IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________
No. 96-41152
_____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
GUADALUPE CRISTINO JIMENEZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
(M-96-CR-104-1)
_________________________________________________________________
November 7, 1997
Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, KING, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Defendant-appellant Guadalupe Cristino Jimenez was convicted
following a jury trial of conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute more than 100 but less than 1000 kilograms of
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B),
and 846 and of possession with intent to distribute more than 100
but less than 1000 kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Jimenez was
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
sentenced to a term of imprisonment of fifty-one months on each
count, the terms to run concurrently, and to be followed by
concurrent four-year terms of supervised release. Jimenez
appeals on two grounds: (1) that the evidence presented at trial
was insufficient for the jury to find him guilty of each count,
and (2) that the district court erred in declining to reduce
Jimenez’s offense level for acceptance of responsibility. We
affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The evidence presented at trial showed that Jimenez was
scheduled to drive a tractor-trailer rig (the “Rig”) fully loaded
with produce from Texas to Illinois on May 6, 1996. Jimenez
signed bills of lading showing that he was transporting a full
load of cantaloupes, onions, and cabbages.
Having previously picked up 336 cartons of cantaloupes from
the Progreso Produce company, Jimenez proceeded to Holden
Wallace, Inc., a produce house in Donna, Texas, where the
remainder of the Rig’s trailer was filled with cartons of cabbage
and cartons and sacks of onions. Jimenez left Holden Wallace at
approximately 1:00 a.m. on the morning of May 7, 1996.
The Texas Department of Public Safety, having apparently
obtained information indicating that the Rig was transporting
narcotics, placed the Rig under surveillance. At 9:00 a.m.,
narcotics agents observed the Rig parked at the Thermo-King
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repair shop, ostensibly for the purpose of having its “reefer”--
the refrigeration unit on the trailer--repaired. Personnel at
Holden Wallace had checked the Rig’s reefer before filling its
trailer and found it to be in proper working order. Jimenez did
not contact the produce house to inform it that he had stopped
for repairs.
Narcotics agents observed a blue pickup truck that was also
under investigation pull into Thermo-King’s outside parking lot.
The pick-up was driven by Nora Alicia Dominguez. Dominguez
subsequently left in the blue pickup truck with Jimenez in the
passenger seat and drove to the Tex Mart convenience store.
Dominguez parked the truck in front of the store and made a
telephone call at a pay phone in the parking lot. Shortly
thereafter, a black Ford Mustang occupied by three Hispanic males
pulled into the Tex Mart parking lot. Dominguez and Jimenez
spoke with the occupants of the Mustang, and then got back in the
blue pickup truck. Both vehicles headed south to the Casa del
Taco restaurant in McAllen. At approximately 11:00 a.m.,
Dominguez, Jimenez, and the occupants of the Mustang entered the
restaurant. At approximately 12:00 p.m., they departed.
Dominguez and Jimenez drove back to Thermo-King in the pickup.
Jimenez left Thermo-King in the Rig, followed by Dominguez in the
pickup. Jimenez and Dominguez drove the two vehicles to the
Silver Spur truck stop in Pharr, Texas. Jimenez exited the Rig
and rejoined Dominguez in the blue pickup truck. Dominguez and
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Jimenez left the truck stop at around 12:30 p.m. and returned
approximately four hours later. No one opened the doors of the
Rig’s trailer during this four hour period.
Jimenez then drove the Rig to a warehouse in Pharr and
backed it into a rental stall, where the Rig remained for
approximately one hour. Narcotics agents observed Jimenez
talking to Dominguez in the parking lot outside the warehouse
compound. Later, narcotics agents discovered two empty
cantaloupe boxes in the stall that the Rig had occupied. Rescimo
De La Pina, the manager of the warehouse, testified that the
rental stall used by the Rig was not currently rented to anyone
and that the most recent tenant, an individual named Hinojosa,
vacated the space in February 1996 and never returned his keys to
the stall and the main gate.
Jimenez left the warehouse in the Rig heading north toward
the United States Border Patrol checkpoint at Falfurrias, Texas.
Gilbert Silvas, the Border Patrol agent on duty, received word
that the Rig was the subject of a narcotics investigation. State
narcotics agents supplied Silvas with the Rig’s license plate
number and the name of the driver.
When the vehicle was stopped at the checkpoint, Silvas
approached Jimenez. Silvas found Jimenez to be “a little
nervous” and observed that Jimenez had difficulty retrieving his
resident alien card from his wallet because he was shaking badly.
Silvas verified that Jimenez’s identification matched the name
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given him by narcotics agents and asked Jimenez if he could
inspect the Rig. Jimenez consented and pulled the Rig into a
secondary area, where he proceeded to exit the Rig and open the
doors of its trailer without any reluctance.
A Border Patrol agent placed a drug-sniffing dog in the
trailer, and the dog alerted that the trailer contained illegal
drugs. Border Patrol agents crawled into the trailer and found
cellophane-wrapped bundles near the bottom and toward the middle
of the trailer. The parties stipulated that the bundles
contained a total of 175 kilograms of marijuana.
Border Patrol agents placed Jimenez under arrest and read
him his Miranda rights. The agents allowed Jimenez to drive the
Rig to a warehouse where it was unloaded. When the Rig’s load of
produce was eventually delivered to its destination in Illinois,
it contained approximately 2,500 pounds less produce than the
bills of lading for the shipment indicated.
Jose Ortiz, a state narcotics investigator, interviewed
Jimenez later in the evening. Jimenez told Ortiz that he had
loaded the Rig with produce and then taken it to the Silver Spur
to have some work done on it. Jimenez stated that he ate lunch
with Dominguez, but became silent when asked about the three men
in the black Mustang. Jimenez claimed that he returned to the
Silver Spur after lunch and headed north in the Rig. Jimenez
claimed that a man approached him about transporting controlled
substances in the Rig. Narcotics agents conducting surveillance
5
of the Silver Spur observed no such encounter. Jimenez also
acknowledged that, prior to his arrest, he believed that he was
carrying illegal drugs in the Rig, but did not know what type of
drugs.
Jimenez made motions for acquittal after the government
rested and at the conclusion of the trial, and the district court
denied both motions. The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to
both the charges of conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute more than 100 but less than 1000 kilograms of
marijuana and of possession with intent to distribute more than
100 but less than 1000 kilograms of marijuana.
The presentence investigation report (PSR) recommended that
Jimenez not receive a reduction in his offense level for
acceptance of responsibility because, during a presentence
interview, he claimed that he was unaware of the presence of the
marijuana in the trailer and was merely following the
instructions of the Rig’s owner. He also claimed during the
interview that he went to the warehouse in Pharr to get some
tires changed on the Rig. At the sentencing hearing, Jimenez
objected to the PSR’s recommendation that he not receive a
downward departure for acceptance of responsibility. He based
his objection solely on the ground that he had debriefed with the
government regarding his involvement in the offenses of which he
was convicted.
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II. DISCUSSION
Jimenez contends on appeal that insufficient evidence
existed to convict him of either possession with intent to
distribute or conspiracy to possess and distribute the marijuana
found in the Rig. Jimenez also argues that he is entitled to a
reduction in his offense level for acceptance of responsibility.
Both of Jimenez’s contentions lack merit.
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
1. Standard of review
“We review sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Alix, 86 F.3d 429, 435 (1996). In conducting
our review, we are mindful that the jury is “‘free to choose
among all reasonable constructions of the evidence.’” United
States v. Chaney, 964 F.2d 437, 448 (5th Cir. 1992) (quoting
United States v. Berisha, 925 F.2d 791, 795 (5th Cir. 1991)).
Therefore, we construe all reasonable inferences from the
evidence in favor of the jury verdict. United States v. Garza,
990 F.2d 171, 174 (5th Cir. 1993).
2. Possession with intent to distribute
In a prosecution for possession with intent to distribute,
the government must prove three elements beyond a reasonable
doubt: “(1) knowing (2) possession of a controlled substance (3)
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with intent to distribute it.” United States v. Gonzales, 121
F.3d 928, 936 (5th Cir. 1997). Jimenez contends that the
government did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knew
that the trailer of the Rig contained marijuana. This argument
lacks merit.
“[K]nowledge can be inferred from control over the vehicle
in which the drugs are hidden ‘if there exists other
circumstantial evidence that is suspicious in nature or
demonstrates guilty knowledge.’" Garza, 990 F.2d at 174 (quoting
United States v. Anchondo-Sandoval, 910 F.2d 1234, 1236 (5th Cir.
1990)). "Additional evidence of guilt may come from nervousness,
inconsistent statements, implausible stories, or possession of
large amounts of cash by the defendants." United States v.
Pennington, 20 F.3d 593, 598 (5th Cir. 1994).
Jimenez was found in possession of a vehicle carrying 175
kilograms of marijuana, and additional evidence indicated that
Jimenez had knowledge that marijuana was present in the truck.
First, Jimenez admitted that he believed that the Rig contained
illegal drugs, but that he was unsure of the type of drugs.
Second, he stated that a man approached him at the Silver Spur
about transporting drugs, a story rendered implausible by the
narcotics agents’ surveillance reports. Third, the jury had
before it evidence that Jimenez seemed nervous and his hands were
shaking at the time that he was stopped at the border checkpoint.
Additionally, the jury could have inferred Jimenez’s intent to
8
distribute the marijuana from his possession of such a large
amount of contraband. See United States v. Lopez, 979 F.2d 1024,
1031 (5th Cir. 1992).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict, we conclude that a reasonable jury could have found
Jimenez guilty of possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
3. Conspiracy
“A conviction for a narcotics conspiracy requires proof
beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that two or more people agreed to
violate the narcotics laws, (2) that each alleged conspirator
knew of the conspiracy and intended to join it, and (3) that each
alleged conspirator participated in the conspiracy.” Alix, 86
F.3d at 436. Jimenez argues that there was a complete lack of
evidence of an agreement between Jimenez and any other person to
violate federal drug laws. This argument fails.
In proving up a charge of conspiracy, the government need
not prove the existence of an explicit agreement to conspire; a
tacit agreement is sufficient. See United States v. Greenwood,
974 F.2d 1449, 1457 (5th Cir. 1992). Circumstantial evidence may
establish the existence of such an agreement. See United States
v. Tencer, 107 F.3d 1120, 1132 (5th Cir. 1997). When the
government attempts to prove the existence of a conspiracy by
circumstantial evidence, it must clearly establish each link in
the inferential chain, and cannot merely pile inference upon
9
inference in order to establish the charge. United States v.
Mackay, 33 F.3d 489, 493 (5th Cir. 1994); United States v.
Galvan, 693 F.2d 417, 419 (5th Cir. 1982). “A conspiracy
conviction does not depend on the identification of the
co-conspirators. The co-conspirators need not be identified as
long as evidence supports ‘the proposition that such a
co-conspirator did exist and that the defendant did conspire with
him.’” United States v. Moree, 897 F.2d 1329, 1332 (5th Cir.
1990) (quoting United States v. Pruett, 551 F.2d 1365, 1369 (5th
Cir.1977)).
The totality of circumstances established by the evidence in
this case supports the jury’s conclusion that Jimenez was
involved in a conspiracy to violate the drug laws. The sheer
volume of marijuana involved, coupled with the time constraints
surrounding its being loaded into the Rig, indicates that Jimenez
was not the only person involved in the drug trafficking scheme.
See United States v. Price, 869 F.2d 801, 804-05 (5th Cir. 1989)
(concluding that sufficient evidence existed to convict the
defendant of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five
kilograms of cocaine and noting that “the sheer volume of the
cocaine involved indicates that the defendant could not have
loaded it alone”). The jury could have concluded from the
evidence that the marijuana was placed in the trailer at the
warehouse in Pharr, and therefore that Jimenez did not load the
contraband by himself. First, the evidence indicates that the
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Rig contained no marijuana when it left the Wallace Holden
produce house at 1:00 a.m. on May 7. Second, the warehouse stall
where narcotics agents observed the Rig from 4:30 p.m. to 5:30
p.m. on May 7 was unrented, which indicates that Jimenez was
trespassing on the premises and had no legitimate reason to be
there. Third, narcotics agents found cantaloupe boxes inside the
stall. This evidence would allow a reasonable juror to conclude
that the marijuana was loaded into the Rig at the warehouse. It
is simply implausible to believe that, in one hour’s time,
Jimenez acting alone could have unloaded enough produce from the
Rig to hide 175 kilograms of marijuana near the bottom layer of
boxes in the middle of the trailer and then reload boxes on top
of it. Such a scenario is rendered even more improbable by the
fact that, during a portion of the hour that the Rig was parked
at the warehouse, narcotics agents observed Jimenez conversing
with Dominguez in a parking lot outside the warehouse compound.
Additionally, Jimenez told narcotics officers that an
unidentified man approached him outside the Silver Spur truck
stop and offered him money to transport illegal drugs in the Rig.
The fact that this statement is in some degree inconsistent with
the surveillance reports of the narcotics agents does not
indicate that it cannot serve as evidence of a conspiracy. The
jury was entitled to credit the portion of Jimenez’s statement
indicating that a prospective co-conspirator offered him money to
carry illegal drugs in the Rig and reject the portion of his
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statement indicating that the offer was made on May 7 outside the
Silver Spur truck stop. See United States v. Pruneda-Gonzalez,
953 F.2d 190, 196 n.9 (5th Cir. 1992) (observing that the jury
“is afforded the latitude to ‘choose to believe part of what a
witness says without believing all of that witness’s testimony’”
(quoting United States v. Merida, 765 F.2d 1205, 1220 (5th Cir.
1985))).
Moreover, after surveillance of Jimenez and the Rig began at
9:00 a.m. on May 7, narcotics agents observed Jimenez in the
company of Dominguez and three unidentified men. Additionally,
narcotics agents observed Dominguez near the warehouse during the
time period when, in all likelihood, the marijuana was being
loaded into the Rig. Although an individual’s mere presence at
the scene of criminal activity is insufficient to establish that
the individual is a co-conspirator in the activity, such presence
is a valid factor for the jury to consider along with other
evidence in determining whether a conspiracy existed. See United
States v. Martinez-Moncivais, 14 F.3d 1030, 1034 (5th Cir. 1994)
(concluding that an individual’s presence at the center of the
conspiracy’s criminal activity on more than an isolated or random
occasion may be a valid factor to consider in determining whether
the individual is engaged in criminal activity).
In light of the foregoing, the jury could have concluded,
without simply piling inference upon inference, that Jimenez was
involved in a criminal conspiracy.
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B. Acceptance of Responsibility
Jimenez argues that the trial court erred in refusing to
reduce his offense level by two points for the acceptance of
responsibility because he cooperated with the government with
respect to his involvement and was debriefed. He also argues
that he acknowledged responsibility for his offense at his
sentencing.1 We disagree.
A defendant who “clearly demonstrates acceptance of
responsibility for his offense” is entitled to a two-level
decrease of his offense level. U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL
§ 3E1.1(a) (1995). “This adjustment is not intended to apply to
a defendant who puts the government to its burden of proof at
trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt, is
convicted, and only then admits guilt and expresses remorse.”
Id. § 3E1.1 cmt. 2. In “rare situations” in which the defendant
exercises his constitutional right to go to trial to preserve
issues that do not relate to his factual guilt, he may be
1
Jimenez also argues that the fact that he was convicted
after a jury trial is irrelevant to his entitlement to a downward
departure for acceptance of responsibility because it is
constitutionally impermissible to punish a citizen for asserting
his constitutional right to a jury trial. This argument is
specious. To accept it would be to conclude that the plea
bargaining is an unconstitutional practice because it provides
criminal defendants with an incentive not to exercise their
constitutional right to a jury trial. This is not the case. See
Town of Newton v. Rumery, 480 U.S. 386, 393 (1987) (“[I]t is well
settled that plea bargaining does not violate the Constitution
even though a guilty plea waives important constitutional
rights.”).
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entitled to the adjustment. See id. This court’s review of the
district court’s determination regarding the applicability of
this adjustment “is more deferential than the clearly erroneous
standard.” United States v. Burian, 19 F.3d 188, 192 (5th Cir.
1994).
Jimenez did not admit to his involvement in the charged
offenses prior to his trial. After the trial, Jimenez apparently
provided the government with some information, but he did not
give a complete debriefing until the day before his sentencing.
Jimenez has not argued that he proceeded to trial in order to
preserve a constitutional issue that was unrelated to his factual
guilt. To say the least, Jimenez has not demonstrated that the
district court clearly erred in denying him an adjustment of his
offense level based on his acceptance of responsibility.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of
conviction and sentence of the district court.
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