William E. DE LOATCH, John T. Flynn, I. Holt, Jr., L. H. Sutton, Curtis P. Pendergraph and J. L. Anderson, on behalf of themselves and all other property owners and taxpayers of Alamance County,
v.
W. L. BEAMON, Chairman, J. B. Long, C. C. Bayliff, Garland M. Newlin and Buel Moser, County Commissioners of the County of Alamance, State of North Carolina.
No. 737.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
June 10, 1960.*713 H. F. Seawell, Jr., Carthage, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Young, Young & Gordon, Burlington, for defendants-appellees.
BOBBITT, Justice.
Judge Carr, in entering final judgment, treated defendants' prayer that the action be dismissed as a motion for judgment on the pleadings. The rules applicable upon consideration of such motion are fully stated in Erickson v. Starling, 235 N.C. 643, 71 S.E.2d 384. Suffice to say, we are in agreement with Judge Carr's ruling that the pleadings do not raise an issue of fact as to any material matter. The question arising thereon is a question of law, namely, whether the proposed expenditures are "necessary expenses" within the terms of Article VII, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina, which provides:
"No county, city, town, or other municipal corporation shall contract any debt, pledge its faith or loan its credit, nor shall any tax be levied or collected by any officers of the same except for the necessary expenses thereof, unless approved by a majority of those who shall vote thereon in any election held for such purpose."
It is noted: The complaint contains no allegation that the challenged expenditures were not authorized by a majority of the voters of Alamance County in an election held for such purpose. However, since defendants do not contend such election was held, we consider the complaint as if it contained such allegation.
It is well settled, as plaintiffs contend, that it is the function and duty of this Court, not the General Assembly, to determine what are "necessary expenses" within the terms of Article VII, Section 7. Wilson v. City of High Point, 238 N.C. 14, 20, 76 S.E.2d 546, 550, and cases cited.
Where the purpose of the proposed expenditure "is the maintenance of public peace or administration of justice, or partakes of a governmental nature, or purports to be an exercise by the municipality of a portion of the State's delegated sovereignty, the expense is a necessary expense within the Constitution, and may be incurred without a vote of the people." Ervin, J., in Green v. Kitchin, 229 N.C. 450, 457, 50 S.E.2d 545, quoted with approval in Wilson v. City of High Point, supra.
"A tax is an enforced contribution of money assessed by authority of a sovereign state. It is a source of revenue, necessary to the maintenance of government, and collectible in the way and within the period provided by law." Orange County v. Wilson, 202 N.C. 424, 428, 163 S.E. 113, 115; Bemis Hardwood Lumber Co. v. Graham County, 214 N.C. 167, 170, 198 S.E. 843.
Under Article V of the Constitution of North Carolina, the power to levy taxes vests exclusively in the legislative branch of the government; and it is within the exclusive power of the General Assembly to provide the method and prescribe the procedure for discovery, listing and assessing property for taxation. Henderson County v. Smyth, 216 N.C. 421, 5 S.E.2d 136, and cases cited; Freeman v. Board of Com'rs of Madison County, 217 N.C. 209, 216, 7 S.E.2d 354.
*714 Counties are creatures and constituent parts of the State government. Commissioners of Dare County v. Currituck County Com'rs, 95 N.C. 189; Board of Trustees of Youngsville Tp. v. Webb, 155 N.C. 379, 71 S.E. 520; Southern Ry. Co. v. Mecklenburg County, 231 N.C. 148, 150, 56 S.E.2d 438. "In the exercise of ordinary governmental functions, they are simply agencies of the state, constituted for the convenience of local administration in certain portions of the state's territory, and, in the exercise of such functions, they are subject to almost unlimited legislative control, except where this power is restricted by constitutional provision." Jones v. Madison County Com'rs, 137 N.C. 579, 50 S.E. 291, 297; Board of Trustees of Youngsville Tp. v. Webb, supra; Freeman v. Board of Com'rs of Madison County, supra.
Article VII, Section 2, of the Constitution of North Carolina, in part, provides: "It shall be the duty of the commissioners to exercise a general supervision and control of the * * * levying of taxes, and finances of the county, as may be prescribed by law." (Our italics.) However, by Article VII, Section 13, Constitution of North Carolina, the General Assembly has full power "by statute to modify, change, or abrogate any and all of the provisions" of Article VII, Section 2. Freeman v. Board of Com'rs of Madison County, supra. Thus, unless restricted by another constitutional provision, the General Assembly has full power to prescribe the power and duty of county commissioners in respect of the levying of taxes and the manner in which property in the county shall be valued for tax purposes.
G.S. § 105-278, as rewritten by c. 704, § 1, Session Laws of 1959, provides that all real property in Alamance County (1) "shall be listed and assessed for ad valorem tax purposes" as of January 1, 1961, and as of January 1st on every eighth year thereafter,
(2) "shall be appraised * * * by actual appraisal as provided in G.S. 105-295," and
(3) "assessed in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 105-294." (Note: G.S. § 105-294 was amended by c. 682, Session Laws of 1959, and G.S. § 105-295 was amended by c. 704, § 4, Session Laws of 1959.)
G.S. § 105-295, as amended, in part, provides: "In appraising real property for tax purposes as required by G.S. 105-278, G.S. 105-279, and G.S. 105-294, it shall be the duty of the county tax supervisor to see that every lot, parcel, tract, building, structure, and other improvement being appraised actually be visited and observed by a competent appraiser, either one appointed under the provisions of G.S. 105-287 or one employed under the provisions of G.S. 105-291." In addition, G.S. § 105-295 prescribes in detail the factors to be considered in the appraisal of each lot, parcel or tract.
G.S. § 105-287, as amended by c. 704, § 3, Session Laws of 1959, provides that the county tax supervisor, subject to the approval of the county commissioners, shall appoint list takers and assessors, with special provisions applicable in "revaluation years."
G.S. § 105-291 provides: "The board of county commissioners in each county, at the request of the county supervisor of taxation, may in their discretion employ one or more persons having expert knowledge of the value of specific kinds or classes of property within the county, such as mines, factories, mills and other similar property, to aid and assist the county supervisor of taxation and the list takers and assessors in the respective townships, or to advise with, aid and assist the board of equalization and review in arriving at the true value in money of the property in the county. Such expert, or experts, so employed by the board of county commissioners shall receive for their services such compensation as the board of county commissioners shall designate."
The cited statutes impose upon the county commissioners of Alamance County the positive duty to provide a county-wide revaluation of all real property as of January 1, 1961, and authorized them, in their *715 discretion, to employ expert appraisers to assist the county officials "in arriving at the true value in money of the property in the county." In performing such duties, the county commissioners exercise "a portion of the State's delegated sovereignty" and expenditures for such purpose are "necessary expenses" within the terms of Article VII, Section 7. Indeed, the purpose of said expenditure is to provide, in accordance with legislative authority, an equitable basis for the levy and collection of the ad valorem taxes required to maintain the county government and to pay the "necessary expenses" thereof.
It is noted that c. 704, § 6, Session Laws of 1959, codified as G.S. § 153-64.1 in the 1959 Supplement, declares the levy of taxes therein authorized "to be for a necessary expense and for a special purpose." Plaintiffs contend, and rightly so, that the General Assembly is without power to determine what are "necessary expenses" within the terms of Article VII, Section 7. However, this Court, apart from the legislative declaration, now holds that the proposed expenditures are for "necessary expenses" within the terms of Article VII, Section 7. The fact that the legislative declaration is in accord with this Court's decision affords no ground for complaint.
It is noted: "The courts determine whether a given project is a necessary expense of a county, but the board of commissioners for the county determine in their discretion whether such project is necessary or needed in the designated locality." Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Guilford County, 225 N.C. 293, 301, 34 S.E.2d 430, 435, and cases cited; also, Brodnax v. Groom, 64 N.C. 244; Vaughn v. Board of Com'rs, 117 N.C. 429, 23 S.E. 354; Fawcett v. Mount Airy, 134 N.C. 125, 45 S.E. 1029, 63 L.R.A. 870; Starmount Co. v. Town of Hamilton Lakes, 205 N.C. 514, 520, 171 S.E. 909; Green v. Kitchin, supra.
Having reached the conclusion that the sole ground on which the plaintiffs attack the proposed expenditure is untenable, the judgment of Judge Carr is affirmed.
Affirmed.