Case: 09-10463 Document: 00511122728 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/26/2010
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
May 26, 2010
No. 09-10463 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
JUAN DEL CAMPO-RAMIREZ,
Defendant - Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:08-CR-261-1
Before JOLLY and GARZA, Circuit Judges, and MILLER, District Judge.*
PER CURIAM:**
In this appeal, Juan Del Campo-Ramirez challenges the 27-month
sentence he received after pleading guilty to illegal reentry in violation of 8
U.S.C. § 1326(a). Campo-Ramirez alleges that the district court improperly
calculated his guidelines range after erroneously adding two points to Campo-
*
District Judge of the Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
**
Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
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No. 09-10463
Ramirez’s criminal history on the basis that he committed the instant offense of
illegal reentry while under a criminal justice sentence of probation. U.S.S.G. §
4A1.2(d). By the district court’s calculation, Campo-Ramirez’s total offense level
was 14 and his criminal history category was IV, resulting in a guidelines range
of 27 to 33 months. Without the two points challenged by Campo-Ramirez, his
criminal history category would be III and the guidelines range 21 to 27 months.
Campo-Ramirez did not challenge these points in the district court and so our
review is for plain error. Because Campo-Ramirez has failed to show that the
error affected his substantial rights, his sentence is AFFIRMED.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On January 1, 2005, Campo-Ramirez unlawfully entered the United States
near Brownsville, Texas. In 2007 Campo-Ramirez was arrested by Dallas police
officers for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and retaliation. He was
eventually released into the custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
In 2008 Campo-Ramirez pleaded guilty to illegal reentry after removal from the
United States, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a).1
At sentencing, the district court adopted the presentence report
(PSR)—which contained factual findings and a proposed guideline
range—without change. The PSR detailed Campo-Ramirez’s criminal history.
1
This provision reads:
(a) In general
Subject to subsection (b) of this section, any alien who - (1) has been denied
admission, excluded, deported, or removed or has departed the United States
while an order of exclusion, deportation, or removal is outstanding, and
thereafter (2) enters, attempts to enter, or is at any time found in, the United
States, unless (A) prior to his reembarkation at a place outside the United
States or his application for admission from foreign contiguous territory, the
Attorney General has expressly consented to such alien’s reapplying for
admission; or (B) with respect to an alien previously denied admission and
removed, unless such alien shall establish that he was not required to obtain
such advance consent under this chapter or any prior Act, shall be fined under
title 18, or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both.
2
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His most recent prior offense was a vehicle burglary in 1993 for which Campo-
Ramirez was sentenced to a 10-year term of probation, case number F-9334940.2
According to the PSR, on June 28, 2000, this 10-year probation term was
revoked and Campo-Ramirez was sentenced to two years imprisonment. On
December 16, 2000, a prior order of removal was reinstated and Campo-Ramirez
was removed to Mexico where he remained until his illegal reentry in 2005.
Despite having already explained that the term of probation associated
with Campo-Ramirez’s 1993 vehicle burglary was revoked in 2000, in calculating
his guideline range the PSR assessed Campo-Ramirez two criminal history
points under § 4A1.1(d) 3 because “[t]he defendant committed the instant offense
while under a criminal justice sentence of probation, Case No. F-9334940.” 4 The
specific reference by case number to the 1993 burglary makes the error
unmistakable. Nevertheless, both Campo-Ramirez’s counsel and the district
court failed to recognize the mistake. Accordingly, when deciding Campo-
Ramirez’s sentence, the district court adopted a guideline range of 27 to 33
months. The correct guideline range was 21 to 27 months.
At sentencing, Campo-Ramirez pointed to the circumstances of his prior
illegal entries and changes in Texas law on his prior offenses and asked the court
2
The PSR also recounted post-offense misconduct; namely, the 2007 retaliation charge
for which he was originally arrested.
3
§4A1.1. Criminal History Category
...
(d) Add 2 points if the defendant committed the instant offense while under any
criminal justice sentence, including probation, parole, supervised release,
imprisonment, work release, or escape status.
4
Because of these two criminal history points, Campo-Ramirez fell within Criminal
History Category IV. Without the two additional points, he would have been within Criminal
History Category III.
3
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to vary downward from the guideline range.5 The court declined to do so, briefly
explaining that “under the circumstances . . . the guideline calculation . . .
adequately reflects the seriousness of the offense as well as other statutory
sentencing factors . . . .” However, the court did note that “for the reasons
[counsel] argued for a variance, that a sentence at the low end of the range is
appropriate,” and sentenced Campo-Ramirez to 27 months followed by
deportation and two years of supervised release.
Campo-Ramirez appealed and for the first time challenges the addition of
two criminal history points under § 4A1.1(d).
II. DISCUSSION
Because the issue was not raised at sentencing, we review for plain error.
Plain error exists where (1) there was error, (2) that was plain, (3) the error
affects substantial rights, and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings. United States v. Redd,
562 F.3d 309, 314 (5th Cir. 2009).
(1) There was error and it was plain.
On appeal the government concedes that the district court erred, but
argues that the error was factual and so not remediable on plain error review.
Campo-Ramirez argues that the district court correctly identified his term of
probation as being terminated in 2000, but improperly applied § 4A1.1(d) after
making this factual finding. Errors in interpreting or applying the guidelines
are, of course, legal errors. See United States v. Cisneros-Gutierrez, 517 F.3d
751, 764 (5th Cir. 2008).
The government is correct when it asserts that “[q]uestions of fact capable
of resolution by the district court upon proper objection at sentencing can never
constitute plain error.” United States v. Vital, 68 F.3d 114, 119 (5th Cir. 1995)
5
Campo-Ramirez also made three challenges to the PSR, all of which were overruled
as foreclosed by Fifth Circuit precedent, and none of which are relevant to his appeal.
4
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(internal citations omitted). Here, however, there was no error in the district
court’s (PSR’s) recitation of the factual circumstances of Campo-Ramirez’s
offense. The error came later, when the district court (PSR) applied the
guidelines to those circumstances to compute Campo-Ramirez’s criminal history
score. An error of this kind is legal error, capable of resolution on plain error
review. See United States v. Arviso-Mata, 442 F.3d 382, 385 (5th Cir. 2006)
(applying plain error review to an error in calculating criminal history points
when the PSR’s facts were unchallenged); United States v. Lee, No. 09-40099,
2010 WL 742592, at *4 (5th Cir. 2010) (comparing a challenge to the PSR’s facts,
which is not subject to plain error review, with a challenge to the PSR’s criminal
history calculation, which is subject to plain error review). Campo-Ramirez has
thus met his burden under the first prong of our plain error review.
He has also met his burden under the second prong: the error in this case
was plain. Error is plain if it is “clear or obvious, rather than subject to
reasonable dispute.” United States v. Rodriguez-Parra, 581 F.3d 227, 231 (5th
Cir. 2009)(internal citations omitted). As Campo-Ramirez was not under
probation when he reentered the United States, it was obvious error to apply §
4A1.1(d). The government has argued that “even the most prudent person
tasked with traversing” the “muddled path” of Campo-Ramirez’s criminal history
“could miss the critical time frame” for relating his current offense with his prior
term of probation. However, we are aware of no authority for the principle that
mere factual complexity can make an otherwise “clear or obvious” legal rule
subject to “reasonable dispute” under the second prong of our plain error test,
and decline to recognize such a principle in this case.6
(2) The error did not affect Campo-Ramirez’s substantial rights.
6
The authority the government cites, Rodriguez-Parra, dealt with legal complexity, not
factual complexity. See 581 F.3d at 231 (explaining that error is not plain where error is
discovered only by a “careful parsing of all the relevant authorities”).
5
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Nevertheless, plain error is remediable only where the defendant shows
the error has affected his substantial rights. F ED. R. C RIM. P. 52. To meet this
standard, Campo-Ramirez must show “the probability of a different result is
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,” United States v. Dominguez
Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 (2004) (internal citations omitted); that is, he must show
there is a “reasonable probability that, but for the district court’s misapplication
of the Guidelines, he would have received a lesser sentence.” United States v.
Villegas, 404 F.3d 355, 364 (5th Cir. 2005). In order to make this showing,
evidence cannot be of ambiguous or uncertain effect; “the defendant must prove
that the error affected the sentencing outcome.” United States v.
Mondragon-Santiago, 564 F.3d 357, 365 (5th Cir. 2009).
Our court has often reversed, on plain error review, sentences tainted by
guideline calculation errors. See, e.g., United States v. Munoz-Ortenza, 563 F.3d
112, 116 (5th Cir. 2009); United States v. Gonzalez-Terrazas, 529 F.3d 293,
298-99 (5th Cir. 2008); United States v. Garza-Lopez, 410 F.3d 268, 275 (5th Cir.
2005); United States v. Villegas, 404 F.3d 355, 364–65 (5th Cir. 2005). These
cases recognize that, although non-binding, the guidelines play a significant role
in the district court’s determination of a proper sentence. Under certain
circumstances a district court might, if faced with a different guideline, choose
a different sentence.
However, in most of our prior cases the defendant’s sentence did not, as is
the case here, fall within both the correct and incorrect guideline ranges. When
that is the case, we have shown considerable reluctance in finding a reasonable
probability that the district court would have settled on a lower sentence. In our
first case to consider the effect of overlapping ranges on a defendant’s ability to
show a probability of a lesser sentence, United States v. Price, we vacated and
remanded. 516 F.3d 285, 290 (5th Cir. 2008). In Price the sentence fell near the
top of the correct range and we expressed concern that the difference between
6
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the bottoms of the two ranges was substantial—18 months. Id. at 289 n.28.
Price, however, seems to stand alone. In United States v. Jasso, 587 F.3d 706,
714 (5th Cir. 2009), and United States v. Jones, 596 F.3d 273, 277-79 (5th Cir.
2010), we faced similar errors and refused to reverse. In both cases we noted
that there was no evidence that the district court believed the bottom of “any
range to be appropriate.” Jasso, 587 F.3d at 714 n.11; Jones, 596 F.3d at 279.
These varying outcomes show that our review in cases of overlapping guidelines
has been highly fact sensitive.
In the closest case on point, United States v. Cruz-Meza, we again refused
to reverse. 310 F. App’x. 634, 637–38 (5th Cir. 2009). In Cruz-Meza, the district
court calculated a guideline range of 24 to 30 months. After rejecting the
defendant’s arguments for a downward variance, the court sentenced Cruz to 24
months. On appeal, Cruz demonstrated that the correct range was 18 to 24
months. However, the court declined to correct the error on plain error review.
By pointing to the narrow overlap (one month) the defendant had shown “a
possibility of a lesser sentence[, ] but . . . not the requisite probability.” Id. at
637 (emphasis in original). Cruz’s request for a variance had been denied and
he could point to nothing in the record “to bolster his assertion that the district
court would have imposed a lower sentence” in the light of the proper guideline
range. Id.
We are not bound by Cruz, but we find its logic persuasive. Campo-
Ramirez has pointed out that the ranges at issue only overlap by a single month
and that the district court decided to sentence him at the bottom of the
applicable guideline range. Thus, although it is possible that Campo-Ramirez
would receive a different sentence were we to vacate his sentence and remand
for resentencing, “this evidence alone [is] insufficient to show a reasonable
probability” of a lower sentence. Jones, 596 F.3d at 279. And there is nothing
else in the record to elevate Campo-Ramirez’s case from possible to probable. We
7
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note that the district court considered his arguments for a variance and declined
to depart downward.
III. CONCLUSION
In sum, the district court plainly erred by assessing Campo-Ramirez two
criminal history points under § 4A1.1(d) after finding, as a matter of fact, that
Campo-Ramirez’s probation terminated five years before the offense at issue.
However, Campo-Ramirez has failed to show that this error affected his
substantial rights. The district court’s sentence fell within both the correct and
incorrect guideline ranges. That the district court sentenced Campo-Ramirez at
the bottom of the incorrect range is not enough, on its own, to demonstrate a
reasonable probability of a lesser sentence if we were to remand for
consideration of the correct range. Accordingly, Campo-Ramirez’s sentence is
AFFIRMED.
8