Deborah K. DIXON, Employee, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CITY OF DURHAM, Self-Insured Employer, Defendant-Appellee.
No. COA96-1180.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
February 3, 1998.*382 Edelstein and Payne by M. Travis Payne, Raleigh, for the plaintiff-appellant.
Brooks, Stevens & Pope, P.A. by Kathlyn C. Hobbs and Patricia Wilson Medynski, Cary, for defendant-appellee.
ARNOLD, Chief Judge.
"The findings of the Industrial Commission are conclusive on appeal when supported by competent evidence even though there be evidence to support a contrary finding. However, the Commission's legal conclusions are reviewable by the appellate courts." Hilliard v. Apex Cabinet Co., 305 N.C. 593, 595, 290 S.E.2d 682, 684 (1982) (citations omitted).
When an injured employee seeks compensation under the Workers' Compensation Act, she must show that she was incapable after her injury of earning the same wages she had earned before the injury. Id., 290 S.E.2d at 683. She may meet her burden in one of four ways:
(1) the production of medical evidence that he is physically or mentally, as a consequence of the work related injury, incapable of work in any employment; (2) the production of evidence that he is capable of some work, but that he has, after a reasonable effort on his part, been unsuccessful in his effort to obtain employment; (3) the production of evidence that he is capable of some work but that it would be futile because of preexisting conditions, i.e., age, inexperience, lack of education, to seek other employment; or (4) the production of evidence that he has obtained other employment at a wage less than that earned prior to the injury.
Russell v. Lowes Product Distribution, 108 N.C.App. 762, 765, 425 S.E.2d 454, 457 (1993) (citations omitted). Defendant argues forcefully that plaintiff failed to meet any one of the four means of proving disability set out in Russell. However, the Industrial Commission found as fact that plaintiff obtained post-injury employment at an average weekly wage of $146.25. Finding nothing in the record before us to undermine the Commission's finding, we conclude that plaintiff met her burden of proof under the fourth option set out in Russell.
Plaintiff assigns error to the Commission's conclusion of law that plaintiff's refusal of the water meter-reader trainee position was not justified under G.S. § 97-32 and that it barred her from receiving compensation for her permanent partial disability.
N.C.Gen.Stat. § 97-32 provides that "[i]f an injured employee refuses employment procured for him suitable to his capacity he shall not be entitled to any compensation at any time during the continuance of such refusal, unless in the opinion of the Industrial Commission such refusal was justified." G.S. § 97-32 (1991) (emphasis added).
Plaintiff argues that the water meter-reader trainee position is not suitable to her physical limitations. Upon a thorough review of the record, we find competent evidence to support a conclusion that the job is within plaintiff's physical capacity. Thus, we *383 do not disturb the commission's conclusion on that ground.
However, a review of case law shows that "suitability" under G.S. § 97-32 is not limited to a consideration of physical suitability. In McLean v. Eaton Corp., 125 N.C.App. 391, 481 S.E.2d 289 (1997), this Court said the Industrial Commission must consider psychological disability as well as physical disability in determining whether a job offered to an injured employee "suitable to his capacity" under G.S. § 97.32. McLean, 125 N.C.App. at 394, 481 S.E.2d at 291. The similarity of the wages or salary of the pre-injury employment and the post-injury job offer also is among the factors considered. See Blankley v. White Swan Uniform Rentals, 107 N.C.App. 751, 755, 421 S.E.2d 603, 605 (1992), disc. review denied, Blankley v. White Swan Uniform Rentals, 333 N.C. 461, 427 S.E.2d 618 (1993) (where the Industrial Commission had listed amount of pay as a factor to be considered in determining whether an employee was justified in refusing an offered job).
In considering the wages or salary of a pre-injury job and a post-injury job offer, common sense and fairness dictate examination not only of the actual dollar amount paid at a given time, but also of the potential for advancement or, in other words, capacity for income growth. In this case, a job (water meter-reader trainee) with no potential for income growth for plaintiff is not sufficiently similar to a job (police officer II) with income-growth potential of approximately $8,000.
Defendant's risk manager, Laura Henderson, testified in this case that, typically, when a city employee is moved into a job at a higher salary than the job normally would pay, the employee gets no salary increases until the normal salary for the position "catches up," through city salary upgrades and cost-of-living increases, with the amount the employee is being paid. The salary for the water meter-reader trainee position offered to plaintiff ranges from an entry-level salary of $16,797.30 to a maximum of $24,285.56, assuming no promotions. In this case, plaintiff was making $30,118.92 as a police officer II. According to testimony by Ms. Henderson, if plaintiff accepted the water meter-reader trainee position, plaintiff would be paid $30,118.92, but could not expect a pay increase until the city increased the maximum salary for the water meter-reader trainee position from $24,285.56 to more than $30,118.92. In other words, Henderson testified, plaintiff would be frozen out of opportunities for pay increases that she might have received had she been able to keep her pre-injury job as a police officer. Even if plaintiff was promoted two levels from water meter-reader trainee to water meter reader II, she would have a job that topped out at $26,446.94 on the city's pay scale. She still would have no opportunity for income growth, regardless of job performance.
By contrast, if plaintiff had not been injured and had remained at the level of police officer II, with no promotion, she would have been eligible for salary increases up to $38,489.10. If she achieved two promotions to police sergeant (analogous to a two-level promotion to water meter reader II), she would have been eligible for salary increases up to $44,090.02. Clearly, plaintiff would have a substantially reduced earning capacity in the water meter-reader trainee job offered by the city. The post-injury job offered by defendant was not "suitable" to plaintiff's earning capacity under G.S. § 97-32.
This analysis is consistent with our Supreme Court's holding in Peoples v. Cone Mills Corp., 316 N.C. 426, 342 S.E.2d 798 (1986). The Peoples court interpreted earning capacity in the context of G.S. § 97-2(9), the Workers' Compensation Act statute that defines disability. Peoples held that "[p]roffered employment would not accurately reflect earning capacity if other employers would not hire the employee with the employee's limitations at a comparable wage level." Peoples, 316 N.C. at 438, 342 S.E.2d at 806. "The rationale behind the competitive measure of earning capacity is apparent. If an employee has no ability to earn wages competitively, the employee will be left with no income should the employee's job be terminated." Saums v. Raleigh Community Hospital, 346 N.C. 760, 764-5, 487 S.E.2d 746, 750 (1997), quoting Peoples, 316 N.C. at 438, 342 S.E.2d at 806. The record before *384 this Court contains no evidence that another employer would hire plaintiff as a water meter reader at a salary of more than $30,000. To the contrary, witness Lisa Ward-Ross testified as an expert in vocational evaluation and rehabilitation that no entry-level water meter-reader jobs are available in the North Carolina job market at a salary of $30,000.
"A canon of statutory interpretation is that statutes dealing with the same subject matter must be construed together and harmonized, if possible, to give effect to each." Peoples, 316 N.C. at 444, 342 S.E.2d at 810.
The plain language of G.S. § 97-32 states that a post-injury job offered by an employer to the injured employee must be "suitable to his capacity." In determining what is "suitable," our courts consider similarity of the wages or salary of the pre-injury employment and the post-injury job offer. And Peoples requires that earning capacity be measured by whether other employers would hire the employee in the proffered job at a comparable wage level. Peoples, 316 N.C. at 438, 342 S.E.2d at 806.
The post-injury job offered by defendant is not "suitable" to plaintiff's capacity pursuant to G.S. § 97-32 and related statutes and case law. Plaintiff was justified in rejecting it.
Reversed and remanded for an Opinion and Award consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
GREENE and McGEE, JJ., concur.