Smith v. Allison

301 S.W.2d 608 (1956)

R. E. SMITH et al., Petitioners,
v.
H. P. ALLISON et al., Respondents.

No. A-5458.

Supreme Court of Texas.

December 12, 1956. Rehearing Denied April 24, 1957. Further Rehearing Denied May 29, 1957.

Snodgrass & Smith, Neill, Blanks, Lewis & Logan, San Angelo, for petitioners.

Bryan, Suhr & Bering, Houston, Sentell & Rosser, Park & Hemphill, Snyder, David Stephens, Ft. Worth, W. N. Finnegan, III, Houston, for respondents.

SMITH, Justice.

H. P. Allison and others filed this suit against R. E. Smith and others in trespass to try title to recover an undivided ¼th interest in the oil, gas, and other minerals under the northeast ¼ of Section 124, H. & T. C. R. R. Co. Survey, Block No. 25, in Scurry County, Texas.

All parties agree that the statement of the nature of the suit by the Court of Civil Appeals is correct. In the interest of brevity, we state only such facts as we deem necessary to a decision of the questions presented for our determination. The deed, dated March 27, 1941, executed by Bertha B. Clark and delivered to Nedra Neely, conveyed by specific description an undivided ½ interest in the oil, gas, and other minerals in and under the southeast ¼th and the northwest ¼th of Section 124, Block 25.

Following the specific description of the land under which the ½ interest in the minerals were being conveyed, the deed contains a paragraph reserving to Bertha B. Clark the right to execute all future oil and gas leases on the conveyed minerals, and then in the next paragraph appears the following general description:

"The parties however intend this deed to include and the same is hereby made to cover and include not only the above described land, but also any and all other land and interest in land owned or claimed by the Grantor in said survey or surveys in which the above described land is situated or in adjoining the above described land. Should the foregoing particular description for any reason prove incorrect or inadequate to cover the land intended to be conveyed as above specified grantor agrees to execute such instrument or instruments that may be necessary to correct such particular description."

The petitioners, R. E. Smith and others, who claim under subsequent conveyances from Clark, took the position in the trial court that if the description did not, as a matter of law, limit the conveyance to the southeast ¼th and the northwest ¼th, then the description was ambiguous, and that Bertha B. Clark intended to convey to Nedra Neely, and did convey to her, only an undivided ½ interest in the minerals in and under the southeast ¼ and the northwest ¼ of Section 124, and that she did not intend to convey to Nedra Neely any interest in the northeast ¼ of Section 124.

The petitioners, R. E. Smith and others, further alleged that Mrs. Neely paid Mrs. Clark an agreed consideration of $10 per mineral acre for a ½ interest in the minerals in the southeast and northwest quarters of Section 124, and that Mrs. Neely did not purchase and did not pay Mrs. Clark for any minerals in the northeast ¼ of Section 124.

At the time of this conveyance, Mrs. Clark was the owner of the northeast ¼ of Section 124, and Sections 123 and 145, adjoining Section 124, as well as the two one-quarter sections specifically described in the deed.

A jury found that Mrs. Clark did not intend to convey to Mrs. Neely an undivided ½ interest in the minerals in the northeast ¼ of Section 124, and judgment was rendered in the trial court for petitioners, R. E. Smith and others. The Court of Civil Appeals upheld the judgment of the trial court wherein it held that the deed was ambiguous and that the evidence supported the finding of the jury that it was not the intention of Mrs. Clark to convey any interest in the northeast ¼ to Mrs. Neely, but sustained the contention of respondents, Allison and others, that the trial court erroneously submitted the issue of intention to the jury, in that the issue only inquired as to the intention of Mrs. Clark and did not inquire as to the intention of Mrs. Neely, and that, therefore, the finding of the jury that Mrs. Clark did not intend to convey ½ of the minerals in the northeast ¼ of Section 124 was insufficient to constitute a basis for judgment of the trial court. For that reason, the judgment was reversed and the case remanded to the trial court for a new trial. 281 S.W.2d 136.

Both parties are petitioners in this court. Smith and others contend that the Clark deed was capable of more than one interpretation, and that evidence of the surrounding facts and circumstances may be looked to for its construction. They further contend that the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed, because in construing the deed it is the ultimate purpose to ascertain the intention of the grantor, and, further, because the granting clause in the deed from Bertha B. Clark to Nedra Neely limits, as a matter of law, the ½ interest in the minerals conveyed to the land particularly described in the deed, plus any strips of land adjoining and a part thereof, but not embraced within the particular description.

The petitioners-respondents Allison and others present twenty points all of which present and preserve their paramount point that the deed unambiguously conveyed the ¼th mineral interest in the northeast ¼ of Section 124.

We have concluded to sustain the contention of petitioners, Smith and others, and affirm the judgment of the trial court. That portion of the general description reading:

"The parties however intend this deed to include and the same is hereby made to cover and include not only the above described land, but also any and all other land * * * owned * * * by the Grantor in said survey (124) * * * in which the above described land (NW¼ and SE¼) is situated or in adjoining the above described land. * * *"

is ambiguous for two reasons:

(1) To adopt the contention of the petitioners-respondents, Allison and others, the deed, even though they now only claim an undivided ½ of the minerals in the northeast ¼ of Section 124, would convey the full fee simple title to Mrs. Neely.

(2) Even though the petitioners-respondents, Allison and others, assert they are not claiming any interest in Sections 123 and 145, the fact remains that the general description does not limit the conveyance to minerals in Section 124, but conveys the land. The granting clause, the habendum clause, and the warranty clause refer only to minerals.

A deed ambiguous by its terms cannot be rendered unambiguous by the mere assertion in the lawsuit that no claim is being made to the land that Mrs. Clark testified she did not intend to convey. Petitioners-respondents, Allison and others, contend that whether the deed might be construed to cover the whole interest is wholly immaterial in view of their non-claim to the fee, except ½ of the minerals in the northeast ¼. We hold that the ambiguity is found in a material portion of the deed, and that parol evidence was admissible to explain the intention of the grantor, Mrs. Clark, when she executed the deed. The facts show that Mrs. Clark did not intended to convey any interest in the northeast ¼ of Section 124.

The petitioners-respondents, Allison and others, rely upon the case of San Antonio Machine & Supply Co. v. Allen, Tex.Com. App., 284 S.W. 542, to support their contention that parol evidence is inadmissible to vary the unambiguous terms of a deed. In that case, which was a suit by Allen to recover commissions, the court, among other things, simply held that parol evidence was inadmissible to vary an unambiguous, independent provision for payment of commission on sales, in absence of controversy as to "territory" involved.

In our case, the deed under question contains material inconsistent provisions that render it uncertain as to the property conveyed. The deed grants ½ of the minerals in two specifically described sections, and although the granting clause, habendum clause, and warranty clause confine the conveyance to minerals, yet, the general description fails to limit the conveyance to minerals in the northeast ¼ and Sections 123 and 145. These recitations clearly indicate an inconsistency between the general description and the descriptive matter identifying the particular tracts described and mentioned in the deed.

The Allisons and others rely upon the case of Laucheimer & Son v. Saunders, 27 Tex. Civ. App. 484, 65 S.W. 500, 501. In that case the deed of trust and deed described contained a general clause to the effect that it was the intention of "Saunders" to convey all of his real estate in Coryell County, whether described or not, except his homestead. The court in that case refused to uphold the contention that special mention and description of particular tracts or parcels of land could be construed as a restriction and limitation upon the other intention, as indicated by the general description conveying all other lands not described. The court held that there was no repugnancy between the two matters of description, and reconciled the two descriptions "upon the theory in accord with the grantor's evident intention to convey the particular tracts mentioned, and also all other lands." In that case the "evident intention" of the grantor was determined from the unambiguous terms of the deed. In the present case we are unable to reconcile recitations of a conveyance of fee simple title to land by general description with a conveyance of only the minerals in the land particularly described.

The petitioners-respondents, Allison and others, contend that the general description is meaningless if we fail to hold that it conveys the northeast ¼, or, to put it another way, it is meaningless if we hold that the deed is ambiguous and that it was proper to permit Mrs. Clark to testify that she did not intend to convey any interest in the northeast ¼, and that she received only $1,600 in consideration for the ½ of the minerals in the two tracts particularly described. They take the further position that no competent extraneous evidence was introduced to show that it was Mrs. Clark's intention to convey nothing in the northeast ¼ and, that the deed is unambiguous, and, therefore, was sufficient to convey to Mrs. Neely the ½ interest in the minerals in the northeast ¼ now claimed by them.

In addition to the facts heretofore pointed out, the record shows that on March 27, 1941, the date of the Clark-Neely deed, Mrs. Clark owned the southeast ¼, the northwest ¼, and the northeast ¼ of Section 124, comprising 480 acres of land and she owned Section 123, comprising 640 acres of land and Section 145, comprising 640 acres of land; that the tracts of land were adjoining, as shown in the plat below:

The record further shows that Mrs. Clark did not prepare the deed, and Mrs. Clark testified (she was not a party to this suit) that she had never seen Mrs. Neely and did not know where she lived and did not know where she resided at the time of the trial; that she (Mrs. Clark) lived on Section 123 on the date of the deed, and farmed and grazed stock on all the land; that no one ever asked her to execute another instrument to add the northeast ¼ of Section 124 to the specific or particular description in the deed of March 27, 1941.

Mrs. Clark remained in possession of the land from the time she made the deed to Mrs. Neely until she conveyed the north half (N½) of Section 124 to Marvin Key on January 31, 1944.

The testimony was admissible and was competent to show that Mrs. Clark did not intend to convey the northeast ¼ of Section 124, being 160 acres in the form of a square, neither did she intend to convey the two sections of 640 acres each adjoining Section 124. The deed under consideration must necessarily be considered in its entirety in determining the question of whether or not it is ambiguous. We cannot discard or ignore any part of the description in arriving at a conclusion of the question.

The petitioners-respondents, Allison and others, further contend that even if the deed was ambiguous, the evidence failed to raise the ultimate fact issue that by the deed dated March 27, 1941, Mrs. Neely did not intend to acquire any interest in the minerals in the northeast ¼ of Section 124. In the same connection, they contend that the issue which was submitted did not properly submit the question of intent, in that it failed to inquire as to the intent of Mrs. Neely. With this we cannot agree.

This is not a suit for reformation of the deed. The rules of law applicable to the construction of a deed capable of more than one interpretation and the rule applicable to suits to reform instruments are different. As to the latter, it is necessary that all parties to the instrument intended to enter into a contract different from that which they executed, or that one party was induced to execute the contract by the fraud of the other. The cases relied upon by the Allisons, beginning with Sun Oil Co. v. Bennett, 125 Tex. 540, 84 S.W.2d 447, 450, were suits to reform.

In the Bennett case, the Bennetts alleged in their supplemental petition that if the tract of 2.59 acres was covered by the Sun lease, then it was incorporated as the result of a mutual mistake, etc. The court discusses the effect of the only issue submitted to the jury, and the answer thereto. The issue was:

"Do you find * * * that it was mutually intended and agreed between Malinda Schuyler and J. H. Liles that the lease which was executed by Malinda Schuyler and Horace Schuyler in favor of the Sun Oil Company should cover and affect the 2.59 acre tract in question?"

The jury answered "No".

The court held that the finding was not tantamount to a finding that the inclusion of the 2.59-acre tract was the result of a mutual mistake. The Court of Civil Appeals, 77 S.W.2d 1086, held that the jury's answer to the issue submitted was not a finding of mutual mistake and did not authorize reformation of the lease. The Commission of Appeals in approving this holding said [125 Tex. 540, 84 S.W.2d 450]:

"The jury merely found that both parties to the lease did not intend and agree that it should cover and affect the tract in controversy. This finding does not negative the existence of an intention on the part of one of the parties that the lease include the tract. If one of the parties intended that the lease cover and affect adjoining land owned by the lessor, there was no mutual mistake in the execution of the lease containing language which included such land. In the absence of fraud or inequitable conduct, a written instrument will not be reformed on account of mistake, unless the mistake is mutual; that is, a mistake common to both parties, both laboring under the same misconception in respect to the terms of the instrument."

As heretofore stated, this is not a suit for reformation of the deed based on mutual mistake, accident, or fraud. Smith and others alleged as a defense that the deed was ambiguous and that it was not the intention of Mrs. Clark to convey the square of 160 acres, or any other interest in the minerals in the northeast ¼ of Section 124. They assumed the burden of proof on this question, and the issue contained in the charge was so framed as to place the burden upon them to establish such contention. It is true that there is no evidence in the record as to the intention of Mrs. Neely, but the absence of such proof does not minimize the weight and effectiveness of the testimony given in support of the issue submitted.

The ultimate purpose in construing a deed is to ascertain the intention of the grantor, and when this intention is ascertained, that construction which carries the intention into effect, when such intention is lawful, governs and controls. See Arab Corporation v. Bruce, 5 Cir., 142 F.2d 604; Gibbs v. Barkley, Tex.Com.App., 242 S.W. 462, 464; Alexander v. Byrd, Tex.Civ. App., 114 S.W.2d 915, er. ref.; W. T. Carter & Bro. v. Davis, Tex.Civ.App., 88 S.W.2d 596, 597, er. dism.; Kennedy v. Shipp, Tex.Civ.App., 135 S.W.2d 204, er. dism., judgment correct.

Allison and others present another contention to the effect that ambiguity cannot turn on the number of additional acres owned by Mrs. Clark in the survey, and that the deed was unambiguous and that "All the land owned by a person in Survey X means all the land owned by such person in Survey X, whether it be 10 acres, 160 acres, or 640 acres."

Obviously, there was a purpose in inserting the general description in the deed. Allison and others rely upon the Bennett case to support their principal contention, but contend that the language in that opinion wherein the court stated: "Its [general description] apparent reasonable purpose is to prevent the leaving of small unleased pieces or strips of land, like the tract here in controversy, which may exist without the knowledge of one or both of the parties by reason of incorrect surveying, careless location of fences, or other mistakes." See Sun Oil Co. v. Bennett, supra [125 Tex. 540, 84 S.W.2d 452].

Under the record in the present case, the purpose as stated in the Bennett and other cases is the only reasonable purpose for inserting the general description in the deed. For other cases holding that similar general descriptions have been construed to cover small excess acreage tracts see: Sun Oil Co. v. Burns, 125 Tex. 549, 84 S.W.2d 442; Cantley v. Gulf Production Company, 135 Tex. 339, 143 S.W.2d 912, 915.

Honorable Wilmer D. Masterson, Professor of Law, Southern Methodist University, in the Fourth Annual Institute on Oil and Gas Law and Taxation, in commenting on the purpose of such a clause as we have here, said that the clause is frequently found in lease forms, but infrequently in mineral grants, and that its purpose was to pick up strips to which the grantor has acquired limitation title.

In the case of State v. Arnim, Tex. Civ.App., 173 S.W.2d 503, 508, er. ref. w. o. m., the court said:

"* * * There are, however, certain principles of public policy involved in land conveyancing. One is that which tends to discourage separate ownership of narrow strips of land. Such strips are of course subject to ownership and when an intention by a grantor to retain or except such a strip out of a conveyance is expressed or made clear, his intention will be respected by the courts, but where such intention is not discernible from the language employed in the conveyance, the presumption is that the grantor acted in accordance with the established public policy of the State and did not intend to retain ownership of a narrow strip of land that would be of no value or of very slight benefit to him. * *"

Since we have held that the deed is ambiguous, and that the true intent of the grantor was not to convey any interest in the northeast ¼ of Section 124, and that the issue upon intent was correctly submitted to the jury, and that the only reasonable reason for inserting the general description in the deed was for the purpose as stated above in quoting from the Bennett case, it follows that the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals in so far as it reverses and remands the case to the trial court should be reversed and the judgment of the trial court affirmed. In all other respects the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals should be affirmed.

The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed in part and affirmed in part, and that of the trial court is affirmed.

CALVERT and WALKER, JJ., concur in the result.

McCALL, Justice (concurring).

I concur in the result reached by the Court herein. Like my brethren I do not want to hold that the "Mother Hubbard" clause in this instrument conveyed the quarter section of land not specifically described therein. However, I am unable to see the ambiguity that they have found, and the more closely I look the more firmly I am convinced that it is not there. Rather than conjure up such an ephemeral ambiguity with disappearing qualities I would reach the same result by applying a rule of construction as follows:

When such a "Mother Hubbard" provision is used alone in an instrument, it conveys all the land owned by the grantor within the designated survey, county, city or other area. But when such a provision follows the description of a specific tract or tracts, it is ordinarily the purpose of such provision to bring within the conveyance small strips of land bordering the described tract or tracts which may not be included because of faulty description or may have been acquired by adverse possession. Under these circumstances the "Mother Hubbard" provision should be considered as supplemental to the specific description of the particular tract which is the primary subject of the conveyance, and such provision should not be regarded as an independent description of any tract wholly separate and distinct from the particularly described tract unless the parties have clearly indicated in the instrument that such was their intention.

In speaking of the maxim of construction known as ejusdem generis, Judge Sibley in Phillips v. Houston National Bank, Houston, Tex., 5 Cir., 108 F.2d 934, 936, stated: "It servers to prevent general words, loosely used in connection with specific terms, from extending the operation of the instrument into a field not really intended."

While the instant case does not fall within the application of the doctrine of ejusdem generis, the same principle and policy should be applied to the general terms of such "Mother Hubbard" provision when used with specific description so that such general terms will not extend the operation of the instrument as to lands not really intended to be conveyed.

On Motion for Rehearing

SMITH, Justice.

In our original opinion we said that, "the ultimate purpose in construing a deed is to ascertain the intention of the grantor, and when this intention is ascertained, that construction which carries the intention into effect, when such intention is lawful, governs and controls." This statement of law is entirely correct when applied to the facts in Gibbs v. Barkley, Tex.Com.App., 242 S.W. 462, opinion adopted, for there the Court was concerned with the construction of a deed of gift. In such a case only the intention of the grantor is material and that intention alone controls. Likewise the same was true in Kelly v. Womack, 153 Tex. 371, 268 S.W.2d 903.

But upon further consideration we have concluded that the correct rule to be followed in the construction of a deed passing from a seller to a buyer for a valuable consideration is rather that the intention of the parties is to be ascertained. This must be true because the deed purports to express a bilateral agreement. It is to evidence a meeting of the minds of both parties as to the property intended to be conveyed and paid for. Rio Bravo Oil Co. v. Weed, 121 Tex. 427, 50 S.W.2d 1080, 85 A.L.R. 391; Totton v. Smith, 131 Tex. 219, 113 S.W.2d 517; Bumpass v. Bond, 131 Tex. 266, 114 S.W.2d 1172; Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Ellison, 134 Tex. 140, 132 S.W.2d 395; Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Mullican, 144 Tex. 609, 192 S.W.2d 770; Superior Oil Co. v. Stanolind Oil & Gas Co., 150 Tex. 317, 240 S.W.2d 281.

While, therefore, the submission by the trial court of the issue inquiring as to the intent only of the grantor was error, in the light of all of the facts and circumstances, nevertheless we think the error was harmless.

In the first place there is no conflict in the testimony. All of the facts and circumstances are without dispute. There is no fact or circumstance tending to show that the intention of the grantee in this mineral deed was in any respect different to that of the grantor. The finding of the jury that Mrs. Clark did not intend to convey to Mrs. Neely an undivided one-half interest in the minerals in the northeast one-quarter of Section 124 would be tantamount to a finding that this was also the intention of the parties. Under the evidence the intention of the grantee must have been the same as that of the grantor.

In the second place, and probably more important and conclusive, we are of the opinion that under the facts and circumstances of this case and quite aside from the subjective testimony of the grantor, Mrs. Clark, that she did not intend to convey the mineral interest in the northeast quarter, the intention of the parties becomes a question of law for the reason there is no evidence that would support a jury finding that the parties did intend by this instrument that the northeast quarter or one-half of the minerals thereunder be sold and conveyed by Mrs. Clark to Mrs. Neely.

Mrs. Sullenger, formerly Mrs. Clark, testified, in effect, that the consideration for the sale was $1,600 at the rate of $5 per acre. Her testimony was as follows:

"Q. Mrs. Sullenger how much did you receive for the undivided one-half of the minerals? A. $10.00 per acre.

"Q. In this 320 acres? A. $10.00 per acre.

"Q. About $10.00 per mineral acre? A. That is right.

"Q. It would be $5.00 for the one-half interest per acre. Is that right? A. That is right.

"Q. And that makes a total of how much? A. $1600.00, is that right? $1600.00 was what you received, wasn't it? A. Yes."

She was paid $1,600 and the two quarter sections particularly described comprise 320 acres. At the time of this transaction Mrs. Clark owned not only the southeast, northwest, and northeast quarters of Section 124, but also owned Sections 123 and 145, all included in H. & T. C. Surveys. Although the petitioners here are claiming no interest in these two adjoining sections, nevertheless if, by the terms of the "Mother Hubbard" clause one-half of the minerals in the northeast quarter of Section 124 is conveyed, we can see no reason why the deed would not likewise convey at least one-half of the minerals under the two adjoining sections. As said by the Court of Civil Appeals [281 S.W.2d 142], "It is evident Mrs. Clark did not intend to convey all land owned by her adjoining the two quarter sections specifically described."

In Sun Oil Co. v. Bennett, 125 Tex. 540, 84 S.W.2d 447, 452, the Court was called upon to construe an almost identical clause and in holding that the deed thereby conveyed a 2.59 acre tract not included within the particular description, said:

"* * * Its [the general or Mother Hubbard clause] apparent reasonable purpose is to prevent the leaving of small unleased pieces or strips of land, like the tract here in controversy, which may exist without the knowledge of one or both of the parties by reason of incorrect surveying, careless location of fences, or other mistake."

We have found no other case in which this Court has applied any other rule or has construed such a clause to convey large bodies of land in addition to that specifically described and surely not so where the clause was held to convey considerably more land than that specifically described. See also Gulf Production Co. v. Spear, 125 Tex. 530, 84 S.W.2d 452; Sun Oil Co. v. Burns, 125 Tex. 549, 84 S.W.2d 442.

To give the ultimate effect contended for by the respondents would result in the conveyance of one-half the minerals under the 320 acres particularly described and additionally the conveyance by the general catch-all clause of one-half of the minerals under 1,400 acres. This result just does not comport with ordinary custom or practice, and we think the parties here could have had no such intention.

The general clause also recited that:

"Should the foregoing particular description for any reason prove incorrect or inadequate to cover the lands intended to be conveyed as above specified, grantor agrees to execute such instrument or instruments that may be necessary to correct such particular description."

The question naturally arises why the need for this provision, and how could resort thereto ever become proper or necessary if the general clause is to be relied upon as conveying all of the land owned by Mrs. Clark within the section 124 and the adjoining sections. How would the need for the correction of the particular description ever come about if the parties did not intend to contract only with respect to the lands particularly described and to such small strips or tracts that could properly be said to constitute a part of those tracts? No one ever asked Mrs. Clark to revise or correct this deed in any respect.

Another fact, showing the intention of the parties, is that contemporaneously with the deed in question Mrs. Clark executed oil and gas leases to the same grantee, Mrs. Neely, which covered the southeast and the northwest quarters of Section 124 and no more.

The deed provides "this conveyance is made subject to any valid and subsisting oil, gas or other mineral lease or leases on said land, including also any minerals lease, if any, heretofore made or being contemporaneously made from grantor to grantee". The meaning thus attributed in these leases to the term "said land" is that it embraces only the two quarter sections particularly described in the deed.

We conclude from a consideration of the entire deed that the intention of the parties was to convey only that land particularly described and any strips or small tracts that might have been contiguous or been said to constitute a part of the described tracts and that the clause did not serve to convey the northeast quarter or the minerals thereunder.

Our former opinion is modified to the extent as herein stated and in all other respects the motion for rehearing is overruled.

CALVERT and WALKER, JJ., dissenting.

NORVELL, J., not sitting.

CALVERT and WALKER, Justices (dissenting on motion for rehearing).

When judgment was entered by this Court in this case and the opinions by Associate Justices SMITH and McCALL were filed on December 12, 1956, we noted our concurrence in the result. The reason for that notation was that we did not agree with either opinion on the principal question discussed, to wit, the proper construction of the mineral deed executed by Bertha B. Clark.

We did not agree with the majority opinion because we do not believe the language of the deed gives rise to a patent ambiguity such as is found by the majority to exist. We did not agree with the concurring opinion filed by Justice McCall because the ultimate effect of so limiting the operative effect of a "Mother Hubbard" clause is, for all practical purposes, to render it meaningless. This will be so because a deed conveying land specifically described and containing no "Mother Hubbard" clause will, in the absence of a clear expression of a contrary intention, operate to convey small strips of land bordering the described tract or tracts. Strayhorn v. Jones, Tex., 300 S.W.2d 623; Cantley v. Gulf Production Co., 135 Tex. 339, 143 S.W.2d 912, 915; State v. Arnim, Tex.Civ.App., 173 S.W.2d 503, 508, writ ref. w. o. m.

Stated briefly, our theory of the proper construction of the Clark deed is this: Sun Oil Co. v. Burns and Sun Oil Co. v. Bennett, cited in the majority opinion, make clear that the normal and usual purpose of a "Mother Hubbard" clause in an instrument of conveyance is to make certain that the instrument conveys small strips of land bordering the described tract or tracts. When we undertake to apply the language of the Clark deed to the subject matter on which it operates we discover that if given its literal meaning it will accomplish a result wholly at odds with its normal and usual purpose in that in addition to the property specifically described and any small bordering strips it will operate to convey Sections 123 and 145 and the northeast ¼ of Section 124 of the H. & T. C. Ry. Co. Survey, Block 25. This situation may not give rise to the classic type of latent ambiguity noted in Harrison v. Manvel Oil Co., 142 Tex. 669, 180 S.W.2d 909, 912, but it fits precisely the rule approved in First National Bank of Amarillo v. Rush, Tex.Com.App., 210 S.W. 521, 525-526, where the court quoted from Klueter v. Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co., 143 Wis. 347, 128 N.W. 43, 32 L.R.A.,N.S., 383, as follows: "* * * The words of a contract, in themselves, may be plain, yet, when applied to the situation with which it deals, not plain, the literal sense leading to such unreasonableness as to suggested that the parties probably did not so intend. In so applying the contract, oral testimony is generally necessary and permissible to the end that the full scope of the situation dealt with may be observed. * * *" See also Smith v. Texas & N. O. R. Co., 101 Tex. 405, 108 S.W. 819, 820, where it is said: "* * * It is an elementary rule that parol evidence is not admissible to vary the terms of a written contract. But when we come to apply the description of property in a conveyance, an ambiguity or a doubt is disclosed as to whether the property is embraced within the description, a different rule obtains, and it is permissible to prove by oral testimony what property the parties meant to embrace. * * *" Based on the foregoing authorities we conclude that there is a latent ambiguity in the Clark deed authorizing the receipt of parol evidence to show the true intention of the parties.

The difference between our suggested approach to the problem and that suggested by Justice McCall is this: whereas under Justice McCall's approach a "Mother Hubbard" clause would never operate to convey more than small strips bordering the land specifically described "unless the parties have clearly indicated in the instrument that such was their intention", under our approach the court would apply the language of the deed or lease to the subject matter thereof and would thus ascertain what property, other than that specifically described, would be conveyed by the "Mother Hubbard" clause if it were given effect according to its literal terms. If it then appeared that the clause would operate to convey more than small strips bordering the lands specifically described extrinsic evidence would be admitted for the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties. The clause would then be held to convey all lands which the evidence established the parties intended it to convey.

On further consideration of the other questions discussed in the majority opinions, we have now concluded that we cannot concur in the result reached but must dissent therefrom. The only issue submitted to the jury inquired whether the grantor intended to convey an undivided one-half interest in the minerals under the northeast quarter of the section. An explanatory instruction submitted in connection with the issue advised the jury that the word "intent" means the purpose a person has in mind as gathered from the contents of the instrument considered in the light of the surrounding facts and circumstances. Respondents objected to the issue on the ground that a negative answer would not support a judgment for petitioners and that the issue should inquire as to the intention of the parties.

We agree with the majority opinion on rehearing that the ultimate purpose in construing a conveyance, other than a deed of gift, is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties. Since this "intention" must be gathered from the language of the instrument considered in the light of the circumstances under which it was executed, the difference between intention of the grantor and intention of the parties is perhaps of little consequence when the deed is construed by the Court. The difference becomes important, however, when the issue is to be determined by the jury as the trier of fact.

In the present case the grantor was permitted to testify over respondent's objection that she intended to convey by the deed in question one-half of the minerals under 320 acres of land, and that she did not intend to convey any interest in the minerals under the northeast quarter of the section. This is not an equitable proceeding, and subjective intent of either of the parties, as distinguished from their intention as expressed by the language of the instrument, should not be considered for any purpose. But the issue submitted to the jury, by which they were required to determine only the grantor's intention, was nothing less than an invitation to consider her subjective intent as disclosed by the testimony mentioned. If the issue had been properly submitted, the jury would have been in much better position to understand the full import of the explanatory instruction. We are in agreement then with the conclusion of the majority on rehearing that the submission of the issue was error.

The majority reason, however, that the error was harmless because the evidence shows as a matter of law that the parties intended to convey only one-half of the minerals under the land specifically described in the deed. With this conclusion we do not agree. If the undisputed evidence showed that the parties had agreed on a price of $10 per mineral acre and that the grantor received a total of $1,600, it would not be difficult to say that they intended the deed to convey only one-half of the minerals under 320 acres of land. The testimony of the grantor quoted in the majority opinion is not susceptible to this construction. The witness had just stated that she intended to convey one-half of the minerals under 320 acres of land. She then testified that she "received" $10 per acre for one-half of the minerals under the 320 acres, or a total of $1,600. This establishes only that the consideration for the conveyance was $1,600, and that to obtain that amount received per mineral acre the witness simply divided the total consideration by the number of mineral acres she intended to convey. The record is completely silent as to the negotiations and agreements leading up to the execution of the deed, and it is impossible to determine whether the parties ever discussed or agreed upon a price by the acre.

It is difficult to understand how the contemporaneous oil and gas leases throw any light on the question. The deed, which is not mentioned in either of the leases, does not purport to convey an interest in the minerals under the same land covered by the leases, but simply recites that it is subject to all valid leases, including any contemporaneously made from the grantor to the grantee. The majority seem to assume, without any basis either in law or in fact, that whenever a mineral deed is executed contemporaneously with one or more oil and gas leases, the parties always intend the instruments to cover the same land.

The majority also reason that to give the "Mother Hubbard" clause the effect contended for by respondents would result in the conveyance of one-half of the minerals under 1,400 acres in addition to the two quarter-sections particularly described in the instrument. By citing this as a circumstance which requires a construction of the deed in favor of petitioners, the majority now appear to be inclining toward some of the views expressed in the concurring opinion of Justice McCall.

As pointed out above, it is our opinion that an application of the language of the deed to the land owned by the grantor at the time of its execution leads to such an unreasonable result that parol evidence should be admitted to show the true intention of the parties. It should not be said, however, that this Court will not give effect to the plain provision of a contract or conveyance simply because it may appear to lead to an unreasonable result. Parties should be free to contract in what we may regard as an unusual manner and for an unreasonable result if they so desire. In Holloway's Unknown Heirs v. Whatley, 133 Tex. 608, 131 S.W.2d 89, 91, 123 A.L.R. 843, a deed purporting to convey three tracts particularly described therein and providing that "if there is any other land owned by me in Liberty County, Texas, or any land, the title to which stands in my name, it is hereby conveyed, the intention of this instrument being to convey all land owned by me in said County," was held to convey a mineral interest previously reserved by the grantor in three other tracts of land. The result of adopting the construction urged by respondents in the present case appears to us no more unreasonable than the holding of the cited case.

Entirely aside from these considerations, it is our opinion that the record in this case contains evidence which affirmatively raises an issue of fact for the jury. Barker v. Coastal Builders, Inc., 153 Tex. 540, 271 S.W.2d 798, was an action to reform a deed so as to except a small tract which the grantor claimed had been included through mutual mistake. The Court of Civil Appeals, 259 S.W.2d 591, held that the mistake was proved as a matter of law. This Court reversed the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals and affirmed that of the trial court. The following two reasons were given for our holding that the evidence raised an issue of fact for the jury: (1) all of the testimony regarding the agreement to reserve the tract in controversy came from an interested witness; (2) "The testimony as to the reservation is contradicted by each and every written instrument in the record affecting the transaction."

If the language of the instrument was regarded as significant in the Coastal Builders case, we are unable to see how the provisions of the deed can be entirely disregarded in the present case. Regardless of difference of opinion as to the effect of other evidence in the case, the fact remains that the deed contains language which, if given its usual and literal meaning, would convey an interest in the minerals under the northeast quarter of the section. The language of the instrument itself thus contradicts the majority holding. Unless the Coastal Builders case is distinguished or overruled, neither of which we are able to do, it is our opinion that the provisions of the deed should be held to raise an issue of fact for the jury.

We would affirm the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals remanding the cause for a new trial.