ADELL BROADCASTING Corporation, d/b/a WADL TV 38, Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellant, and
World Religious Relief, Inc., d/b/a Word Network, Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant,
v.
APEX MEDIA SALES, Inc., d/b/a Apex & Apex Media, and Dennis Hart, Defendants/Counter-Plaintiffs-Appellees.
Docket Nos. 256285, 257050.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted November 9, 2005, at Detroit. Decided November 17, 2005, at 9:05 a.m. Released for Publication February 3, 2006.*780 Hyman Lippitt, P.C. (by Norman L. Lippitt, Julie Lyons Kosovec, and Daniel J. McCarthy), Birmingham, for Adell Broadcasting Corporation.
Honigman Miller Schwartz & Cohn LLP (by Norman C. Ankers, Ruth E. Zimmerman, and Eric J. Eggan), Lansing, for Apex Media Sales, Inc.; and Dennis Hart.
Before: DAVIS, P.J., and FITZGERALD and COOPER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In these consolidated appeals, plaintiff Adell Broadcasting Corporation, doing business as WADL TV 38, appeals by leave granted the trial court's opinions and orders granting partial summary disposition for defendants on their counterclaim for rescission and denying plaintiff's motion for reconsideration. We reverse.
Between 1993 and 2002, defendant Apex Media Sales, Inc. (AMS), was plaintiff's exclusive media representative for national religious and secular broadcast spot and program sales. Several months before the parties ended their relationship, Kevin Adell, plaintiff's president, expressed dissatisfaction with the representation by AMS. He believed that the AMS sales staff was not selling available air time for full value and that AMS personnel, including its president, defendant Dennis Hart, were not available and responsive to plaintiff's needs. AMS and Hart were also dissatisfied with the relationship because plaintiff owed them outstanding commission payments. On February 26, 2002, the parties amended their agreement in an attempt to save the relationship. The parties agreed that plaintiff owed $568,461 in commissions, but AMS would consider an immediate payment of $370,000 as full satisfaction of all commissions owed through December 2001. The parties also agreed that the commission rate for AMS would decrease from 15 percent to 10 percent, that there would be a 30-day termination provision to end the business relationship, and that plaintiff would pay commissions to AMS on 30-day terms. The parties thereafter continued dealing with each other, but their problems did not abate. In April 2002, they severed the relationship.
Plaintiff, and a related company[1] that also dealt with AMS, filed suit against AMS and Hart, alleging several causes of action. Defendants filed a countercomplaint seeking, among other things, rescission of the amended agreement. Plaintiffs sought partial summary disposition on that claim, arguing that defendants were barred from seeking rescission because they did not tender back the $370,000. The trial court found that the $370,000 constituted partial satisfaction of an undisputed debt, so defendant was not obligated to tender it back. Defendants later moved for partial summary disposition on the same claim. The trial court granted the motion, finding that there was no consideration for the amended agreement, and it ordered defendants to amend their countercomplaint to include a claim that the amended agreement was void for lack of *781 consideration. The trial court later denied plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration of its order granting partial summary disposition.
Adell Broadcasting Corporation (hereafter plaintiff) first argues that the trial court erred by refusing to apply MCL 566.1 to the amended agreement. We agree. MCL 566.1 provides:
An agreement hereafter made to change or modify, or to discharge in whole or in part, any contract, obligation, or lease, or any mortgage or other security interest in personal or real property, shall not be invalid because of the absence of consideration: Provided, That the agreement changing, modifying, or discharging such contract, obligation, lease, mortgage or security interest shall not be valid or binding unless it shall be in writing and signed by the party against whom it is sought to enforce the change, modification, or discharge.
The goal of statutory interpretation is to determine and give effect to the intent of the Legislature, and the courts must enforce unambiguous statutory language as it is written. Gladych v. New Family Homes, Inc., 468 Mich. 594, 597, 664 N.W.2d 705 (2003).
Defendants argue that MCL 566.1 only applies to contracts involving real or personal property. We disagree. It is a common grammatical rule of construction that a modifying clause will be construed to modify only the last antecedent unless some language in the statute requires a different interpretation. Stanton v. Battle Creek, 466 Mich. 611, 616, 647 N.W.2d 508 (2002). MCL 566.1 addresses the amendment, modification, or discharge of several different legal documents, the last of which is "any mortgage or other security interest in personal or real property." The phrase "in personal or real property" grammatically modifies "mortgage or other security interest." It would be contrary to the plain meaning of the statute and rules of statutory construction to read the modifying phrase "in personal or real property" to modify "any contract, obligation or lease."[2]
We disagree with defendants that In re Certified Question (Bankey v. Storer Broadcasting Co.), 432 Mich. 438, 448 n. 11, 443 N.W.2d 112 (1989), supports their position that MCL 566.1 applies only to cases involving real or personal property, because in that case our Supreme Court specifically declined to address the applicability of MCL 566.1. Nor does Yerkovich v. AAA, 461 Mich. 732, 610 N.W.2d 542 (2000), compel a different conclusion. In Yerkovich, the plaintiff was required to sign a second agreement imposing additional obligations in order to receive what she was owed under the first agreement. The defendant had a preexisting duty to the plaintiff under the first contract, so the plaintiff was not required to assume additional obligations to receive what she was *782 already owed. We are not presented with an issue of preexisting duty here.
In this case, there was a bargained modification to the parties' agreement. It is axiomatic that parties to a contract may contract to modify the contract by a later agreement. Quality Products & Concepts Co. v. Nagel Precision, Inc., 469 Mich. 362, 372-373, 666 N.W.2d 251 (2003). There must be mutual assent for the modification, and a modification will be considered mutual if it is established through clear and convincing evidence of a written agreement establishing a mutual agreement to waive the terms of the original contract. Id. In this case, the parties waived certain terms of their original agreement in a signed writing. In doing so, the parties considered the changes to their advantage. The fact that parties consider it to their advantage to modify their agreement is sufficient consideration. Buck v. Northern Dairy Co., 364 Mich. 45, 49, 110 N.W.2d 756 (1961); MCL 566.1. No other consideration for the amended agreement was necessary.
We nevertheless find additional bargained consideration in this case. The trial court relied on Cochran v. Nat'l Cas. Co., 261 Mich. 273, 246 N.W. 87 (1933), and Leeson v. Anderson, 99 Mich. 247, 248, 58 N.W. 72 (1894), holding that an agreement to discharge the whole debt on payment of only part is inoperative for a lack of consideration. However, partial payment on an undisputed debt may constitute satisfaction of the entire debt on valid consideration. See Tanner v. Merrill, 108 Mich. 58, 60, 65 N.W. 664 (1895); Monroe v. Bixby, 330 Mich. 353, 357, 47 N.W.2d 643 (1951). If consideration exists, the rule that partial payment on an undisputed debt cannot satisfy the whole debt does not apply. Our review of all the pleadings, arguments, and submitted deposition testimony shows that the parties' continuation of their business relationship was consideration for the amended agreement. Because there was consideration, it is possible that the partial payment discharged the entire debt. The trial court has not yet decided this issue. Its ruling that the amended agreement failed for want of consideration requires reversal.
Defendants argue in the alternative that plaintiff's failure to pay for services constituted a complete failure of consideration, which would independently warrant rescission of the amended agreement. Vowels v. Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., 12 Mich.App. 359, 363, 163 N.W.2d 35 (1968). There is no enforceable contract where there is a failure of consideration. Freeurger v. Dep't of Mental Health, 161 Mich.App. 316, 320, 409 N.W.2d 821 (1987). Although not decided by the trial court, the issue was presented and we may affirm on an alternative ground for summary disposition. Pro-Staffers, Inc. v. Premier Mfg. Support Services, Inc., 252 Mich.App. 318, 322, 651 N.W.2d 811 (2002). The burden of proving failure of consideration is on the party asserting it. Turner v. Peoples State Bank, 299 Mich. 438, 450, 300 N.W. 353 (1941) (Boyle, J., concurring). We do not find that defendants have met this burden.
Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed.) defines "failure of consideration" as follows:
As applied to notes, contracts, conveyances, etc., this term does not necessarily mean a want of consideration, but implies that a consideration, originally existing and good, has since become worthless or has ceased to exist or been extinguished, partially or entirely. It means that sufficient consideration was contemplated by the parties at time contract was entered into, but either on account of some innate defect in the thing to be given or nonperformance in *783 whole or in part of that which the promisee agreed to do or forbear nothing of value can be or is received by the promisee. It occurs where the thing expected to be received by one party and given by the other party cannot be or has not been given without fault of the party contracting to give it. [Citation deleted.]
Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed.) defines "total failure of consideration" as "[a] situation in which the contract is indivisible so that a complete lack of consideration voids the contract" and notes that the term is misleading in that it really refers to a failure of performance.
In Vowels, we rescinded the parties' contract for failure of consideration because the expected consideration could not be provided, and the defendant was excused from performance by the facts of the case. Id., at 363, 163 N.W.2d 35. The plaintiff and the defendant's agent entered into an agreement for dance lessons for which the plaintiff paid money, but the agent closed the dance studio before the lessons were provided. The closing of the dance studio made performance of the parties' contract impossible. Id. The impossibility of performance of the consideration required the remedy of rescission rather than an action for breach of contract. Similarly, our Supreme Court impliedly equated a complete failure of consideration with impossibility, or at least ineffectuality, of performance. Baith v. Knapp-Stiles, Inc., 380 Mich. 119, 126, 156 N.W.2d 575 (1968). Failure of consideration warranting rescission is different from, and greater than, a mere breach of contract warranting an action for damages. See Abbate v. Shelden Land Co., 303 Mich. 657, 666, 7 N.W.2d 97 (1942). "Rather rescission is permissible when there is failure to perform a substantial part of the contract or one of its essential items, or where `the contract would not have been made if default in that particular had been expected or contemplated.'" Rosenthal v. Triangle Dev. Co., 261 Mich. 462, 463, 246 N.W. 182 (1933), quoting 1 Black, Rescission and Cancellation (2d ed.), p. 553.
Here, the consideration for the amended agreement was the continuation of the parties' business relationship. After the amendment was made, plaintiff actively contacted potential clients and asked them to deal with Hart, and AMS continued to represent WADL TV 38. Nothing in the record reveals that plaintiff hired another marketing firm to handle the business of WADL TV 38, rejected business obtained by AMS, or interfered with the ability of AMS to obtain business for WADL TV 38. The parties continued their business relationship, so there is no question of material fact that there was no failure of consideration. Defendants' breach of contract claim is the appropriate vehicle for resolving plaintiff's failure to pay defendants' claimed outstanding commissions since the amended agreement.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] World Religious Relief, Inc., doing business as Word Network, is not a party to this appeal.
[2] This Court and our Supreme Court have reached consistent decisions. See Buck v. Northern Dairy Co., 364 Mich. 45, 49, 110 N.W.2d 756 (1961), Scholz v. Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., 437 Mich. 83, 89-90, 468 N.W.2d 845 (1991), and Hayes-Albion Corp v. Kuberski, 108 Mich.App. 642, 650, 311 N.W.2d 122 (1981), rev'd in part on other grounds 421 Mich. 170, 364 N.W.2d 609 (1985). See also Thal v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 316 Mich. 351, 25 N.W.2d 215 (1946) (indicating that when the amount of a claim was liquidated, a release for a lesser amount had been without consideration and void before, but not after, enactment of MCL 566.1), and Industrial Steel Stamping, Inc. v. Erie State Bank, 167 Mich.App. 687, 695, 423 N.W.2d 317 (1988) (agreeing with the trial court that MCL 566.1 obviated the need for consideration in a case involving an agreement unrelated to real or personal property).