The STATE
v.
STALLWORTH.
No. A08A1021.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
August 22, 2008.*148 Paul L. Howard Jr., Dist. Atty., John O. Williams, Asst. Dist. Atty., for appellant.
Kevin R. Brehm, for appellee.
RUFFIN, Presiding Judge.
The State appeals the trial court's order granting Tonio Stallworth's motion to dismiss his indictment on speedy trial grounds. For reasons that follow, we reverse.
1. Initially, we note that the State's brief contains no proper citations to the record, in violation of Court of Appeals Rule 25(c)(2)(iii). We caution the State "that reference to the record should be indicated by specific volume or part of the record and by (R-Page Number of the Record). And where proper citations are not provided, we will not cull the record on appellant's behalf."[1]
2. We apply an abuse of discretion standard when reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss based on a violation of the constitutional right to a speedy trial.[2] A trial court *149 abuses its discretion when it rules without evidence to support the ruling or contrary to law or equity.[3] Stallworth was arrested on May 17, 2005 and indicted on two counts of burglary on May 24, 2005. He moved to dismiss the indictment on speedy trial grounds on September 20, 2007. His case had never been placed on a trial calendar. The trial court granted Stallworth's motion to dismiss in December 2007, finding that the more than 30-month delay was presumptively prejudicial and concluding that, after weighing the other factors it was required to consider under Barker v. Wingo[4], Stallworth's right to a speedy trial had been violated.
In considering Barker issues, we apply a two-step analysis to a speedy trial claim.[5] "First, the court must determine whether the interval from the accused's arrest, indictment, or other formal accusation to the trial is sufficiently long to be considered `presumptively prejudicial.'"[6] A delay of over two years, as is the case here, "raises a threshold presumption of prejudice."[7] Thus, we proceed to the second step of the analysis, in which we apply a four-factor balancing test.[8] The four factors to be considered are: whether the pretrial delay was uncommonly long; whether the defendant or the State is primarily responsible for the delay; whether the defendant timely asserted his right to a speedy trial; and whether the defendant was prejudiced by the delay.[9]
Our Supreme Court recently found that a pretrial delay of two years, two months, and twenty-three days was uncommonly long and weighed against the State, especially as the defendant was incarcerated for most of that time.[10] In this case, the delay between Stallworth's arrest and his motion to dismiss was two years and four months. And while we cannot determine from the record how much of that time Stallworth was incarcerated, the trial court noted in its order that he "spent some time in jail." Accordingly, the trial court properly decided that this factor weighs against the State.
Next, we must determine the reason for the delay. Stallworth did not contend in his motion that the delay was intentionally caused by the State, and the State asserts that the delay was caused by an overcrowded docket and the fact that four different assistant district attorneys and three different public defenders handled the case. Thus, the trial court correctly determined that this unintentional delay "is a relatively benign but definitely negative factor" that must be weighed against the State.[11] As the trial court found, the third factor weighs against Stallworth, as he delayed in asserting his right to a speedy trial, but did so before his case was placed on a trial calendar.[12]
The fourth factor is whether Stallworth was prejudiced by the delay. Prejudice may be established by showing oppressive pretrial incarceration, anxiety and concern on the part of the defendant, or *150 impairment of the defense.[13] The most important consideration is whether the delay impaired the defense.[14] As the trial court noted, Stallworth raised no specific ways in which he suffered prejudice, instead merely arguing that excessive delay is presumed to compromise the reliability of a trial.[15] But "to establish prejudice, the defendant must show actual anxiety and concern and specific evidence of how the delay impaired his ability to defend himself."[16] As a result, the fourth factor weighs against Stallworth.[17]
In this case, we agree with the trial court's findings on each of the four factors individually. But we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when, in weighing the four factors, it found that Stallworth's constitutional right to a speedy trial had been violated. The case law simply will not support such a conclusion on these facts. Judicial discretion, like equity, must follow the law.[18]
In reviewing this decision for abuse of discretion, we remember that "[n]o one factor is regarded as either a necessary or sufficient condition to finding a violation of the right to speedy trial, but they are factors that must be considered in a test balancing the conduct of the State and the defense."[19] Here, the record shows a delay in bringing Stallworth to trial, which is presumptively prejudicial. But delay, standing alone, is insufficient to establish a speedy trial violation.[20] And Stallworth has neither demonstrated nor claimed actual prejudice. Under these circumstances, where the delay was not deliberately caused by the State, Stallworth waited to assert his right to a speedy trial, and he has failed to show specific prejudice caused by the delay, "we find that the scales are weighted against [Stallworth's] claim and in favor of the State's duty to protect the person and property of its citizens by prosecuting the criminal charges."[21] Thus, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion in granting Stallworth's motion to dismiss the indictment, and we therefore reverse.[22]
Judgment reversed.
ANDREWS and BERNES, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] (Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Migmar, Inc. v. Williams, 281 Ga.App. 870, 871(1), 637 S.E.2d 471 (2006).
[2] See State v. Sutton, 273 Ga.App. 84, 614 S.E.2d 206 (2005).
[3] See Glisson v. Global Security Svcs., 287 Ga. App. 640, 653 S.E.2d 85 (2007); Strickland v. State, 199 Ga. 792, 796, 35 S.E.2d 463 (1945) (the abuse of discretion standard "means simply that the reviewing court will not control [the trial court's] finding of facts upon conflicting evidence. If upon these facts an erroneous finding of law be rendered, the latter judgment will be set aside; but, if that judgment be sound as applied to his finding of facts, the reviewing court will not interfere.") (punctuation omitted).
[4] 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972).
[5] See Ruffin v. State, 284 Ga. 52, 55(2), 663 S.E.2d 189 (2008).
[6] Id.
[7] Sutton, supra at 86, 614 S.E.2d 206.
[8] See Ruffin, supra.
[9] See id. at 56(2)(b), 663 S.E.2d 189.
[10] See id. at 56(2)(b)(i), 663 S.E.2d 189. The length of pretrial delay should be considered both in determining the threshold question of presumptive prejudice and as one of the factors to be balanced in the second step of the analysis.
[11] (Punctuation omitted.) Hester v. State, 268 Ga.App. 94, 97(2), 601 S.E.2d 456 (2004); see also Oni v. State, 285 Ga.App. 342, 343-344(2)(b), 646 S.E.2d 312 (2007).
[12] See Bell v. State, 287 Ga.App. 300, 302, 651 S.E.2d 218 (2007); Oni, supra at 344(2)(c), 646 S.E.2d 312.
[13] See State v. Johnson, 274 Ga. 511, 513(4), 555 S.E.2d 710 (2001).
[14] See Disharoon v. State, 288 Ga.App. 1, 5(1)(d), 652 S.E.2d 902 (2007).
[15] We note that Stallworth did not file an appellate brief; all references to his arguments relate to his motion to dismiss the indictment.
[16] (Punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Mullinax v. State, 273 Ga. 756, 759(2), 545 S.E.2d 891 (2001).
[17] See id.; Williams v. State, 279 Ga. 106, 109(1)(c), 610 S.E.2d 32 (2005).
[18] See Strickland, supra (judicial discretion must be exercised in accordance with established rules of law).
[19] Bell v. State, 287 Ga.App. 300, 301, 651 S.E.2d 218 (2007).
[20] See Boseman v. State, 263 Ga. 730, 732(1)(a), 438 S.E.2d 626 (1994).
[21] State v. Giddens, 280 Ga.App. 586, 590, 634 S.E.2d 526 (2006); see State v. Moore, 289 Ga. App. 99, 102-103, 656 S.E.2d 156 (2007).