PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Alphonso D. GAINES, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 185006.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted October 15, 1996, at Detroit. Decided April 25, 1997, at 9:20 a.m. Released for Publication July 16, 1997.*36 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Raymond Voet, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael E. Moody, Assistant Attorney General, for the People.
State Appellate Defender by Rolf E. Berg, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before SAWYER, P.J., and MARILYN J. KELLY and D.A. BURRESS[*], JJ.
MARILYN J. KELLY, Judge.
A jury convicted defendant of inmate assault on a prison employee and habitual offender, third offense. M.C.L. § 750.197c; M.S.A. § 28.394(3), M.C.L. § 769.11; M.S.A. § 28.1083. The trial court sentenced him to five to eight years' imprisonment, to run consecutive to the sentence he was serving when he committed the assault. Defendant appeals as of right, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his assault conviction. Reluctantly, we agree and reverse.
Defendant was incarcerated at Ionia Maximum Facility. Sergeant Phil Waldron worked there as the supervisor of a response team responsible for controlling prisoners not cooperating with other corrections personnel. On June 13, 1994, the team was dispatched to restrain defendant. Defendant had thrust his arm through the cell's food slot and refused to withdraw it. The recommended course of action was to place defendant into soft restraints and close the cell's food slot.
As the team approached defendant's cell, defendant was yelling for a new paper gown. When Sergeant Waldron arrived, defendant threw a cup of liquefied feces at him, striking him in the face and eyes.
On appeal, defendant argues that the prosecution provided evidence only that he was in prison at the time of the assault. He asserts that it neglected to prove that his imprisonment was lawful. As a consequence, defendant argues, there was insufficient evidence to sustain the conviction.
*37 The statute which defendant was charged with violating, M.C.L. § 750.197c; M.S.A. § 28.394(3), provides:
A person lawfully imprisoned in a jail, other place of confinement established by law for any term, or lawfully imprisoned for any purpose at any other place, including but not limited to hospitals and other health care facilities or awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, sentence, or after sentence or awaiting or during transfer to or from a prison, for a crime or offense, or charged with a crime or offense who, without being discharged from the place of confinement, or other lawful imprisonment by due process of law, through the use of violence, threats of violence or dangerous weapons, assaults an employee of the place of confinement or other custodian knowing the person to be an employee or custodian or breaks the place of confinement and escapes, or breaks the place of confinement although an escape is not actually made, is guilty of a felony.
The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. People v. Stanaway, 446 Mich. 643, 521 N.W.2d 557 (1994). The first criterion in determining intent is the specific language of the statute. People v. Hammons, 210 Mich.App. 554, 557, 534 N.W.2d 183 (1995); People v. Hawkins, 181 Mich.App. 393, 396, 448 N.W.2d 858 (1989). Where the Legislature makes its intent known through clear and explicit language, this Court must enforce that intent. People v. Bellafant, 105 Mich.App. 788, 790-791, 307 N.W.2d 422 (1981).
Here, we find that the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous. The Legislature specifically chose to use the word "lawfully" in determining to whom it applied. In construing the statute, we presume that every word has some meaning, and we will avoid any construction that would render it, or any part of it, surplusage or nugatory. People v. Weiss, 191 Mich.App. 553, 559, 479 N.W.2d 30 (1991).
The prosecution had the burden of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was imprisoned lawfully when the assault occurred. While the prosecutor did establish that defendant was imprisoned at the Ionia Maximum Facility, at no point did it show that defendant was there lawfully. During closing argument, the prosecutor argued that the lawfulness of the imprisonment could be inferred from the imprisonment itself. However, no evidence was presented at trial to support the claim. A statement by the prosecutor during closing argument does not remedy the omission. Counsel's arguments are not evidence. Zantop Int'l Airlines, Inc. v. Eastern Airlines, 200 Mich.App. 344, 364, 503 N.W.2d 915 (1993). Nothing exists in the record to enable a rational trier of fact to conclude that an essential element of the crime was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
It would have been a simple matter for the prosecution to submit evidence that defendant was lawfully imprisoned. The judgment of sentence would have sufficed. However, here we have no choice but to conclude that there was insufficient evidence to sustain defendant's conviction. Moreover, the Double Jeopardy Clause precludes a retrial, the convictions and sentences being vacated due to an insufficiency of the evidence. People v. Setzler, 210 Mich.App. 138, 140, 533 N.W.2d 18 (1995).
Reversed.
DANIEL A. BURRESS, Judge (concurring).
I agree with Judge Kelly and write separately to place in perspective the underlying facts of this case.
Defendant was convicted of assault on a prison employee. M.C.L. § 750.197c; M.S.A. § 28.394(3).[1]
During its opening statement, the prosecution told the jury that the prosecution was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, *38 that defendant was a person lawfully imprisoned in a jail or other place of confinement. Then, during its closing arguments, the prosecution argued that defendant was an inmate who was lawfully confined at the maximum security facility and that it seemed unlikely that somebody would be confined other than in a lawful manner.[2] Defendant argued that he was not required to prove anything[3] and that there was no evidence of lawful confinement.[4]
While some of the witnesses referred to the defendant as a "prisoner" or "inmate," the prosecution curiously failed to offer into evidence any proof that defendant was lawfully imprisoned. The defendant was not present during the trial, did not testify, and did not offer any evidence.[5]
Finally, the jury was instructed by the trial court that one of the elements of the charge required that the prosecution prove that defendant was lawfully confined.[6]
Defendant was convicted and immediately stood trial before the same jury, again in absentia, as a fourth-offense habitual offender.
At the habitual offender stage of the proceedings, the prosecution brought forward six exhibits, consisting of four fingerprint records and two certified records of defendant's previous convictions. When confronted with the fact that it was unable to produce a certified record of an October 14, 1982, conviction, the prosecution withdrew that charge and went to the jury on the charge of being a third-offense habitual offender rather than being a fourth-offense habitual offender, which had been originally charged.[7] The jury then returned a verdict finding defendant guilty of being an habitual offender, third offense.
This case raises the question: What evidence is sufficient to support a finding that a person has been lawfully incarcerated? Restated in the context of the proofs presented in this case: Is the incarcerated status of an individual sufficient evidence that the incarceration was lawful? The answer to that question is no. People v. Hamaker 92 Mich. 11, 52 N.W. 82 (1892). Sufficiency of evidence is reviewed to determine, on the basis of all the evidence viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, if a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that all required *39 elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Hampton, 407 Mich. 354, 285 N.W.2d 284 (1979), reh. den. 407 Mich. 1164 (1980), cert. den. 449 U.S. 885, 101 S. Ct. 239, 66 L. Ed. 2d 110 (1980).
Both the prosecution and the defense recognized during their opening and closing statements the necessity of proof that the incarceration was lawful, as did the trial court in its instructions.
In a criminal case, the prosecution is required to introduce evidence sufficient to establish each element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. "The law is clear that the prosecution has the burden of proving each and every element of a charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt." People v. Taylor, 176 Mich.App. 374, 376, 439 N.W.2d 370 (1989). The legality of the incarceration is an element of this offense. Just as it was improper for the trial judge in Taylor to take judicial notice of the necessary elements of an offense, it is improper not to require the prosecution to prove the necessary elements before the jury in this case. While I do not suggest that a jury leave its common sense on the steps of the courthouse, proof of incarceration does not denote the legality of the incarceration.[8]
The term "lawfully imprisoned" is contained within the statute of assault on a prison employee, making lawfulness an element of the offense. Unlike statutes in which the Legislature chose not to make the lawfulness of confinement an element of the offense, the issue must then be raised by the defendant at trial,[9] the Legislature included the lawfulness of confinement as an element of assault on a prison employee, placing the burden on the prosecution.
The prosecution has available to it many avenues by which it may prove that an individual has been lawfully incarcerated. Some are more cumbersome to navigate than others. For instance, it may elect to bring forward witnesses who were present at the time a sentence was imposed, or those who were present when an individual was otherwise confined by lawful authority. Others may take the more convenient route of simply producing a certified record of the sentence or other commitment.
Here, the prosecution waited until the trial of the habitual charge to come forward with certified copies of defendant's prior convictions and sentences. The record offers no explanation why these documents were not offered as evidence of lawful incarceration in the trial of the underlying assault charge. Otherwise, the evidence in this case was overwhelming. A complete reading of the transcript demonstrates the difficulty that both the prison system and the courts have had in their dealings with defendant. It is unfortunate that the prosecution's failure to offer available evidence dictates this result.
SAWYER, Presiding Judge (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent.
Defendant argues that his conviction should be vacated because the prosecution failed to establish that defendant was lawfully imprisoned at the time of the assault. One element of assault on a prison employee is that the defendant be
[a] person lawfully imprisoned in a jail, other place of confinement established by law for any term, or lawfully imprisoned for any purpose at any other place ... for a crime or offense, or charged with a crime or offense ... without being discharged from the place of confinement, or other lawful imprisonment by due process of law...." [M.C.L. § 750.197c; M.S.A. § 28.394(3).]
Defendant argues that, while it was proved that he was imprisoned at the time of the assault, it was not proved that his imprisonment was lawful.
Appellate courts must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the essential elements of *40 the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Wolfe, 440 Mich. 508, 489 N.W.2d 748 (1992). Furthermore, the elements may be proved by reasonable inferences arising from the evidence. People v. Wolford, 189 Mich.App. 478, 480, 473 N.W.2d 767 (1991).
In the case at bar, I am satisfied that a rational trier of fact could conclude that defendant was lawfully imprisoned on the basis of the fact of his imprisonment and that none of the evidence suggested that the imprisonment was unlawful. Cf. People v. Williams, 173 Mich.App. 312, 433 N.W.2d 356 (1988). While unlawful incarceration may occur, it is certainly a rare occurrence. In the absence of any suggestion to the contrary, a rational trier of fact could reasonably infer that an incarceration is lawful.
I would affirm.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] A person lawfully imprisoned in a ... place of confinement established by law for any term, or lawfully imprisoned ... for a crime or offense, or charged with a crime or offense who, ... through the use of violence, ... assaults an employee of the place of confinement ... knowing the person to be an employee ... is guilty of a felony.
[2] You're being asked to determine, was Mr. Gaines lawfully confined at the Ionia Maximum Security Facility. Well, Mr. Gaines was in the courtroom. He was transported by the transport officers. The witnesses that testified said that he occupied a cell at I-Max....
Your common sense would tell you that he was lawfully confined at the maximum security facility. It seems extremely unlikely that somebody would not be confined in a lawful manner, at I-Max, and I would ask you to use your common sense and that we have proven to you that he was confined at I-Max, and that he's been there and that's how he got to the courtroom here today.
That argument is basically ridiculous. He was a prisoner at the time of the assault and he remains a prisoner at this time and I'm asking you to consider that and use your common sense.
[3] That gets back to lack of evidence. Mr. Gaines doesn't have to prove anything. Always keep that in mind. Now, the specific statute with which Mr. Gaines is charged states that Mr. Gaines, being a person lawfully confined or lawfully imprisoned, did assault an employee of the place of confinement.
[4] What proof was there that Mr. Gaines was lawfully confined at the Ionia Maximum Facility? Sure he was here. Sure the transportation officers were with him, but the Prosecutor still has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was lawfully or is lawfully confined and there was absolutely no evidence presented on that issue.
[5] Defendant was brought into the courtroom in handcuffs, belly chains, and leg irons. The prosecution insisted that he remain shackled during the trial, even though the corrections officers indicated that they thought they could control him with just the leg irons. Following other colloquy, defendant was allowed to return to the prison, during which time the trial proceeded without him being present.
[6] Now to prove this charge, the Prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt. First, that the defendant was confined at the Ionia Maximum Facility, lawfully confined. Second, that he was legally confined there.
[7] [W]e do need to supply proof of that conviction to this Court and we've been unable to do soand upon reviewing the law, it does require me to do so. So I'm not going to offer any objection to defense Counsel's motion as to that particular prior conviction.
[8] See People v. Hamaker, 92 Mich. 11, 52 N.W. 82 (1892); see also Cross v. Dep't of Corrections, 103 Mich.App. 409, 303 N.W.2d 218 (1981); People v. Alexander, 39 Mich.App. 607, 197 N.W.2d 831 (1972).
[9] People v. Hurst, 59 Mich.App. 441, 229 N.W.2d 492 (1975), referencing prison escape, M.C.L. § 750.193; M.S.A. § 28.390.