TRIPP et al.
v.
ALL STATE INSURANCE COMPANY.
No. A03A1597.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
July 1, 2003.*693 Adkins & Whitfield, Russell L. Adkins, Jr., James R. Whitfield, Marietta, for appellants.
Carlock, Copeland, Semler & Stair, Frederick M. Valz III, Atlanta, A. Paul Moore, Jr., for appellee.
ELLINGTON, Judge.
Roger and Judith Tripp appeal from an order of the Paulding County Superior Court granting summary judgment to Allstate Insurance Company in this declaratory judgment action. The superior court found that an Allstate homeowners policy issued to Steve and Margaret Jones specifically excluded coverage for bodily injury to Jonathan Tripp, who was shot and killed by Josh Tomlinson, the Joneses' son, during an aggravated assault at a pizza restaurant. Finding no error, we affirm.
In four related enumerations of error, the Tripps contend the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because material issues of fact remain as to whether the homeowners policy covers their son's death. Summary judgment is appropriate under OCGA § 9-11-56 "when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Sorema North American Reinsurance Co. v. Johnson, 258 Ga.App. 304, 574 S.E.2d 377 (2002). We apply a de novo standard of appellate review and "view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. See Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491, 405 S.E.2d 474 (1991). Viewed in this light, the record reveals the following facts.
On June 12, 1996, Tomlinson and his friends Jeremy Prater, Erik Thomas and Josh Gann discussed robbing a Little Caesar's Pizza restaurant. According to Tomlinson, however, they went to the restaurant because Gann wanted to buy some marijuana from the restaurant manager. According to Tomlinson, his friends were "ripped" on drugs; Gann alone had ingested 20 hits of LSD. Tomlinson drove the group to the restaurant in his mother's car. When they arrived, Tomlinson and Prater got out of the car and walked to the back of the restaurant.
*694 Thomas and Gann stayed in the car. Tomlinson admitted he intended to buy marijuana and that he was holding a pistol-grip 12-gauge shotgun in his hand when he walked to the restaurant's back door. Tomlinson knocked on the door, Jonathan Tripp opened it, and the shotgun discharged, killing Tripp. Tomlinson does not deny holding the weapon; however, he claims he did not know the gun was loaded, that it discharged accidentally, and that he lacked the subjective intent to harm anyone. Yet Tomlinson admitted taking the gun away from his intoxicated friends because he was very worried they might accidentally shoot him or each other. Further, he admitted that when the shotgun discharged, it recoiled and struck his face, giving rise to a strong inference that he was aiming it. After the shooting, Tomlinson fled to Florida.
The shooting occurred during the term of an Allstate homeowners policy of insurance issued to Tomlinson's parents, Steve and Margaret Jones. The policy's Family Liability and Guest Medical Protection coverage was modified by an endorsement containing this exclusion:
We do not cover any bodily injury or property damage intended by or which may reasonably be expected to result from the intentional act or acts or omissions of any insured person which are crimes pursuant to the Georgia Criminal Code. However, this exclusion shall not apply if such act or omission was for the preservation of life or property. This exclusion applies even if (a) such insured person lacks the mental capacity to appreciate the criminal nature or wrongfulness of the act or omission or to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law or to form the necessary intent under the law; (b) such bodily injury or property damage is of a different kind or degree than intended or reasonably expected; or (c) such bodily injury or property damage is sustained by a different person than intended or reasonably expected. This exclusion applies regardless of whether or not such insured person is actually charged with or convicted of a crime.
Based upon this exclusion and the evidence adduced,[1] the trial court determined the policy did not cover Jonathan Tripp's death, even if Tomlinson lacked a subjective intent to harm him. The court concluded the shooting death was a bodily injury which may reasonably be expected to result from Tomlinson's criminal acts:
One who, in the dark of night, with his colleagues of like persuasion, having embarked on a criminal venture, either to robas his companions claim or to close a drug dealas he claims, all hoping for a successful result, and who holds a shotgun in his arms for intimidation or a perceived personal need for protectionloaded or unloadedmust anticipate that some bodily injury is likely to result to somebody.
For the following reasons, we agree.
Under Georgia law, an insurance company is free to fix the terms of its policies as it sees fit, so long as those terms are not contrary to law, and it is equally free to insure against certain risks while excluding others. Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Pat's Rentals, 269 Ga. 691, 692-693, 505 S.E.2d 729 (1998). "As is the case with all contracts, unambiguous terms of an insurance policy require no construction, and the plain meaning of such terms must be given full effect, regardless of whether they might be beneficial to the insurer or detrimental to the insured." (Footnote omitted.) Id. at 693, 505 S.E.2d 729.
*695 A number of courts reviewing the same or a substantially similar exclusion have found it to be clear and unambiguous. See, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 120 F.3d 834, 840(II)(B) (8th Cir.1997) (same exclusion); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Brown, 16 F.3d 222, 226(II) (7th Cir.1994) (similar exclusion); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Myers, 951 F.Supp. 1014 (M.D.Fla.1996) (similar exclusion); Allstate Ins. Co. v. McCarn, 2002 WL 31929333, 2002 Mich.App. LEXIS 1778 (2002) (same exclusion); Stinson v. Allstate Ins. Co., 212 Ga. App. 179, 180-181(1), 441 S.E.2d 453 (1994) ("We do not cover any bodily injury or property damage which may reasonably be expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person or which are in fact intended by an insured person.") (punctuation and emphasis omitted); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Simansky, 45 Conn.Supp. 623, 738 A.2d 231 (1998) (similar exclusion). Because we find the exclusion at issue to be clear and unambiguous, it requires no construction.
The exclusion relieves the insurer of liability if (1) the insured acted either intentionally or criminally, and (2) the resulting injuries were either intended or may reasonably be expected to result from the insured's intentional or criminal acts. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Myers, 951 F.Supp. at 1018; Allstate Ins. Co. v. McCarn, 2002 WL 31929333, 2002 Mich.App. LEXIS 1778. In this case, Tomlinson's actions were criminal. The court found that Tomlinson "pointed a shotgun which discharged directly at the deceased," given that the "trajectory of the shot follow[ed] a straight line from barrel to body with no one else in the group being injured. (Aggravated Assault)." This is a crime as defined in OCGA § 16-5-21(a)(2). Rhodes v. State, 257 Ga. 368, 370(5), 359 S.E.2d 670 (1987). The court also found that Tomlinson was admittedly on "a mission to buy marijuana," a violation of OCGA § 16-13-30(a). Even Tomlinson conceded in his deposition that because of his acts on June 12, 1994, he was "a criminal now[,] obviously." No material issue of fact remains for jury resolution on this point. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 120 F.3d at 839-840(II) (A).
The trial court also properly determined that a reasonable person would find that Tripp's bodily injuries and resulting death were the natural, probable, and foreseeable consequences of Tomlinson's actions as a matter of law. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 120 F.3d at 840-841(III); Allstate Ins. Co. v. McCarn, 2002 WL 31929333, 2002 Mich.App. LEXIS 1778. Injury "which may reasonably be expected to result" is not measured by the subjective intent of the insured but by what an objective, reasonable person would expect. See Stinson v. Allstate Ins. Co., 212 Ga.App. at 181(1), 441 S.E.2d 453 (a similar exclusion created "a universal objective standard ... the `reasonable person,' acting in the same or similar circumstances as [Tomlinson], a completely familiar objective standard in tort law"); see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Brown, 16 F.3d at 225(II) ("The insured's subjective intent, expectation or belief is not material because it is not an element of the exclusion."). While the condition "intended by" requires the subjective or conscious desire of the insured to inflict harm, the condition "or which may reasonably be expected" does not. "To so require a subjective intent for this condition would render this clause `wholly redundant.'" (Citation omitted.) Allstate Ins. Co. v. Simansky, 45 Conn.Supp. at 625, 738 A.2d 231.
Given the evidence adduced, the trial court was authorized to find, as a matter of law, that a reasonable person in Tomlinson's circumstances may expect bodily injury to result from his criminal actions. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Burrough, 120 F.3d at 841. Tomlinson and his dangerously intoxicated friends went to a closed restaurant, late at night, armed with a shotgun, motivated by an interest to get drugs from a person who might foreseeably react with fear or violence. A reasonable person would expect that someone may get hurt in such perilous circumstances. Tomlinson, in fact, feared he might get shot by his own friends. This is not the type of risk the insurer intended its homeowners policy to cover and, consequently, specifically contracted to exclude. The trial court properly found the exclusion applied *696 and properly granted summary judgment in favor of Allstate.
Judgment affirmed.
BLACKBURN, P.J., and PHIPPS, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] The Tripps contend the trial court erred in considering evidence of Tomlinson's aggravated assault conviction. See Prater v. State, 273 Ga. 477, 545 S.E.2d 864 (2001). The Georgia Supreme Court has held that "a judgment of conviction or acquittal rendered in a criminal prosecution cannot be given in evidence in a purely civil action, to establish the truth of the facts on which it was rendered." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Pierce v. Pierce, 241 Ga. 96, 100(3), 243 S.E.2d 46 (1978). We see nothing in the Tripps' brief, in the record, or in the summary judgment order, however, suggesting that the court relied on Tomlinson's conviction to establish the material facts upon which summary judgment was founded. The relevant facts may be found in Tomlinson's own deposition testimony. Consequently, the Tripps have failed to carry their burden on appeal and we find this enumeration to be without merit. See Ferros v. Ga. State Patrol, 211 Ga.App. 50, 51-52(2), 438 S.E.2d 163 (1993).