ASTRA OIL COMPANY, INC., Appellant,
v.
DIAMOND SHAMROCK REFINING COMPANY, L.P., Appellee.
No. 01-01-00531-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).
October 10, 2002.*703 Lewis E. Henderson, William A. Durham, Eastham, Watson, Dale & Forney, L.P., Houston, for Appellant.
Steven Michael Duble, Hays McConn Rice & Pickering, Fred Lee Butler, Adams & Reese, L.L.P., Houston, for Appellee.
Panel consists of Justices HEDGES, NUCHIA, and SMITH.[*]
OPINION ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
SAM NUCHIA, Justice.
We deny appellee's motion for rehearing, but we withdraw our opinion dated August 22, 2002 and issue this opinion in its place.
Appellant, Astra Oil Company, Inc. (Astra Oil), filed this suit against appellee, Diamond Shamrock Refining Company, L.P. (Diamond Shamrock), to enforce an arbitration award made in London, England. Astra Oil Company, Inc. sought recovery under two theories: (1) "vouchingin" and (2) indemnification. The trial court denied Astra Oil's motion for summary judgment and granted Diamond Shamrock's motion. On appeal, Astra Oil asserts that the trial court erred in denying *704 its motion and granting Diamond Shamrock's motion for summary judgment. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
In June 1994, Astra Oil and Van Ommeren Tankers entered into a voyage charter party for Van Ommeren's cargo vessel, Port Royal, to transport petroleum products. The charter party, a contract unique to maritime commerce, included a "safe berth" provision and an arbitration clause. In July of the same year, Astra Oil and Diamond Shamrock entered into an agreement for Diamond Shamrock to purchase petroleum condensate from Astra Oil. The agreement between Astra Oil and Diamond Shamrock included the following clause:
7. Price/Basis: The price shall be USD 19.50 per net ... basis ex ship, ex duty, one safe berth Corpus Christi, Texas.
Facility usage fees including wharfage/dockage at [Diamond Shamrock's] nominated facility for buyer's account. (Emphasis added.)
Diamond Shamrock had a pre-existing agreement with Koch Gathering Systems, Inc. for the use of Koch's Corpus Christi marine terminal. Pursuant to its agreement with Koch, Diamond Shamrock elected Koch's terminal as the safe berth for the delivery of the condensate purchased from Astra Oil. While the Port Royal was delivering the condensate to Koch's terminal, the hull was damaged and fuel was spilled in the surrounding waters. Van Ommeren asserted that the Koch terminal was unsafe and sought damages from Astra Oil.
Pursuant to the arbitration clause, arbitration commenced in London between Van Ommeren Tankers and Astra Oil. Prior to the start of the arbitration hearings, Astra Oil notified Diamond Shamrock about the London arbitration and demanded that Diamond Shamrock assume Astra Oil's defense in the arbitration and indemnify Astra Oil against any award against it. Diamond Shamrock did not comply with Astra Oil's request. A London panel issued an award in favor of Van Ommeren Tankers and against Astra Oil.
Astra Oil subsequently initiated this lawsuit to enforce the London award directly against Diamond Shamrock under the theories of "vouching-in" and indemnification. By an interlocutory order, the trial court (1) denied Astra Oil's motion for summary judgment in its entirety and dismissed with prejudice Astra Oil's cause of action to enforce the London arbitration directly against Diamond Shamrock and (2) granted in part and denied in part Diamond Shamrock's motion for summary judgment. Diamond Shamrock's motion for summary judgment was granted as to the dismissal of Astra Oil's cause of action seeking enforcement of the London arbitration award and as to indemnification by Diamond Shamrock for the full amount of the award rendered against Astra Oil in the London arbitration. After the interlocutory order was entered, the parties filed a joint motion to sever the interlocutory order so an immediate appeal of the order denying the enforcement of the London arbitration award could be made. The motion was granted and this appeal followed from those events.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
Summary judgment is proper only when the movant establishes that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Randall's Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1995); Lawson v. B Four Corp., 888 *705 S.W.2d 31, 34 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied). In reviewing a summary judgment, we must indulge every reasonable inference in favor of the nonmovant and resolve any doubts in its favor. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d at 644; Lawson, 888 S.W.2d at 33. We will take all evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true. Id. As movant, the defendant is entitled to summary judgment if the evidence disproves as a matter of law at least one element of each of the plaintiff's causes of action. Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 471 (Tex.1991); Marchal v. Webb, 859 S.W.2d 408, 412 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied).
When the judgment does not specify the ground relied on, we will affirm the summary judgment if any of the theories advanced in the motion for summary judgment and preserved on appeal is meritorious. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. S.S., 858 S.W.2d 374, 380 (Tex. 1993).
Vouching-In
In its first point of error, Astra Oil argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion for summary judgment and by granting Diamond Shamrock's related motion for summary judgment. Specifically, Astra Oil argues that the trial court should have granted its motion and enforced the London arbitration award directly against Diamond Shamrock under the procedure of vouching-in.
"Vouching-in" is a mechanism whereby a defendant in a proceeding may notify a non-party, the vouchee, that a suit is pending against the defendant and that, if liability is found, the defendant will look to the vouchee for indemnity and hold it to the findings in that suit. Universal Am. Barge Co. v. J-Chem, Inc., 946 F.2d 1131, 1136 (5th Cir.1992). The vouching mechanism is typically employed only where there is no basis for impleader and no jurisdiction over the third party defendant, or in arbitrations. SCAC Transp. (USA), Inc. v. S.S. DANAOS, 845 F.2d 1157, 1163 (2d Cir.1988). Texas law recognizes the procedure of vouching-in under certain circumstances. See CGM Valve Co. v. Gulfstream Steel Corp., 596 S.W.2d 161 (Tex. Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.).[1]
To successfully vouch in a party, the defendant must notify the vouchee:
(a) of the pendency of the suit against him; (b) that if liability is found, the defendant will look to the vouchee for indemnity; (c) that the notice constitutes a formal tender of the right to defend the action; and (d) that if the vouchee refuses to defend, it will be bound in any subsequent litigation between them to the factual determinations necessary to the original judgment.
Universal, 946 F.2d at 1138. The vouchee may not contest the validity of the primary defendant's liability to the injured party. Id. It may only contest whether notice was sufficient, whether it has a duty to indemnify, *706 and whether the prior judgment was obtained by fraud or collusion. Id.
Indemnification
Under its first point of error, Astra Oil contends that at "the heart of this appeal is the issue of indemnity and whether [Astra Oil] is entitled to indemnity from [Diamond Shamrock]."[2] Two types of indemnity have historically existed: common-law indemnity and contractual indemnity. Texas no longer recognizes common-law indemnity except in cases "in which one party's liability is purely vicarious." B & B Auto Supply, Sand Pit & Trucking Co. v. Cent. Freight Lines, Inc. 603 S.W.2d 814, 817 (Tex.1980). Texas recognizes contractual indemnity. Bonniwell v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 663 S.W.2d 816, 819 (Tex.1984); B & B Auto Supply, 603 S.W.2d. at 817.
Astra Oil argues that it has a claim for the vicarious liability incurred as a result of Diamond Shamrock's breach of its contract with Astra Oil. Astra Oil relies on St. Anthony's Hospital v. Whitfield for the proposition that "common law indemnity is recoverable by a defendant who, through no act of his own, has been made to pay for the negligence of another defendant based solely on the relationship between the two defendants." 946 S.W.2d 174, 175 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1997, writ denied). However, Astra Oil fails to show that the relationship between Diamond Shamrock and itself is the type of relationship that imposes vicarious liability. In St. Anthony's Hospital, the relationship between the two defendants was an employer and employee relationship. In the case before us, Astra Oil and Diamond Shamrock had a contractual relationship. Astra Oil cites no authority to support a finding of vicarious liability based solely on a contractual relationship. Under the facts of this case, Astra Oil has not established a relationship to support its vicarious liability theory or to show it is entitled to common-law indemnity. See LTV Energy Prod. Co. v. Chaparral Inspection Co., 827 S.W.2d 593, 595 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st. Dist.] 1992, pet. denied) (stating that there was no agency or surety relationship that would allow vicarious liability theory); Am. Alloy Steel, Inc. v. Armco, Inc., 777 S.W.2d 173, 175 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no writ) (holding that mere contractual business relationship did not give rise to obligation of implied indemnity). See generally Mid-Century Ins. Co. v. Kidd, 997 S.W.2d 265, 274 (Tex.1999).
Scope of the Trial Court Authority
In its second point of error, Astra Oil argues that the trial court erred by exceeding its authority when it ruled on the merits of an arbitrable contract issue regarding Astra Oil's right to indemnification from Diamond Shamrock. Astra Oil claims that the trial court should not have decided the indemnity issue because that was an issue to be decided in arbitration pursuant to the arbitration provision in the contract between Astra Oil and Diamond Shamrock. However, the issues of indemnification and vouching-in were the exact *707 issues Astra Oil requested the trial court to act on. Accordingly, we overrule Astra Oil's second point of error.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
All pending motions are denied.
NOTES
[*] The Honorable Jackson B. Smith, Jr., retired Justice, Court of Appeals, First District of Texas at Houston, participating by assignment.
[1] Astra Oil and Diamond Shamrock both rely on federal cases for their explanation of the vouching-in procedure. In addition, both sides state that Texas law recognizes the procedure of vouching-in "under certain circumstances." Astra Oil and Diamond Shamrock cite to CGM Valve Co. v. Gulfstream Steel Corp as a Texas case that recognizes the procedure of vouching-in. See CGM Valve Co. v. Gulfstream Steel Corp., 596 S.W.2d 161 (Tex.Civ. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.). CGM is a case that deals with statutory vouching-in. In the case before us, we are presented with common law vouching-in. However, in its discussion of statutory vouching-in, the CGM court implicitly discusses and recognizes common-law vouching-in. Id.
[2] Astra Oil also argues that Diamond Shamrock owed Astra Oil "a duty to provide a safe berth for the Port Royal in Corpus Christi, a duty that the London panel concluded had been breached." (Astra Oil's brief pg. 27.) To bolster this argument, Astra Oil states that the safe berth provision created a warranty. However, Astra Oil confuses its causes of actions. If Diamond Shamrock breached its contract or warranty with Astra Oil, Astra Oil must pursue a breach of contract or breach of warranty cause of action against Diamond Shamrock. Here, we are presented with vouching-in and duty-to-indemnify questions. Therefore, Astra Oil's arguments as to the breach of contract and breach of warranty are irrelevant to this appeal.