Gary James BOTTOMLEY,
v.
Lois Shepherd BOTTOMLEY.
No. 8623DC15.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
August 5, 1986.*319 Ferree, Cunningham & Gray, P.A. by George G. Cunningham, Wilkesboro, for plaintiff-appellee.
Vannoy & Reeves by Jimmy D. Reeves, West Jefferson, for defendant-appellant.
WHICHARD, Judge.
I.
"Any parent ... having custody of a minor child, or bringing an action or proceeding for the custody of such child" may institute an action for child support. N.C.Gen.Stat. 50-13.4(a). Such an action may be maintained by motion in the cause *320 in an action for divorce. N.C.Gen.Stat. 50-13.5(b)(5). Thus, plaintiff-husband, as a parent seeking custody in this proceeding, could seek to have his child support obligation determined through a motion in the cause in the divorce action. He was not precluded from doing so by the fact that the court had not previously entered orders in that action relating to child support.
II.
Defendant-wife contends the court erred in finding that, notwithstanding the Separation Agreement, it could make "its own independent determination of what is fair and reasonable child support in this case." We disagree.
"It is settled that any separation agreement dealing with the custody and the support of the children of the parties cannot deprive the court of its inherent as well as statutory authority to protect the interests of and provide for the welfare of minors." McKaughn v. McKaughn, 29 N.C.App. 702, 704, 225 S.E.2d 616, 618 (1976), citing 2 R. Lee, North Carolina Family Law Sec. 190 (1963). While in the usual case the custodial parent obtains an increase in the agreed-upon support, see, e.g., Fuchs v. Fuchs, 260 N.C. 635, 133 S.E.2d 487 (1963), this Court has upheld an order setting a lesser amount than that provided for by the applicable separation agreement. McKaughn, supra. The Court stated: "The judgment in this case does not change plaintiff's contractual obligations under the separation agreement. The question before the court was what amount it would require in the exercise of its inherent and statutory authority to provide for the welfare of minors." Id. at 706, 225 S.E.2d at 619.
We find McKaughn controlling and hold, pursuant thereto, that the court here had authority to order child support in a lesser sum than that provided for in the parties' separation agreement. We are not persuaded by defendant-wife's argument that McKaughn should be limited to its particular facts which are not present here, viz, "drastically changed circumstances making it impossible for the husband to comply with the separation agreement." Rather, while the court could not relieve plaintiff-husband of any contractual obligation he assumed to support his child in excess of what the law would requireHarding v. Harding, 29 N.C.App. 633, 639, 225 S.E.2d 590, 594 (1976); McKaughn, suprait could, "in the exercise of its inherent and statutory authority to provide for the welfare of minors," order payment of an amount either larger or smaller than that provided for in the agreement. McKaughn, 29 N.C.App. at 706, 225 S.E.2d at 619. That amount should be "a reasonable subsistence, to be determined by the trial judge in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion from the evidence before him. His determination ... will not be disturbed in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion." Beall v. Beall, 290 N.C. 669, 673-74, 228 S.E.2d 407, 410 (1976).
The effect of such an order is not to deprive defendant-wife of her contractual right to recover the sums provided for in the agreement, McKaughn, supra, but to limit her contempt remedy to the sums provided for by the court order.
Although a court may increase or decrease its own prior award for the support of a minor child, a court cannot intervene to reduce or relieve a parent from his contractual obligations to support his child in excess of that required by law. A parent can by contract assume a greater obligation to his child than the law imposes. Thus, if the court allows the child's [custodial parent] less money for support for [the] child than does the valid separation agreement between the child's parents, the remedy of the [custodial parent] is to sue the [non-custodial parent] for breach of contract and obtain a judgment for the difference. The [non-custodial parent's] duty under the court order may be enforced by contempt proceedings, while his [or her] contractual obligations may not be so enforced.
*321 3 R. Lee, North Carolina Family Law Sec. 229 at 139 (4th ed. 1981) (emphasis supplied).
III.
Defendant-wife further contends the court erred in finding that the agreed-upon amount of support was excessive and that the sum of $1,000 per month "is a generous and adequate amount of child support." We hold that the portion of the order setting child support is not based on sufficient findings of fact to allow effective appellate review.
This Court has stated:
Our Supreme Court has recently reiterated the need for findings of specific fact in child support orders.
Under G.S. 50-13.4(c) ... an order for child support must be based upon the interplay of the trial court's conclusions of law as to (1) the amount of support necessary to "meet the reasonable needs of the child" and (2) the relative ability of the parties to provide that amount. These conclusions must themselves be based upon factual findings specific enough to indicate to the appellate court that the judge below took "due regard" of the particular "estates, earnings, conditions, [and] accustomed standard of living" of both the child and the parents.... It is not enough that there may be evidence in the record sufficient to support findings which could have been made.
Coble v. Coble, 300 N.C. 708, 712, 268 S.E.2d 185, 189 (1980). Not only must the trial court hear evidence on each of the factors listed above, but the trial court must also substantiate its conclusions of law by making findings of specific facts on each of the listed factors. See Steele v. Steele, 36 N.C.App. 601, 244 S.E.2d 466 (1978). The trial court must hear evidence and make findings of specific fact on the child's actual past expenditures and present reasonable needs to determine "the reasonable needs of the child." Steele at 604, 244 S.E.2d at 469; Daniels v. Hatcher, 46 N.C.App. 481, 484, 265 S.E.2d 429, 432, disc. rev. denied, 301 N.C. 87 (1980). Further, the trial court must hear evidence and make findings of fact on the parents' income, estates ... and present reasonable expenses to determine the parties relative ability to pay. Steele at 604, 244 S.E.2d at 469; Daniels at 484, 265 S.E.2d at 432.
Newman v. Newman, 64 N.C.App. 125, 127-28, 306 S.E.2d 540, 542, disc. rev. denied, 309 N.C. 822, 310 S.E.2d 351 (1983). Our Supreme Court has set forth the rationale for requiring specific findings as follows:
Effective appellate review of an order entered by a trial court sitting without a jury is largely dependent upon the specificity by which the order's rationale is articulated. Evidence must support findings; findings must support conclusions; conclusions must support the judgment. Each step of the progression must be taken by the trial judge, in logical sequence; each link in the chain of reasoning must appear in the order itself. Where there is a gap, it cannot be determined on appeal whether the trial court correctly exercised its function to find the facts and apply the law thereto.
Coble v. Coble, 300 N.C. 708, 714, 268 S.E.2d 185, 190 (1980).
Judged by the standard of these cases and the authorities cited therein, the order here is altogether deficient. It contains findings only as to the expenses for the child claimed in defendant-wife's affidavit which the court considered excessive. It contains no findings as to the child's actual past expenditures and present reasonable expenses. Newman, supra. While it contains findings as to the parents' incomes, it contains no findings as to their estates and present reasonable expenses so as to determine their relative ability to pay. Id. It thus "cannot be determined on appeal whether the trial court correctly exercised *322 its function to find the facts and apply the law thereto." Coble, supra.
IV.
For the reasons stated, we affirm the order insofar as it finds that the trial court was not "bound by the figures set in the separation agreement, and [could make] its own independent determination of what is fair and reasonable child support in this case." The order is otherwise vacated, and the cause is remanded for entry of an appropriate order containing findings that accord with the requirements articulated in Coble, supra, and Newman, supra.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.
WEBB and JOHNSON, JJ., concur.