Fadi AL MAQALEH, et al., Petitioners,
v.
Robert GATES, et al., Respondents.
Amin Al Bakri, et al., Petitioners,
v.
Barack H. Obama, et al., Respondents.
Redha Al-Najar, et al., Petitioners,
v.
Robert Gates, et al., Respondents.
Civil Action Nos. 06-1669, 08-1307, 08-2143.
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
June 1, 2009.*53 Tina Monshipour Foster, International Justice Network, Bayside, NY, Barbara J. Olshansky, Kathleen A. Kelly, Stanford University Law School, International Human Rights Clinic Mills Legal Clinic, Stanford, CA, for Petitioners.
Jean Lin, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondents.
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
JOHN D. BATES, District Judge.
Before the Court are respondents' motions for certification for interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) and for a stay of proceedings pending appeal. These motions are fully briefed and the Court heard oral argument on May 21, 2009. For the reasons explained below, both of respondents' motions will be granted.
I. Background
The three petitioners in these cases are detained by the United States at Bagram Air Field in Afghanistan and have been in U.S. custody for more than six years. Each petitioner seeks to challenge the legality of his detention through a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Respondents filed motions to dismiss each habeas petition on jurisdictional grounds. They pointed out that § 7(a) of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, Pub.L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600 ("MCA"), strips federal district courts of jurisdiction to entertain a habeas petition filed by "an alien detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant." MCA § 7(a) is constitutional, respondents contended, because petitioners such as these have no right to invoke the Suspension Clause of the Constitution, Art. I § 9 cl. 2, which permits the suspension of habeas corpus rights in certain circumstances. Respondents concluded that absent a statutory basis for habeas jurisdiction, this *54 Court was required to dismiss these habeas petitions.
On April 2, 2009, this Court denied respondents' motions to dismiss the habeas petitions filed by these detainees.[1] In doing so, the Court interpreted and applied the multi-factor test set forth by the Supreme Court in Boumediene v. Bush, ___ U.S. ___ 128 S.Ct. 2229, 171 L.Ed.2d 41 (2008). This Court held that "Bagram detainees who are not Afghan citizens, who were not captured in Afghanistan, and who have been held for an unreasonable amount of timehere, over six years without adequate process may invoke the protections of the Suspension Clause." Al Maqaleh v. Gates, 604 F.Supp.2d 205, 235 (D.D.C.2009). Because MCA § 7(a) does not amount to a valid suspension of the writ of habeas corpus under the Suspension Clause, the Court held that MCA § 7(a) constitutes an unconstitutional suspension of habeas rights as applied to these petitioners. Id.
The April 2 Memorandum Opinion represents the only interpretation and application to date of the multi-factor test established in Boumediene. All habeas petitions by Bagram detainees have been filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, and those petitions were consolidated before the undersigned judge of this Court for determination of the jurisdictional issue. Thus, no other court (and no other judge of this Court) has had occasion to interpret or apply the Boumediene test to detainees at Bagram.
II. Motion for Certification for Appeal
Certification for interlocutory appeal is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), which permits a district court to certify an order for interlocutory appeal if the court states in writing that the order "involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation." Interlocutory appeals under § 1292(b) are only warranted in "exceptional circumstances." See Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 475, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978); see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Nat'l Energy Policy Dev. Group, 233 F.Supp.2d 16, 20 (D.D.C.2002) ("A party seeking certification pursuant to § 1292(b) must meet a high standard to overcome the `strong congressional policy against piecemeal reviews, and against obstructing or impeding an ongoing judicial proceeding by interlocutory appeals.'") (quoting United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 690, 94 S.Ct. 3090, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039 (1974)). Here, petitioners do not dispute that the jurisdictional issues at the heart of the Court's April 2 Memorandum Opinion involve "controlling question[s] of law." Instead, petitioners contend that the requirements of § 1292(b) are not satisfied because (1) these cases do not present "substantial ground[s] for difference of opinion" and (2) certification of appeal will not "materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation."
The first issue, then, is whether there are substantial grounds for difference of opinion. Respondents argue that several *55 aspects of the Court's Memorandum Opinion present grounds for difference of opinion. They assert, for example, that the Court misinterpreted Boumediene in conducting its analysis of U.S. control and jurisdiction at Bagram. See Resps.' Mot. at 6. Petitioners point out that respondents essentially repeat their previous litigation position regarding U.S. control and jurisdiction, and a party's own disagreement with a district court's conclusion does not constitute "substantial ground[s] for difference of opinion." See Pet'rs' Opp. at 6-8. Petitioners argue that a conflict is needed to satisfy this aspect of § 1292(b)either between judges on the same court or between circuits.
Of course, the kind of conflict petitioners maintain is necessary could not have arisen here. All habeas petitions by Bagram detainees pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia were consolidated before this judge for determination of the jurisdictional issue, and no Bagram detainee has filed a habeas petition in any other federal district court. To be sure, a restatement of a party's litigation position would not normally raise substantial grounds for difference of opinion under § 1292(b). But these cases present extraordinary circumstances. This Court's interpretation and application of Boumediene was not the mechanical, routine task petitioners apparently take it to have been. Although this Court believes that its conclusions are correct, given the novelty of the issues courts could reasonably differ in the application of the multi-factor Boumediene test to the Bagram Theater Internment Facility. Hence, the Court finds that the first requirement of § 1292(b)that the case "involves ... controlling question[s] of law as to which there [are] substantial ground[s] for difference of opinion"is satisfied.
The second issue is whether "an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation." See § 1292(b). If this Court is reversed on appeal, then these cases will be terminated (unless further appeal is sought). Petitioners argue that if this Court is not reversed, then the ultimate termination of the litigation will be protracted, not advanced, by the appeal. See Pet'rs' Opp. at 8-12. Ultimate termination of this litigation will be hastened, petitioners contend, if these cases proceed to determinations on their merits now. Should respondents seek to challenge this Court's interpretation and application of Boumediene, they may do so at the conclusion of a merits determination.
When there are substantial grounds for difference of opinion as to a court's subject matter jurisdiction, courts regularly hold that immediate appeal may "materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation." See, e.g., APCC Servs., Inc. v. AT & T Corp., 297 F.Supp.2d 101, 109 (D.D.C.2003) ("[A]lthough plaintiffs argue correctly that they will be prejudiced by further delays, in the event that it is ultimately found that this Court lacks jurisdiction to litigate these cases, it would be far better for all concerned, including plaintiffs, to have these matters resolved now, as opposed to sometime in the distant future."); Lemery v. Ford Motor Co., 244 F.Supp.2d 720, 728 (S.D.Tex.2002) ("It would pain the Court to see both attorneys ... [and parties] proceed to judgment after considerable expense and delay, only to discover that the judgment must be overturned on appeal because the federal judiciary lacks subject matter jurisdiction."). Moreover, interlocutory appeal is warranted where the jurisdictional determination will impact numerous cases. See Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro, 921 F.2d 21, 24 (2d Cir.1990). Here, the Court has already determined that federal district courts have *56 jurisdiction to hear these three pending cases, and additional cases might be filed by other Bagram detainees in U.S. custody as well. Hence, the Court agrees with cases like APCC Services, which conclude that an appeal as to a court's subject matter jurisdiction may "materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation."
In sum, the requirements of § 1292(b) are satisfied here. These cases present the kind of extraordinary jurisdictional issue suitable for certification for interlocutory appeal. Accordingly, respondents' motion for certification for interlocutory appeal will be granted.
III. Motion for Stay Pending Appeal
To prevail on a motion for a stay pending appeal, a party must show: (1) a likelihood of prevailing on the merits of its appeal; (2) that it will suffer irreparable injury absent the stay; (3) that the non-moving party will not be harmed by the issuance of a stay; and (4) that the public interest will be served by a stay. United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 314 F.3d 612, 617 (D.C.Cir.2003) (citing Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841, 843 (D.C.Cir.1977)). "These factors interrelate on a sliding scale and must be balanced against each other." Serono Laboratories, Inc. v. Shalala, 158 F.3d 1313, 1318 (D.C.Cir.1998). "The test is a flexible one [and] [i]njunctive relief may be granted with either a high likelihood of success and some injury, or vice versa." Cuomo v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 772 F.2d 972, 974 (D.C.Cir.1985). "If the arguments for one factor are particularly strong, an injunction may issue even if the arguments in other areas are rather weak." CityFed Fin. Corp. v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 58 F.3d 738, 746 (D.C.Cir.1995). Still, a stay pending appeallike other injunctive reliefis "an extraordinary remedy." Cuomo, 772 F.2d at 978.
As to the first factor, the moving party need not establish "an absolute certainty of success"; rather, "[i]t will ordinarily be enough that the [movant] has raised serious legal questions going to the merits, so serious, substantial, difficult as to make them a fair ground of litigation...." Population Inst. v. McPherson, 797 F.2d 1062, 1078 (D.C.Cir.1986) (quoting Holiday Tours, 559 F.2d at 844). The Court has already determined that these cases present issues as to which there is "a substantial ground for difference of opinion" for purposes of certification for interlocutory appeal. The issues presented are novel and weightyfundamental constitutional questions are presented. It follows, then, that these cases present "serious legal questions ... [that are] so serious, substantial, [and] difficult as to make them a fair ground for litigation." See id. Hence, the first factor squarely favors respondents.
The second factor, irreparable injury to respondents, presents a closer question. Respondents argue that proceeding with these cases during the pendency of an appeal would impose irreparable harm on them (i.e., on the United States) because the discovery process, including the compilation of factual returns, would likely divert the military from its mission in Afghanistan and potentially put U.S. personnel in harm's way. See Resps.' Mot. at 8-12. Petitioners counter that this Court has already determined that the practical obstacles of litigating these habeas cases are not so great as to defeat jurisdiction under Boumediene, and hence they should not be so great as to warrant a stay pending appeal. See Pet'rs' Opp. at 17-20.
Although petitioners' argument has some superficial appeal, an analysis of harm to the moving party for consideration of a stay is very different from analysis *57 of Boumediene's "practical obstacles" factor. Whether practical obstacles are so great as to defeat a petitioner's claim to a constitutional right is a qualitatively different question than whether discovery-related harms are sufficiently great and irreparable as to justify a stay pending appeal. Moreover, reaching the conclusion that practical obstacles of providing habeas review are not so great as to defeat jurisdiction as a constitutional matter was not the facile task petitioners take it to have been. Indeed, the Court repeatedly noted Boumediene's observation that practical obstacles are enhanced when a detention facility is located in an active theater of war and concluded that practical obstacles were sufficient to defeat the extension of the Suspension Clause to Wazir, an Afghan citizen. See Al Maqaleh, 604 F.Supp.2d at 230-31.
The discovery-related harms respondents anticipate are "both certain and great." See Wisconsin Gas v. FERC, 758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C.Cir.1985). In producing discovery from Bagram, an active military zone, and modifying facilities at Bagram to allow for litigation of habeas cases, respondents will be required to divert at least some of the military's resources from their core missions in Afghanistan. Hence, even if the practical obstacles are not so great as to defeat jurisdiction, the harm is still sufficient to weigh in favor of a stay, and thus the second factor favors respondents.
The third factor assesses the harm to the non-moving party, and offsets the second factor here. Respondents argue that any harm to petitioners is minimized because respondents intend to seek expedited appellate review and because the President, pursuant to Executive Order 13,493, 74 Fed.Reg. 4901 (Jan. 22, 2009), has created a task force that is conducting a comprehensive review of detention policies. See Resps.' Mot. at 13. Although the Court does not doubt respondents' representation that they intend to seek expedited appellate review, it is worth noting that the decision to grant expedited review lies with the court of appeals, not respondents. Moreover, petitioners correctly point out that before issuing its April 2 Memorandum Opinion, this Court expressly gave the President an opportunity to refine his position in February 2009. Respondents declined that opportunity then, and hence their argument now that future policy changes proposed by the President should inform this Court's resolution of their motion for a stay pending appeal falls flat. The harm to petitioners should a stay be grantedcontinued detention is clear and substantial whatever the justification for detention. The third factor, then, weighs in favor of petitioners.
Both parties have strong arguments as to the fourth factorthe public interest. Respondents point out that the public has an interest in the President being able to wage war without court-imposed burdens. See Resps.' Mot. at 12-13. Petitioners, on the other hand, maintain that there is a weighty public interest in ensuring that constitutional rights are vindicated and that the President does not usurp the powers of coordinate branches. Pet'rs' Opp. at 20. As in many cases implicating constitutional considerations, both arguments have merit. See, e.g., Jewish War Veterans of the United States v. Gates, 522 F.Supp.2d 73, 82-83 (D.D.C.2007). Indeed, their positions simply reflect their opposing views on those important issues. Hence, this factor does not favor either party.
On balance, the Court concludes that a stay pending appeal is warranted here. To be sure, a stay pending appeal is "an extraordinary remedy." See Cuomo, 772 F.2d at 978. But these are extraordinary cases of significant national *58 and international interest. This Court's interpretation of Boumediene was not the mechanical application of an established test. Rather, reasonable courts could differ as to how certain factors should be interpreted and what weight each factor is due. The constitutional issues presented are consequential and fundamental: at stake are separation of powers considerations, the President's authority to wage war abroad free from judicial scrutiny, and the constitutional rights of certain aliens detained abroad indefinitely by the United States. As noted above, then, the first factor squarely factors respondents.
The remaining factorsthe balance of interestsare in equipoise. Although petitioners have a persuasive argument that the public interest favors denial of a stay pending appeal, respondents have an equally persuasive argument that the public interest demands a stay. Similarly, although petitioners argue convincingly that they will suffer the quintessential substantial, irreparable harmcontinued incarcerationshould these cases be stayed, respondents have an equally convincing argument that the United States will suffer irreparable harms to vital national interests should these cases proceed during the pendency of appeal. Because the second, third, and fourth factors effectively cancel each other out, the Court is left with the first factor, which, as discussed above, squarely favors respondents. When "the arguments for one factor are particularly strong, an injunction may issue even if the arguments in other areas are rather weak." CityFed Fin. Corp., 58 F.3d at 746. Here, the balance of interests does not provide a clear answer on the stay issue, but there is no legitimate dispute that the jurisdictional issue is an extremely serious one on which courts reasonably could differ. Accordingly, respondents' motion for a stay pending appeal will be granted.
IV. Conclusion
It is hereby ORDERED that respondents' motion for certification for interlocutory appeal of Al Maqaleh v. Gates, 604 F.Supp.2d 205 (D.D.C.2009), is GRANTED and the order is certified for immediate appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).
It is further ORDERED that respondents' motion for a stay pending appeal is GRANTED.
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] The Court did not deny respondents' motion to dismiss the habeas petition filed by Haji Wazir, an Afghan citizen. The Court held that Wazir is not entitled to invoke the protections of the Suspension Clause, and rejected several of his other arguments as to the unconstitutionality of MCA § 7(a). The Court determined, however, that it required further briefing to resolve a final issue raised by Wazir: whether MCA § 7(a) is unconstitutional under United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 128, 20 L.Ed. 519 (1871), and its progeny.