R. Bruce ETHERIDGE, Individually, and T. S. Meeklns, Jr., and Percy Meeklns, Executors of T. S. Meeklns Estate,
v.
Essie N. WESCOTT and husband, G. T. Wescott, Jr.
No. 23.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
October 31, 1956.*849 Worth & Horner, Elizabeth City, for defendant-appellants.
McCown & McCown, Manteo, LeRoy & Goodwin, and John H. Hall, Elizabeth City, for plaintiff-appellees.
DENNY, Justice.
The record in this case presents 120 assignments of error. Obviously, we will not consider them seriatim. We think, however, the appeal may be disposed of by a consideration of the following questions:
1. Was it competent for a witness on behalf of the plaintiffs to testify that certain deeds in Etheridge's chain of title covered the lands in dispute?
2. Did the court err in failing to submit an issue as to the title of the lands claimed by the plaintiff Etheridge?
3. Was it error to give peremptory instructions on the issues submitted in light of the evidence adduced in the trial?
4. Did the court err in refusing to sustain the motion for judgment as of nonsuit as to the defendant G. T. Wescott, Jr.?
5. Is the defendant Essie N. Wescott entitled to maintain her cross-action against the estate of T. S. Meekins to recover the alleged purchase price of the lands Meekins agreed to convey to her in the contract dated 6 January 1933?
6. Did the court err in excluding the evidence offered by the defendants tending to show that the defendant Essie N. Wescott paid a consideration of $1,138 for the lands T. S. Meekins contracted to convey to her, and the evidence tending to repel the statute of limitations?
We shall consider these questions in the order stated.
1. Exceptions Nos. 2, 3, and 4 are directed to the admission of testimony to the effect that the witness knew of his own knowledge that the descriptions in the grant and in the several deeds offered in evidence by the plaintiffs covered the lands in dispute. It is competent for a witness to state whether or not a deed or a series of deeds cover the lands in dispute when he is stating facts within his own knowledge. McQueen v. Graham, 183 N.C. 491, 111 S.E. 860; Singleton v. Roebuck, 178 N.C. 201, 100 S.E. 313. These exceptions are overruled.
2. Etheridge and the defendant Essie N. Wescott claim all their right, title and interest in the premises in controversy from a common source, to wit: T. S. Meekins. No question is debated as to the validity of the title into Meekins. And while the defendants in their answer denied Etheridge's title, it is apparent they did so solely on the contention that the contract, executed by T. S. Meekins on 6 January 1933, conveyed to the defendant Essie N. Wescott such an interest in the lands described therein that upon registration of the contract it constituted a claim superior to any rights Etheridge obtained under subsequently executed deeds from T. S. Meekins and wife.
In order to remove a cloud from a title, it is not necessary to allege and *850 prove that at the commencement of the action, and at its trial, the plaintiff or plaintiffs had an estate in or title to the lands in controversy. It is only required, under the provisions of G.S. § 41-10, that the plaintiff or plaintiffs have such an interest in the lands as to make the claim of the defendant or defendants adverse to him or them. Plotkin v. Merchants' Bank & Trust Co., 188 N.C. 711, 125 S.E. 541. The plaintiffs clearly established in evidence a perfect paper title from the state by grant and mesne conveyances to T. S. Meekins. It follows, therefore, that the personal representatives of T. S. Meekins could have brought this action without making Etheridge a party. Plotkin v. Merchants' Bank & Trust Co., supra. Cf. Veasey v. King, 244 N.C. 216, 92 S.E.2d 761. Consequently, it was unnecessary to submit an issue as to Etheridge's title in order to determine whether or not the contract between T. S. Meekins and the defendant Essie N. Wescott constituted a cloud on the title warranted to Etheridge by T. S. Meekins. The contentions of the defendants in this respect are without merit. However, if the plaintiff Etheridge desires an adjudication of his title, in addition to the removal of the alleged cloud therefrom, an issue as to the title to the lands claimed by him should be submitted to the jury in view of the express denial thereof in the answer filed by the defendants.
3. In our opinion, the written agreement between T. S. Meekins and Mrs. Essie Wescott is not null and void on its face. Therefore, it was error to give peremptory instructions to the jury that if they believed the evidence they should answer the first issue "No." The contract is under seal, which imports consideration. Thomason v. Bescher, 176 N.C. 622, 97 S. E. 654, 2 A.L.R. 626; Crotts v. Thomas, 226 N.C. 385, 38 S.E.2d 158; McGowan v. Beach, 242 N.C. 73, 86 S.E.2d 763. Consequently, if the defendant Essie N. Wescott paid to T. S. Meekins $1,138 as the purchase price of the lands described in the contract executed on 6 January 1933, as alleged in the defendants' further answer and counterclaim, it became the duty of T. S. Meekins to remove the encumbrance or encumbrances on the lands involved and to deliver to the purchaser a good and indefeasible fee simple title thereto. Furthermore, in the absence of a renunciation of the contract by T. S. Meekins, the statute of limitations would not begin to run in his favor and against the purchaser until Meekins removed the encumbrance or encumbrances which were on the property at the time of the execution of the contract, this being the time fixed by him to execute the warranty deed to the defendant Essie N. Wescott. Whether the contract is valid and enforceable at this time depends on whether or not it has been abandoned or barred by the statute of limitations, as asserted by the plaintiffs. It may be that the defendant Essie N. Wescott abandoned the contract after the conveyances were made to Etheridge and insisted only upon a refund of the alleged purchase price, with interest. If such is the case, then her right to recover the agreed purchase price with interest, if paid as alleged in her further answer and counterclaim, depends upon whether or not such right has been preserved or is barred by the statute of limitations.
4. The correctness of the ruling of the court below on the motion of G. T. Wescott, Jr. for a dismissal or nonsuit of this action as to him, depends on whether or not he is a necessary or proper party to the action.
The appellees are relying on what is said in Mcintosh, North Carolina Practice and Procedure, section 258, page 244, as follows: "The Martin Act (1911) confers upon the married woman the power to bind herself as to her property by contract without the joinder of her husband, except as to conveyances of her land and certain restrictions in dealing with her land, and it is said that this absolute freedom of contract carries with it the privilege and liability of suing and being sued alone (citing *851 C.S. § 2507, now G.S. § 52-2, and Royal v. Southerland, 168 N.C. 405, 84 S.E. 708, Ann.Cas.1917B, 623). The general result of the statutes and construction may be stated as follows: (a) The husband may always be joined by the wife as plaintiff, as against third persons, but he is only a formal party and may be left out (citing Patterson v. Franklin, 168 N.C. 75, 84 S.E. 18; Shore v. Holt, 185 N.C. 312, 117 S.E. 165). (b) She may sue alone where it concerns her separate property; and all her property is her separate property, including, under recent statutes, the right to her earnings and to recover for personal injury. (C.S. § 2513, now G.S. § 52-10.) (c) As between herself and her husband, she may sue and be sued alone, (d) She may be sued alone on her contracts (citing Lipinsky v. Revell, 167 N.C. 508, 83 S.E. 820; Warren v. Dail, 170 N.C. 406, 87 S.E. 126), and since the husband is not now liable for her torts, it would seem that she could be sued alone for her torts, (e) The husband may always be joined with the wife as defendant and it is safe to do so until the wording of the statutes is changed," citing Shore v. Holt, supra; Bell v. McCoin, 184 N.C. 117, 113 S.E. 561. (Emphasis added.)
Mcintosh, North Carolina Practice and Procedure, 2nd Edition, Volume 1, section 696, page 386, states: "For a number of years the statute required joinder of the husband, except in specified cases, the most important exception being suits involving her separate property. The passage of the Martin Act in 1911 and the enactment of Chapter 13, Public Laws of 1913, rendered joinder of the husband ordinarily unnecessary by granting freedom of contract and specifically authorizing a married woman to sue alone for personal services or in tort. Since the statute (C.S. § 454) requiring joinder is no longer in force, it is now unnecessary to join the husband unless he has an interest in his own right or unless the action is one involving a conveyance to which the husband must give written assent."
Since C.S. § 454 has not been brought forward in our General Statutes, it is our opinion, and we hold, that G. T. Wescott, Jr. has no such interest in the subject matter of this action or in the counterclaim set up on behalf of Essie N. Wescott as to make him a necessary or a proper party to the action. Lipinsky v. Revell, 167 N.C. 508, 83 S.E. 820; Williams v. Hooks, 200 N.C. 419, 157 S.E. 65. Hence, the motion of G. T. Wescott, Jr. for dismissal of the action as to him should have been granted.
5. The question raised by this assignment of error is whether or not the defendant Essie N. Wescott is entitled to maintain her counterclaim, or, more strictly speaking, her cross-action, against the personal representatives of T. S. Meekins.
G.S. § 1-137 provides: "The counterclaim mentioned in this article must be one existing in favor of a defendant and against a plaintiff between whom a several judgment might be had in the action, and arising out of one of the following causes of action: 1. A cause of action arising out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of the plaintiff's claim, or connected with the subject of the action. 2. In an action arising on contract, any other cause of action arising also on contract, and existing at the commencement of the action."
Clearly, the contract between T. S. Meekins and the defendant Essie N. Wescott was the sole ground set forth in the plaintiffs' complaint as the foundation of plaintiffs' claim. Likewise, all the claim Essie N. Wescott has, if any, is based upon the same contract.
In Smith & Co. v. French, 141 N. C. 1, 53 S.E. 435, 437, Hoke, J., in considering a counterclaim under the above statute, said: "Subject to the limitations expressed in this statute, a counterclaim includes well-nigh every kind of cross-demand existing in favor of the defendant *852 against the plaintiff in the same right, whether said demand be of a legal or an equitable nature. It is said to be broader in meaning than set-off, recoupment, or crossaction, and includes them all, and secures to defendant the full relief which a separate action at law, or a bill in chancery, or a cross-bill would have secured to him on the same state of facts."
In Plotkin v. Merchants' Bank & Trust Co., supra, the plaintiff was successful in having a deed of trust removed as a cloud on the title to a house and lot which plaintiff had conveyed by warranty deed to third parties who were not parties to the action. The court in its judgment set out in the record on appeal, but not set out in the opinion, not only decreed that the deed of trust be canceled but that the cause be retained for trial on the issues arising on the pleadings growing out of the cancelation of the deed of trust and its removal as a cloud on the title the plaintiff had warranted to his grantees.
In the instant case, if it should be determined that Essie N. Wescott is entitled to a conveyance of the premises described in the complaint, as demanded in the answer of the defendants, the plaintiff Etheridge would be a necessary party in order for the court to cancel and remove his deeds as a cloud on the title of the defendant Essie N. Wescott. On the other hand, if it should be determined that the defendant Essie N. Wescott has abandoned her rights under the contract, except with respect to a refund of the alleged purchase price, she cannot obtain a money judgment against Etheridge, and no such judgment is sought against him. Even so, we think it is within the purview of the provisions of G.S. § 1-137 to permit the counterclaim to be litigated between the defendant Essie N. Wescott and the personal representatives of the estate of T. S. Meekins in the present action.
6. The court below excluded the evidence offered by the defendants which tended to support the allegations of Essie N. Wescott's counterclaim. The excluded evidence of G. T. Wescott, Jr. and others tended to show that the defendant Essie N. Wescott paid T. S. Meekins $1,138 for the lands he contracted to convey to her when the same were free of the encumbrance which was on the lands at the time of the execution of the contract and which, according to plaintiffs' evidence, was removed on 19 April 1940. The evidence also tended to show that Meekins had repeatedly, down through the years and as late as a few weeks before his death, promised to comply with the terms of his contract with Essie N. Wescott, and urged that she not bring an action against him.
In view of the conclusions we have reached on questions Nos. 4 and 5, we hold it was error to exclude the evidence offered by the defendants tending to show that the defendant Essie N. Wescott paid a consideration of $1,138 to T. S. Meekins for the lands he contracted to convey to her on 6 January 1933, as well as the evidence tending to repel the statute of limitations, where the evidence was otherwise competent.
For the reasons heretofore stated, the judgment which decreed the removal of the 1933 contract between T. S. Meekins and the defendant Essie N. Wescott as a cloud on Etheridge's title is reversed. We also hold there was error in denying the motion of G. T. Wescott, Jr. to dismiss the action as to him, and, likewise, in entering the judgment of nonsuit as to the counterclaim of the defendant Essie N. Wescott.
Reversed as to plaintiffs; reversed as to defendant G. T. Wescott, Jr.; reversed as to counterclaim of defendant Essie N. Wescott.
JOHNSON, J., not sitting.