STATE
v.
Ronald James SPRATT.
No. 256.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
November 3, 1965.*570 Atty. Gen. T. W. Bruton, Asst. Atty. Gen. Parks H. Icenhour, and Staff Atty. William B. Ray, Raleigh, for the State.
Peter L. Reynolds, Charlotte, for defendant.
MOORE, Justice.
Defendant contends there is prejudicial error in that the court failed "to charge and instruct the jury on the element of felonious intent."
The bill of indictment alleges, in pertinent part, that defendant "on the 23rd day of December, 1964, * * * unlawfully, wilfully and feloniously, having in possession and with the use and threatened use of firearms * * *, to wit, a .32 caliber pistol, whereby the life of Dwight Blackmon was endangered and threatened, did then and there unlawfully, wilfully, forcibly, violently and feloniously attempt to take, steal and carry away lawful money of the United States * * * from the presence, person, place of business * * * *571 of Dwight Blackmon and Minute Markets, Inc. * * *" (Italics ours.)
The case was submitted to the jury on the charge of attempt, as alleged in the bill. An attempt to take money or other personal property from another under the circumstances delineated by G.S. § 14-87 constitutes, by the terms of that statute, an accomplished offense, and is punishable to the same extent as if there was an actual taking. State v. Parker, 262 N.C. 679, 138 S.E.2d 496.
The judge instructed the jury, inter alia, as follows:
"* * * for an attempt to be complete within and of itself as an attempt, there must not only be the intent to do the thing, but also some overt act which, if not warded or stopped, would result in the final completion of the act. So if the defendant merely intended to rob Mr. Blackmon, but did not do any overt act, calculated to complete the robbery, then the attempt would not have occurred, but if he did intend to rob him, and did commit an overt act, calculated and designed by him to bring about the robbery, then that would constitute an attempt or to put it another way, ladies and gentlemen, if the defendant armed with a pistol drew it on and pointed it at Mr. Blackmon for the intention and purpose of taking money from his cash register by force and against his will, and if he actually made an overt effort to take money or any part of it, and if in doing so it was by force and against the will of Mr. Blackmon and if his life was in danger or threatened, the crime of attempt to commit robbery under this Statute would have been complete." (Emphasis added.)
Under the factual circumstances of this case, the foregoing excerpt from the charge contains a sufficient statement of all of the elements of the offense charged, including that of intent.
A taking with "felonious intent" is an essential element of the offense of armed robbery, of attempt to commit armed robbery, and of common law robbery, and it is prejudicial error for the court to charge that defendant may be convicted of such offense even though the taking was without felonious intent. State v. Chase, 231 N.C. 589, 58 S.E.2d 364. The comprehensiveness and specificality of the definition and explanation of "felonious intent" required in a charge depends on the facts in the particular case. There must be some explanation in every case. State v. Lawrence, 262 N.C. 162, 136 S.E.2d 595. But, where the evidence relied on by defendant tends to admit the taking but to deny that it was with felonious intent, it is essential that the court fully define the "felonious intent" contended for by the State and also explain defendant's theory as to the intent and purpose of the taking, in order that the jury may understandingly decide between the contentions of the State and defendant on that point. In other words, where the evidence is susceptible of conflicting inferences on the question of intent, develops a direct issue on that point and makes intent the battleground of the case, full and explicit instructions on this phase is required. State v. Lawrence, supra. For instance, as in Lawrence, defendant may contend that his conduct in taking the property amounts only to a forcible trespass. There is a material difference between the intent in robbery and that in forcible trespass. "* * * in the former there is, and in the latter there is not, a felonious intention to take the goods, and appropriate them to the offender's use." State v. Sowls, 61 N.C. 151. A defendant is not guilty of robbery if he forcibly takes personal property from the actual possession of another under a bona fide claim of right or title to the property, or for the personal protection and safety of defendant and others, or as a frolic, prank or practical joke, or under color of official authority. State v. Lawrence, supra; State v. Lunsford, 229 N.C. 229, 49 S.E.2d 410; State v. Curtis, 71 N.C. *572 56; State v. Sowls, supra. Where such defenses are specifically interposed and arise on the evidence, defendant is entitled to such explanation of the law as will serve to bring clearly into focus the conflicting contentions.
It is purely and simply a matter of complying with the requirements of G.S. § 1-180. The court is required to "declare and explain the law arising on the evidence."
"Ordinarily the court should charge the jury in some form that the taking must have been with the intent to steal, although where the defense was an alibi and the evidence developed no issue or contention that the taking was under a bona fide claim of right or was without any intent to steal, the instructions may be upheld notwithstanding a failure to charge in specific terms with respect to an intent to steal." 77 C.J.S. Robbery § 49, pp. 514, 515; Thomas v. State, 54 Ga.App. 747, 189 S.E. 68; Baygents v. State, 154 Miss. 36, 122 So. 187; Thomas v. State, 391 P.2d 18 (Alaska); State v. Grillo, 11 N.J. 173, 93 A.2d 328, cert. den. 345 U.S. 976, 73 S. Ct. 1123, 97 L. Ed. 1391. See State v. Childers, 74 N.C. 180.
It is true that a plea of not guilty casts the burden on the State to prove each essential element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt. 1 Strong: N.C. Index, Criminal Law, s. 24. But the trial judge is not required to instruct the jury with any greater particularity upon any element of the offense than is necessary to enable the jury to apply the law with respect to such element to the evidence bearing thereon. In the instant case the defendant pleaded and offered evidence tending to prove an alibi. The evidence did not raise a direct issue as to intent. The court told the jury, in effect, that before they could return a verdict of guilty, they must find that defendant attempted to take the property with "intent to rob." "Rob" or "robbery" has a well defined meaning and imports an intent to steal. Baygents v. State, supra. The word "rob" was known to the common law and the expression "intent to rob" is a sufficient definition of "felonious intent" as applied to the robbery statute, in the absence of evidence raising an inference of a different intent or purpose.
We have considered all the assignments of error and find them to be without merit.
No error.