STATE of Oregon, Respondent,
v.
Andrew Morris WOODS, Jr., Appellant.
Court of Appeals of Oregon, Department 2.
Argued and Submitted April 30, 1970. Decided July 9, 1970.Kenneth C. Hadley, Jr., Deputy Public Defender, Salem, argued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief was Gary D. Babcock, Public Defender, Salem.
Jacob B. Tanzer, Solicitor Gen., Salem, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Lee Johnson, Atty. Gen., Salem.
Before LANGTRY, P.J., and FOLEY and FORT, JJ.
FOLEY, Judge.
Defendant was convicted of burglary not in a dwelling and was sentenced to four years' imprisonment.
The Pendleton Body Shop in Pendleton, where defendant was a former employe, was in the same building as Ron Baldwin's automotive dealership. The two businesses were separated by a wall containing a number of windows. During the night of November 10, 1968, defendant entered the body shop, opened a window and went into the Ron Baldwin premises where he stole cash and checks from the safe. As a result of questioning by the police officer, defendant *851 gave two statements, one incriminating in nature and the other a confession. Defendant appeals, claiming his constitutional rights were violated in obtaining the statement and confession.
Pendleton police officer Corporal Barry Clift went to defendant's girl friend's house on November 20, 1968, and contacted defendant there. He told defendant that he would like to talk to him down at the office. Officer Clift told him he was not under arrest and that if he did come it would be on a voluntary basis. He asked if defendant would go to the office and defendant said he would. In response to defendant's question Officer Clift told him he would be able to return to his girl friend's house. They went in Officer Clift's patrol car. This was about 10 a.m. Officer Clift testified that he orally warned defendant of his constitutional rights when they got into the car and started down to the station, but defendant says that he doesn't recall being given any oral warnings in the car. They had some general conversation but did not discuss the burglary on the trip to the station. Officer Clift testified that defendant was under no restraint and if he had said to stop the car he could have left. Officer Clift did not recall telling defendant he could leave at any time, although he had told him he was not under arrest and was going to the station voluntarily.
Upon arrival at the station, they went to the interview room in the basement. Defendant was again told that he wasn't going to be arrested and that he was going to be able to go back to his girl friend's house. When they were in the interview room Officer Clift warned defendant of his rights by reading from a rights notification form. The warning began: "Since you, Andrew Morris Woods, Jr., are not under arrest and not in custody in the matter of burglary not in a dwelling * * *." Defendant testified that he was told he would have to remain at the station until he told his story. Officer Clift denied telling defendant that he wasn't leaving the interview room until he gave a complete statement on the Ron Baldwin theft. However, he said the following:
"At one point Mr. Woods said He was about halfway through the statement I believe. He asked if he could go to his girlfriend's to eat lunch, and I told him I would appreciate it if he finished the statement, I would order his lunch and buy his lunch for him. He said, `Never mind. I will finish this and then go to my girlfriend's and eat.'"
They were in the interview room approximately two and one-half hours. Defendant advised Officer Clift that he had to go to work at noon. The officer called defendant's employer prior to noon because he "knew he [defendant] wouldn't be there at noon." When defendant wanted a drink of water, he and Officer Clift both went upstairs to the public drinking fountain and got a drink, and then returned to the interview room. After giving his statement defendant was returned to his girl friend's house, and was told by Officer Clift that Clift was going to the district attorney's office to see if he could get a warrant for defendant's arrest.
Defendant claims his initial contact with Officer Clift was in fact an arrest which was illegal for lack of probable cause, and therefore his statements were inadmissible because tainted with the illegality of the arrest.
The trial court found there was no arrest at this point. The record supports his finding, Ball v. Gladden, 250 Or. 485, 487, 443 P.2d 621 (1968), and we agree. See Hicks v. United States, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 209, 382 F.2d 158 (1967).
The court found that defendant here was given adequate Miranda[1] warnings before giving his statements. If, in *852 fact, there had been an actual arrest and that arrest had been without probable cause, it would not necessarily have followed that defendant's statements were inadmissible. The question would then become whether the giving of the Miranda advice could be insulation against an arrest assumed to be without probable cause. Were the statements "sufficiently an act of free will to purge the primary taint of the unlawful invasion"? Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 486, 83 S. Ct. 407, 416, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963). See also State v. Jones, 248 Or. 428, 435 P.2d 317 (1967).
In United States v. Close, 349 F.2d 841 (4th Cir.1965), cert. den. 382 U.S. 992, 86 S. Ct. 573, 15 L. Ed. 2d 479 (1966), where the defendant claimed an initial illegal arrest, the court said:
"* * * Assuming, arguendo, that the initial arrest by the Roanoke police was illegal, we construe Wong Sun as holding, in effect, that not all oral statements are the fruit of the `poisonous tree' simply because they would not have been made but for the illegal actions of the police. We think the Court in Wong Sun, clearly indicates the view that a statement which is shown to have been freely and voluntarily made without coercion, either physical or psychological, may be thereby purged of any stigma of illegality and the statement is admissible. As we read the decisions of certain other courts, we conclude that they have so interpreted the Court's indicated view in Wong Sun. See: Rogers v. United States, 330 F.2d 535 (5 Cir.1964); Burke v. United States, 328 F.2d 399 (1 Cir.1964); Hollingsworth v. United States, 321 F.2d 342 (10 Cir.1963). There is abundant evidence to support the Government's contention that all statements made by Harold during any and all of his conversations with the police and the F.B.I. agents were voluntarily given, free of coercion, and with full knowledge of his rights. Thus we find no error in permitting evidence of these statements to be presented to the jury." 349 F.2d at 851.
The Close case was cited with approval in United States v. Horton, 416 F.2d 1052 (4th Cir.1969).
There is adequate evidence here that the statements given were voluntary, free of coercion and with full knowledge by defendant of his rights.
The court made a specific finding that defendant was given adequate Miranda warnings. In his initial contact with defendant, before any questioning, Officer Clift advised him as follows:
"* * * When we got in the car and started down to the station I just advised him that he had the right to remain silent, anything he said could `Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to the presence of an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney one will be afforded you by the court.'"
Defendant was also advised before questioning:
"`* * * You have the right to remain silent and not answer questions until you have consulted with an attorney.'"
Defendant claims this did not adequately inform him that he had a right to have an attorney present during interrogation. In State v. Lowry, 245 Or. 565, 423 P.2d 172 (1967), one of the warnings was:
"* * * `Next, you are entitled to consult a lawyer. Do you understand that?' Defendant answered, `Yes, sir.' * * *" 245 Or. at 566, 423 P.2d at 172.
The Supreme Court held:
"We believe that the manner in which defendant was informed adequately apprised him of his right to counsel prior to and during interrogation." 245 Or. at 566-567, 423 P.2d at 172.
*853 Also, in the present case the defendant indicated during the in camera hearing that he understood his rights:
"Q * * * Do you recall Corporal Clift advising you you had a right to remain silent?
"A Yes.
"Q Did you know what that meant? What did this mean to you?
"A That I didn't have to say nothing until I had an attorney.
"Q And you knew then that you were entitled to an attorney?
"A Yes."
The record supports the trial court's finding of an adequate warning.
Defendant also now claims there was no affirmative waiver of his rights. Defendant did not expressly say that he waived his rights, but the record shows that immediately after the rendition of advice defendant spoke freely and voluntarily to the officer. This type of conduct has repeatedly been held to be a sufficient waiver. State v. Davidson, 252 Or. 617, 451 P.2d 481 (1969); State v. Matt, 251 Or. 134, 136-137, 444 P.2d 914 (1968); State v. Wright, 251 Or. 121, 123-125, 444 P.2d 912 (1968); State v. Brammeier, 90 Adv.Sh. 179, 183, Or. App., 464 P.2d 717 (1970). See also State v. Capitan, 90 Adv.Sh. 1085, 1087, Or. App., 468 P.2d 533 (1970).
There was evidence of sufficient historical facts to support the ruling of the court admitting the statement and confession in evidence, and we find no justification for defendant's claim that he was treated unfairly or not in accordance with the requirements of due process. Ball v. Gladden, supra.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 10 A.L.R. 3d 974 (1966).