Willie MASSEY, Plaintiff,
v.
PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, et al., Defendants.
Civil No. PJM 95-185.
United States District Court, D. Maryland.
March 4, 1996.*906 Steven T. Cain, Cain & Wyrough, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, for plaintiff.
Michael P. Whalen, Andrew J. Murray, Office of County Solicitor, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, for defendants.
SUPPLEMENTAL OPINION
MESSITTE, District Judge.
I.
In this case alleging excessive use of force by police, the Court earlier granted Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. Subsequently a case from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit was brought to the Court's attention which the Court deemed controlling and directly adverse to Defendants' position. See Kopf v. Wing, 942 F.2d 265 (4th Cir.1991), cert. denied 502 U.S. 1098, 112 S.Ct. 1179, 117 L.Ed.2d 423 (1992). Defendants had not cited Kopf in their motion nor had Plaintiff cited it in his opposition. Neither side raised the case at oral argument. Particularly troublesome to the Court was the fact that Prince George's County, Defendant here, had also been a defendant in Kopf. Sensing a possible violation of Rule of Professional Conduct 3.3(a)(3), which provides that "(a) lawyer shall not knowingly ... fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing counsel," the Court ordered Defendants and defense counsel to show cause why the case had not been cited. See Massey v. Prince George's County, 907 F.Supp. 138 (D.Md.1995).
Respondents[1] have now submitted their response to the Show Cause Order.
The Court addresses the sufficiency of that response.
II.
Respondents' first answer to the question of why they failed to cite Kopf is that the Assistant County Attorney handling the case did not know of the decision, possibly because he joined the County Attorney's Office more than a year after the decision was issued. Their further response is that the Assistant County Attorney who participated in Kopf and who is still in the County Attorney's *907 Office did not actually participate in the present case. Similarly, say Respondents, the County Attorney who signed the Kopf appeal brief and who was still in the office as of the time of the instant case did not actually participate in this case nor, for that matter, in the Kopf case. Accordingly, Respondents argue that they did not "knowingly" fail to disclose Kopf.
Their second response is that Kopf is not in fact "directly adverse" to their position; hence they had no obligation to disclose it in any event. As Respondents put it:
[a] close reading of Kopf reveals that it does not establish any new law; instead it applies the established law to a given set of facts. As such, Kopf is only "directly adverse" to the Defendants' position here if the cases are factually indistinguishable.
Respondents then proceed to cite a number of facts which they contend are readily distinguishable. The Court summarizes these purported distinctions in the following chart:
Kopf Present Case PA announcement made PA announcement made Disputed Not disputed Affidavits of experts on No such affidavits used police dogs used Suspect refused to Suspect refused to surrender surrender Disputed Disputed[2] Head blows in addition No head blows just to dog bites single blow to back Suspect had gun Suspect had no weapon Disputed Not disputed Where altercation Where altercation occurred Disputed occurred Undisputed
III.
The Court deals with the second part of Respondents' submission first. The Court finds the response to be incorrect in at least two respects. Kopf, to some extent, did "make new law" at least as far as the Fourth Circuit is concerned. Moreover the factual distinctions Respondents make are either unconvincing or simply immaterial.
Whatever else Kopf says, it bluntly declares "that a jury could find it objectively unreasonable to require someone to put his hands up and calmly surrender while a police dog bites his scrotum." 942 F.2d at 268. In other words, Kopf goes on to say, "even if it found that force was necessary ... a reasonable jury could nonetheless find the degree of force excessive," 942 F.2d at 269. Indeed, if the law were otherwise, the fact that the slightest force might be justified would give the police license to have their dog chew a suspect to death. In the present case, Plaintiff maintains that he was not resisting arrest, merely defending himself, after the dog was set upon him. He contends that he received bites to his arms, legs, back, neck and other body parts, hardly a de minimis amount of force.
Consistent with Kopf, these bites, together with Plaintiff's contention that he was only defending himself against the dog, suffice to raise a triable issue of excessive force.
Moreover, contrary to Respondents' position, in suggesting excessive force, certain facts of the present case not only match those of Kopf, they surpass them. For example, unlike Kopf, where the police had reason to believe the suspect was an armed robber, here, for all the police knew, the suspect could have been (indeed it turned out he was) merely a trespasser sleeping in a vacant building. Such a scenario would suggest the need for less rather than more force. Additionally, the fact that Plaintiff was asleep when the dog was set upon him tends to indicate that he may not have been actively resisting arrest. Finally, the undisputed absence of a weapon in this case also tends to *908 suggest that the dog bites were less rather than more appropriate.
Other alleged factual distinctions between Kopf and the present case are simply immaterial. It can be assumed that any PA announcement made was not heard in the present case. That would still not license unlimited use of the police dog. Similarly, the presence or absence of expert testimony signifies nothing; no testimony is needed on the issue of whether the number of bites inflicted against a non-resistant subject is excessive. At the same time whether, in addition to the dog bites, the police struck one blow or several is of minimal import. The gist of the present claim of excessive force is dog bites. While in Kopf the excess was either dog bites or blows or both, clearly dog bites alone can be objectively unreasonable.
Thus, the Court remains firm in its view that, in key relevant respects, Kopf is very much on point, i.e. "directly adverse" to Respondents' position.
But Respondents' position is flawed in a more fundamental sense. Even if one assumes for the sake of argument that Kopf could be factually distinguished from the case at bar, there is always the possibility that a judge might disagree, that despite Respondents' view he might ultimately find the omitted case on point and directly adverse to their position. Respondents thus undertake a bold and risky gambit. They rely on their mere ipse dixit that the case is distinguishable and therefore unnecessary to call to the Court's attention. But careful lawyering demands greater sensitivity. In this district, whenever a case from the Fourth Circuit comes anywhere close to being relevant to a disputed issue, the better part of wisdom is to cite it and attempt to distinguish it. The matter will then be left for the judge to decide. While Respondents may still in time be judged unsuccessful in their attempt to distinguish the case, they will never be judged ethically omissive for failing to cite it.[3]
IV.
The Court turns to Respondents' further answer to its Show Cause Order, namely that the Assistant County Attorney who filed the Motion for Summary Judgment in this case did not know about the Kopf case. That, of course, may well be true, but the question is, ought he to have known? As with Plaintiff's counsel in these proceedings, defense counsel had an obligation under Rule of Professional Conduct 1.1 to provide "competent representation," which includes an ability to research the law. Similarly, Rule 1.3 requires that "a lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client," which includes pursuing applicable legal authority in timely fashion. Case reports are available in hard cover and on-line from computers.[4]
Respondents' further suggestion that more senior County Attorneys were not involved in the Kopf case (despite the presence of their names on the brief) or were not actively involved in the present case provides no justification at all. Attorneys who affix their names to a brief have an obligation to know what it is that they are signing. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 11(b)(1) (signature of attorney on pleading certifies, after reasonable inquiry, *909 that defense is warranted by existing law). Moreover, Senior County Attorneys ought to be supervising the pleadings of more junior assistants. At the same time, in areas of law such as police excessive force cases in which governmental entities (including Prince George's County) are involved on a recurrent basis, a corpus of applicable law ought to be assembled and made available to all members of the County Attorney's Office at all times. It should never happen that an excessive force case in which Prince George's County itself was a defendant, which went to the Fourth Circuit and is carried in the Federal Reporter, is not pervasively known throughout the County Attorney's Office.
Thus, while it may be true that one Assistant County Attorney did not know about the Kopf case and others more senior did not know that attorney did not know, that is not the end of the matter. Individual attorneys may not merit sanctions, but it is clear that the Office of the Prince George's County Attorney overall needs to look to its internal organization. At a minimum, tighter oversight of each attorney's court filings is called for. The Office of the County Attorney would do well to see that the sort of omission that occurred here does not occur again.
V.
The second part of the Court's Order to Show Cause dated December 8, 1995, directed that Prince George's County disclose:
1) For the period beginning August 9, 1991 to the present, the title of every case in which a claim for excessive force involving the use of a police dog was filed against Prince George's County and one or more of its police officers (including the name of the case, the court in which the case was filed, and the caption number of the case);
2) For each case in the indicated category, a statement of the status of the case as of December, 1995 (e.g. settled; pending; dismissed);
3) For each case in the indicated category, a statement of whether a Motion for Summary Judgment or Motion to Dismiss was filed; whether Kopf v. Wing was cited in any of the County's pleadings; and whether the Motion was granted or denied.
The County has now complied with this request, citing some 18 such cases, in 5 of which dispositive motions were filed and Kopf was not cited.
In one of those cases, this member of the Court granted summary judgment in favor of the County. The Court has determined sua sponte that it will review the file in that case to determine whether or not to order its reinstatement. As for the other cases in which such motions were filed, the Court has determined to write to the federal or state judge who handled the case and advise the judge of the present proceeding, indicating that a dispositive motion was filed in that judge's own case and that Kopf (which may have been controlling) was not cited therein. The Court intends to do no more than direct the judge's attention to the problem and leave it to each judge to follow up on the matter as the judge sees fit.
Beyond that, no sanctions will be imposed. The Court has stated its concerns. The fact that these concerns have been set out in a published opinion should more than suffice to bring home to the Prince George's County Attorney's Office the seriousness of the matter and the need for more careful compliance in the future.
A separate Order implementing this Opinion will issue.
ORDER
The Court having issued a Show Cause Order dated December 8, 1995 and Defendant Prince George's County and its counsel, the Prince George's County Attorney's Office, having timely responded thereto, it is this 4th day of March, 1996
ORDERED that, subject to the findings of the Court in the accompanying Opinion, Prince George's County and its counsel have shown cause; and it is further
ORDERED that the Court will review the case of Lynn Hardin v. Mary Shields, et al., Case No. PJM 92-1787 in this Court, to determine whether or not that case should be reinstated; and it is further
*910 ORDERED that the Court will write to various judges in connection with every other case cited by Prince George's County in its letter to the Court dated February 8, 1996, wherein the County filed a dispositive motion but did not cite the case of Kopf v. Wing, 942 F.2d 265 (4th Cir.1991) (copy of letter attached hereto).
OFFICE OF LAW Room 5121, County Administration Building Upper Marlboro, Maryland 20772 (301) 952-5237 Fax: (301) 952-3071 February 8, 1996 The Honorable Peter J. Messitte United States District Judge United States Courthouse 6500 Cherrywood Lane Greenbelt, Maryland 20770 Re: Willie Massey v. Prince George's County, et al. Civil No. PJM-95-185 Dear Judge Messitte, You had requested that certain information be disclosed regarding cases "in which a claim for excessive force involving the use of a police dog was filed". Since we do not keep records by factual allegations (i.e., "use of police dog, etc."), I cannot certify that this list is complete. However, I have spoken with every attorney in the office who handles such cases and believe that these are all the cases (excluding, of course, Massey and Kopf which you obviously know about): 1. Timothy Brooks v. Prince George's County CAL 92-23570, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 2. Dorothy Carter v. Trent Tolson, et al. PJM-92-2794, U.S. District Court Case dismissed for discovery violation. Kopf not cited. 3. Norman Clements v. Prince George's County, et al. HAR-90-1878, U.S. District Court Defense verdict. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. County Administration Building Upper Marlboro, Maryland 20772 TDD-(301)-925-5167 *911 The Hon. Peter J. Messitte February 8, 1996 Page 2 4. Alphonzo Dawson v. Prince George's County AW-95-1247, U.S. District Court Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 5. Paul Glen Hamilton v. Daniel Russell, et al. PJM-95-1999, U.S. District Court Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 6. Lynn Harden v. Mary Shields, et al. PJM-92-1787, U.S. District Court Summary judgment granted. Kopf not cited. 7. Lewis Harris v. Prince George's County CAL 92-13404, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Summary judgment granted. Kopf not cited. 8. Michael Lawrence v. Prince George's County WMN-94-712, U.S. District Court Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 9. John McClaskey v. Prince George's County CAL 94-9568, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Defense verdict on appeal. Motion for summary judgment denied. Kopf not cited. 10. Andre Morgan v. Joseph Wing, et al. CAL 90-4851, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Plaintiff's verdict. Motion denied. Kopf not cited. 11. Raymond Terrell v. Prince George's County CAL 92-22583, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 12. Nadine Thigpen v. Mary Shields, et al. PJM-94-827, U.S. District Court Case pending. Summary judgment motion granted in part, denied in part. Kopf not cited. *912 The Hon. Peter J. Messitte February 8, 1996 Page 3 13. Timothy Traynor v. Daniel Russell, et al. CCB-94-766, U.S. District Court Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 14. Robert VanNort v. Cpl. T.A. Montelara, et al. JFM-95-2623. U.S. District Court Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 15. Esther Vathekan v. Prince George's County S-95-2783, U.S. District Court Case pending. Motion to dismiss denied. Kopf not cited. 16. Allen Waddy v. John Romine, et al. CAL 89-17336, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Case pending. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 17. Glen Keith West v. Robert Raimond, et al. MJG-88-3455, U.S. District Court Defense verdict. No motion filed. Kopf not cited. 18. Salathiel Wright v. Town of Glen Arden, et al. B-92-2836, Circuit Court for Prince George's County Status unknown. (County wrongly sued for alleged acts of Town police so Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed as to County.) Kopf not cited. Of course, by "motion" I mean a Motion for Summary Judgment or Motion to Dismiss which address the merits of an excessive force claim. Other motions may have been filed. Sincerely yours, Sean D. Wallace Deputy County AttorneyNOTES
[1] "Respondents" comprehends Defendants as well as defense counsel.
[2] Respondents are unclear on this point, simply averring that in Kopf there was a dispute over whether the suspect refused to surrender. The implication of this "distinction" is that in the present case either Plaintiff refused to surrender and there is no dispute over the fact or Plaintiff did not refuse to surrender and there is no dispute over that fact. Clearly, however, Plaintiff in this case maintains that he was merely fighting off the dog, not resisting arrest. Thus, Respondents' "distinction" is puzzling. If there is a dispute over whether Plaintiff was refusing to surrender, then the fact is indistinguishable from Kopf. If, on the other hand, there is no dispute that Plaintiff was not refusing to surrender, then Respondents are virtually conceding that extensive dog bites were unnecessary. The Court will give Respondents the benefit of the less damaging proposition. But it remains factually incorrect inasmuch as Plaintiff does dispute that he refused to surrender. Accordingly in this particular Kopf is indistinguishable from the present case.
[3] See Charles W. Wolfram, Modern Legal Ethics, § 12.8 (1986):
The mandatory reach of [Rule 3.3(a)(3)] is effectively neutralized in many real-life settings because it merely parallels what prudence dictates independently. Effective advocacy of a client's legal position will most often involve full revelation of adverse authorities, together with arguments distinguishing or criticizing them. Candor here both takes the wind from an opponent's sails and instills judicial trust in the quality and completeness of presentation.
[4] The Natural Language search method on Westlaw allows one to enter a string of concepts that describes one's research issue. Westlaw then retrieves the documents that have the highest likelihood of matching the concepts in the description. Westlaw ranks the documents in descending order as to how often the search terms occur in close proximity to one another. As of March 1, 1996, a search in the Fourth Circuit database with the concepts "EXCESSIVE FORCE POLICE DOG BITE" reveals that the two most frequently referenced cases are (1) Kopf v. Skyrm, 993 F.2d 374 (4th Cir.1993), which is the appeal after remand of Kopf v. Wing, 942 F.2d 265 (4th Cir.1991), and (2) Kopf v. Wing itself.