Lakes Steel Div. of Nat'l Steel Corp. v. Public Service Comm., 130 Mich.App. 470, 482-483, 344 N.W.2d 321 (1983), this Court recognized that experimental rates "[b]y their very nature ... must await results on a test basis," unless the rates are arbitrary or capricious. Appellants have not contended that the EGCC program is arbitrary or capricious.
Next, appellants argue that even if the PSC had authority to suspend the GCR clause, it committed legal error in doing so without notice or hearing because the suspension resulted in an increase in rates. Had the GCR clause remained operational, they claim, rates would be lower. MCL 460.6a; MSA 22.13(6a) provides in part that changes in rates or rate schedules may be authorized and approved without notice or hearing only if the changes will not result in an increase in cost of service. Just as in the instant matter, in Attorney General, supra, the parties challenging the order raised arguments that "focused not on a rate increase directly resulting from suspension of the PSCR clause, but on a rate decrease an unsuspended clause might conceivably cause." 231 Mich.App. at 80-82, 585 N.W.2d 310. The panel rejected the reasoning that the absence of a decrease is the equivalent of an increase and noted that if costs were lower in the future, procedures for seeking a rate adjustment are provided by M.C.L. § 460.58; MSA 22.8 and M.C.L. § 460.557; MSA 22.157. 231 Mich.App. at 82, 585 N.W.2d 310. These provisions apply to all public utilities and therefore provide a means to adjust rates if the price of gas falls. Therefore, the PSC did not act unlawfully when it issued the order without notice or hearing because the change did not result in an increase in rates. Appellants' arguments comparing the order to a grant of summary judgment are without merit because ratemaking is a legislative function, not a judicial one.
Appellants also argue that the PSC's order should be reversed because there is no reference in the statute to a "gas commodity charge." However, because the PSC is not bound to apply any particular formula or use any specific method in setting rates, it has the discretion to use whatever terminology it deems appropriate. See Ford Motor Co. v. Public Service Comm., 221 Mich.App. 370, 373, 562 N.W.2d 224 (1997); Consumers Power Co. v. Public Service Comm., 181 Mich.App. 261, 269, 448 N.W.2d 806 (1989). Thus, this argument does not provide grounds for disturbing the PSC's decision.
*395 Finally, appellants contend that the PSC's order is unlawful because it excuses Consumers from annually reconciling its revenues with its GCR clause as required by M.C.L. § 460.6i; MSA 22.13(6i). This issue requires us to construe the statute. The individual provisions of a statute must be read in context to produce an harmonious whole. Weems v. Chrysler Corp., 448 Mich. 679, 699-700, 533 N.W.2d 287 (1995). Statutes should be construed to avoid absurd or unreasonable consequences. McAuley v. General Motors Corp., 457 Mich. 513, 518, 578 N.W.2d 282 (1998). As previously discussed, the PSC has the authority to suspend the operation of a GCR clause because the statute clearly confers discretion on the PSC with regard to the inclusion of such clauses and there is no justification for concluding that such clauses, once established, can never be rescinded.
In the absence of an operational GCR clause, traditional rate-making procedures come into play in which rates are adjusted prospectively. To require annual reconciliation proceedings in which actual revenues for the preceding year are reconciled with the GCR clause would effectively render the PSC's authority to suspend the GCR clause meaningless because the clause would continue to play a central role in rate-setting procedures. Thus, in order to avoid absurd results, the requirement in M.C.L. § 460.6i; MSA 22.13(6i) that annual reconciliation proceedings be conducted must be construed as applying only when an operational GCR clause is in effect.
Affirmed.[1]
NOTES
[1] We have been asked to look at the Supreme Court's decision in Consumers Power Co. v. Public Service Comm., 460 Mich. 148, 596 N.W.2d 126 (1999). That case, however, is distinguishable from the case at bar. In Consumers Power, the Court addressed the question of the PSC's authority to require a utility to transmit electricity on its system to a customer who purchased the electricity from a third party. The Court concluded that the PSC has no such authority. The case at bar involves the PSC's rate-making authority where the utility wishes to implement such a program.