RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 10a0140p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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SUSAN M. FOX,
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Plaintiff-Appellant,
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No. 09-1688
v.
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TRAVERSE CITY AREA PUBLIC SCHOOLS
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BOARD OF EDUCATION, TRAVERSE CITY
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AREA PUBLIC SCHOOLS, CHRISTINE M.
DAVIS, and ROBERT T. PETERS, -
Defendants-Appellees. -
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
No. 07-00956—Robert J. Jonker, District Judge.
Argued: March 9, 2010
Decided and Filed: May 17, 2010
Before: DAUGHTREY, GILMAN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Carl J. Marlinga, MARLINGA LAW GROUP, PLLC, Clinton Township,
Michigan, for Appellant. William Vogelzang, Jr., KLUCZYNSKI, GIRTZ &
VOGELZANG, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Carl J. Marlinga,
MARLINGA LAW GROUP, PLLC, Clinton Township, Michigan, for Appellant. William
Vogelzang, Jr., Mark T. Ostrowski, KLUCZYNSKI, GIRTZ & VOGELZANG, Grand
Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee.
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OPINION
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MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Susan M. Fox, a former
special-education teacher employed by the defendant school system, appeals the district
court’s order granting summary judgment to the defendants in this First Amendment
1
No. 09-1688 Fox v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Page 2
Bd. of Educ., et al.
retaliation action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court held that the case is
controlled by the Supreme Court’s decision in Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006),
and determined that, under Garcetti, the plaintiff’s complaints to her supervisors about the
size of her teaching caseload were not protected by the First Amendment. Specifically, the
court held that the speech in question, if made by Fox at all, was made not in her role as a
“public citizen” but as an employee, that it was made to her immediate supervisors, and that
it did not address a matter of “public concern” but, rather, only the conditions of her
employment. We agree, and we therefore affirm the decision of the district court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Fox was hired to teach at Blair Elementary School under a probationary contract for
the school years 2005-2005 and 2006-2007. In February 2007, she was notified that her
contract would not be renewed for the following year, based on documentation of numerous
performance deficiencies dating back to early 2006. Those deficiencies included the failure
to complete the required student Medicaid and IEP reports in an appropriate and timely
manner, the unauthorized delegation of responsibilities to teaching assistants, and the failure
to provide the minimum required instructional time to students. Fox’s performance
evaluations also indicated that the school had received complaints from parents that she was
making inappropriate recommendations regarding medications for her students. She had
been informed of these problems in periodic meetings with school officials during her
probationary employment.
Fox disputed claims that her performance was deficient and maintained that she was
terminated for voicing concerns to her supervisors, Blair Elementary School Principal Robert
Peters and Special Education Director Kim Urbanski, that the size of her teaching caseload
exceeded that allowable by law. It is undisputed that during the 2005-2005 school year, Fox
carried a caseload of no more than the legal limit of 21 students. In the fall of 2006,
however, Blair Elementary launched a targeted reading program designed to improve the
reading skills of both general and special education students. Fox volunteered to participate
in the reading program but was relieved of that responsibility after only four weeks because,
according to Principal Peters, she was falling behind in her other responsibilities.
No. 09-1688 Fox v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Page 3
Bd. of Educ., et al.
Fox maintained that her participation in the reading program had made her
responsible for a total of 34 students in various classes, which by her calculation put her over
the legal number of students to supervise. She further alleged that when she reported this
non-compliance to Peters and Urbanski in September 2006, she encountered hostility that
ultimately resulted in the notice of non-renewal she received in February 2007, almost five
months later. Peters, on the other hand, denied that Fox had ever complained that her
caseload violated the law at any time prior to the date he informed her that her contract
would not be renewed. Fox conceded that she had never filed a formal grievance with her
union. Moreover, nothing in the record indicates that she voiced concerns that her caseload
was “illegal” outside the ordinary chain of command at her school.
Fox ultimately filed suit in federal court, alleging a violation of her right to free
speech under the First Amendment and also seeking recovery under several state-law
theories. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants on the civil rights
claim and dismissed the pendent state-law claims. The court held that Fox’s statements to
her supervisors were not entitled to First Amendment protection and, therefore, that even if
she had been fired for making them, there was no violation of a clearly established right, as
required by section 1983. Fox now appeals the district court’s summary judgment order,
arguing that there exists a genuine issue of material fact as to whether, in voicing her
complaint about her caseload, she was speaking as a public citizen entitled to First
Amendment protection.
DISCUSSION
To prevail in the district court on her claim of retaliatory discharge in violation of
the First and Fourteenth Amendments, Fox would have had to show (1) that her statements
were protected under the First Amendment; (2) that she suffered an adverse employment
action; and (3) that “the adverse action was motivated at least in part as a response to the
exercise of [her] constitutional rights.” Nair v. Oakland County Cmty. Mental Health Auth.,
443 F.3d 469, 477-478 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Vaughn v. Lawrenceburg Power Sys., 269
F.3d 703, 715 (6th Cir. 2001)). The district court determined that Fox failed to establish that
her speech was protected and, therefore, that the defendants were entitled to judgment in
their favor as a matter of law.
No. 09-1688 Fox v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Page 4
Bd. of Educ., et al.
The parties agreed below that Fox’s retaliation claim is controlled by the Supreme
Court’s opinion in Garcetti, as did the district court. Indeed, the district judge concluded,
“It’s hard for me to see, frankly, a clear[er] case of Garcetti applying in the context of a
public employee’s speech.” We agree.
In Garcetti, the Supreme Court recognized that citizens who enter government
service “must accept certain limitations on [their] freedoms,” including limitations on the
scope of their First Amendment rights. 547 U.S. at 418. Observing that public employees
“do not surrender all their First Amendment rights by reason of their employment,” the Court
held that the interest of a public employee “in commenting on matters of public concern”
must be balanced against the interest of governmental employers “in promoting the
efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees.” Id. at 417 (emphasis
added).
For a public employee’s statements to receive First Amendment protection, the
public employee must speak “as a citizen” and “address[] matters of public concern.”
Weisbarth v. Geauga Park Dist., 499 F.3d 538, 542 (6th Cir. 2007). “[W]hen public
employees make statements pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking
as citizens for First Amendment purposes.” Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421. Under Garcetti, “even
employee speech addressing a matter of public concern is not protected if made pursuant to
the employee’s official duties.” Weisbarth, 499 F.3d at 545. Thus, in reviewing a public
employee’s statement under Garcetti, we must consider both its content and context –
including to whom the statement was made – to determine whether the plaintiff made the
statement pursuant to her individual duties. See id.; see also Haynes v. City of Circleville,
474 F.3d 357, 362 (6th Cir. 2007).
Speech by a public employee made pursuant to ad hoc or de facto duties not
appearing in any written job description is nevertheless not protected if it “owes its existence
to [the speaker’s] professional responsibilities.” Weisbarth, 499 F.3d at 544 (quoting
Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421). In Weisbarth, for example, we concluded that a park ranger’s
statements about morale and performance issues to an outside consultant hired by the ranger
department to assess these matters were made pursuant to her official duties, even though
participating in the interview was an ad hoc duty not described in the ranger’s official job
No. 09-1688 Fox v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Page 5
Bd. of Educ., et al.
description. Id. at 543-44. Likewise, in Haynes we concluded that a police officer’s memo
to his superior officer expressing discontent about the financial cutbacks and changes to the
canine-training program that he directed was not protected speech. See 474 F.3d at 365. The
memo suggested that the cuts would open the police department to allegations of
“negligence,” “deliberate indifference,” and “failure to train,” id. at 360, but the plaintiff
officer conceded that the new program complied with Ohio law. Id. at 365. In concluding
that the plaintiff made these statements as a public employee rather than a private citizen, we
cited the officer’s involvement with the canine training program and the fact that he made
the statements “solely to his superior.” Id. at 364. The memo, therefore, communicated
“nothing more than ‘the quintessential employee beef: management has acted
incompetently.’” Id. at 365 (quoting Barnes v. McDowell, 848 F.2d 725, 735 (6th Cir.
1998)).
Like the employee statements at issue in Weisbarth and Haynes, Fox’s statements
were made as a public employee rather than as a citizen and, therefore, do not merit First
Amendment protection. As in Haynes, Fox’s complaints were directed solely to her
supervisor, not to the general public. She argues that because she did not control the number
of students assigned to her class, her complaints about class size cannot have been made
pursuant to her official duties. But the canine-training program administrator in Haynes did
not control the level of funding allocated to his program, and yet we concluded that he made
these statements as an employee rather than a citizen. It is clear – without any intricate
parsing of Fox’s job description – that her complaint about class size “owes its existence to”
her responsibilities as a special education teacher. Weisbarth, 499 F.3d at 544.
Nor, despite her contention to the contrary, is Fox aided by our opinion in See v. City
of Elyria, 502 F.3d 484, 493 (6th Cir. 2007), in which we held that a city police officer’s
statements to the FBI alleging corruption within the city police department were
constitutionally protected as a matter of public concern. Because the plaintiff officer
reported his employer’s illegal acts to an outside law enforcement agency, rather than solely
to his supervisors, we held that those statements were obviously not made pursuant to the
plaintiff’s official duties. Id.
No. 09-1688 Fox v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Page 6
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Fox next urges us to look beyond our own circuit precedent to the decisions of our
sister circuits decided in the education context. However, our post-Garcetti decisions in
Weisbarth and Haynes are controlling and, as indicated above, fully support the district
court’s grant of summary judgment, even though neither case arises in the context of
education. Moreover, the out-of-circuit cases on which Fox relies, Posey v. Lake Pend
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Oreille School District, 546 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2008), and Cioffi v. Averill Park Central
School District, 444 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2006),2 are irrelevant to our analysis in this case,
because both Posey and Cioffi, the plaintiff employees, made statements outside the
ordinary chain of command and, therefore, their speech did not involve – as here –
statements made by a public employee only to her immediate supervisors. Of more
immediate pertinence to Fox’s claim is the Fifth Circuit’s observation that “[c]ases from
other circuits are consistent in holding that when a public employee raises complaints
or concerns up the chain of command at his workplace about his job duties, that speech
is undertaken in the course of performing his job.” Davis v. McKinney, 518 F.3d 304,
313 (5th Cir. 2008).
Finally, we reject the plaintiff’s contention that the district court erred in treating
the constitutional status of her speech as a matter of law, rather than a question of fact
for a jury. Prior to the issuance of its decision in Garcetti, the Supreme Court treated
“the inquiry into the protected status of speech [as] one of law, not fact.” Connick v.
Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 148 n.7 (1983). In Garcetti, however, the Court held that the
1
In Posey, the court found that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the
plaintiff, a security officer at a public high school, spoke as a public employee or a private citizen and
reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendants on plaintiff’s First Amendment
retaliation claim. 546 F.3d at 1129. The security officer wrote a letter to the school district chief
administrative officer, superintendent, and other district administrators describing drug and weapons
violations at the school and the principal’s unresponsiveness to safety problems. See id. at 1124. The
plaintiff “wrote the letter at home, with his own resources, on his own time, and of his own initiative,” and
following the letter he met with school district officials at his home outside school hours to discuss his
concerns. Id.
2
In Cioffi, the court, anticipating the Supreme Court’s forthcoming ruling in Garcetti, held that
the plaintiff teacher and athletic director spoke as a citizen rather than a public employee when he made
statements about a hazing incident at his school. 444 F.3d at 167 n.3. The school district uncovered
incidents of hazing and sexual assault among the members of the football team, acts for which several
students and teachers were arrested. See id. at 161. The plaintiff wrote a letter to the superintendent and
school board and held a public press conference criticizing the football coach’s supervision of the team
and the school district’s response to the incident. Id.
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question of whether a statement was spoken as a public employee or as a private citizen
for First Amendment purposes was “a practical one,” requiring a fact-specific inquiry
into the “duties an employee actually is expected to perform.” Garcetti, 547 U.S. at
424-25. Unfortunately, whether the Court intended to retreat from the rule in Connick
is not altogether clear from the language in Garcetti.
As the plaintiff correctly observes, the circuits are divided over “whether the
inquiry into the protected status of speech remains one purely of law as stated in
Connick, or if instead Garcetti has transformed it into a mixed question of fact and law.”
Posey, 546 F.3d at 1127. The Third, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits have concluded
that “whether the speech in question was spoken as a public employee or a private
citizen presents a mixed question of fact and law.” Id. at 1129; see also Reilly v. City
of Atlantic City, 523 F.3d 216, 227 (3d Cir. 2008); Davis v. Cook County, 534 F.3d 650,
653 (7th Cir. 2008). Other circuits have stated that this remains a “question [] of law for
the court to resolve.” Wilburn v. Robinson, 489 F.3d 1140, 1149 (D.C. Cir. 2007); see
also Charles v. Grief, 522 F.3d 508, 513 n.17 (5th Cir. 2008) (“even though analyzing
whether Garcetti applies involves the consideration of factual circumstances surrounding
the speech at issue, the question of whether [the plaintiff’s] speech is entitled to
protection is a legal conclusion properly decided at summary judgment”); Brammer-
Hoelter v. Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 492 F.3d 1192, 1202-03 (10th Cir. 2007) (district
court is to determine “whether the employee speaks ‘pursuant to (his) official duties’,”
“whether the subject of the speech is a matter of public concern,” and “whether the
employee’s interest in commenting on the issue outweighs the interest of the state as
employer”).
This circuit split is, however, ultimately irrelevant to the disposition of this case.
In our post-Garcetti opinions we have consistently described the question of whether,
in a First Amendment retaliation action, a public employee’s speech is protected as one
of law, not one of both fact and law. See Haynes, 474 F.3d at 362 (citing Taylor v.
Keith, 338 F.3d 639, 643 (6th Cir. 2003) (public employee “must show that, as a matter
of law, the speech at issue was protected”); See, 502 F.3d at 492 (citing Connick, 461
No. 09-1688 Fox v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Page 8
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U.S. at 148 n.10) (whether an employee’s speech is protected “is a question of law for
the court to decide”).
Moreover, in granting summary judgment in this case, the district court took as
true all of the plaintiff’s factual allegations. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith
Radio Corp., 475 U.S. at 587 (“Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a
rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for
trial.’”). The statements that Fox argues should receive protection under the First
Amendment were made to her immediate supervisors at the school, and she does not
dispute that the number of students assigned to her was directly related to the conditions
of her employment. Even if the question were purely a question of fact, therefore, the
district court properly granted summary judgment because the factual record presents
no genuine issue for trial.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out above, we conclude that the district court correctly
determined that, under Garcetti, when the plaintiff complained to her supervisor about
the number of students assigned to her supervision, she spoke as a public employee
rather than a private citizen. As a result, her statements were not entitled to protection
under the First Amendment, and her retaliation claim was properly dismissed upon entry
of summary judgment in favor of the defendants. The judgment of the district court is,
therefore, AFFIRMED.