United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 09-2839
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
David A. Jandreau, *
*
Appellant. *
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Submitted: May 14, 2010
Filed: July 20, 2010
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Before BYE, MELLOY, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.
In 2009, David Jandreau was indicted for engaging in a sexual act with a minor.
Prior to trial, the government notified Jandreau that it would seek to admit DNA
paternity evidence to prove that Jandreau was the father of the minor victim’s child.
Jandreau’s motion to exclude this evidence was denied by the district court1. Jandreau
was subsequently convicted and sentenced to 33 months imprisonment. Jandreau
appeals the district court’s evidentiary ruling and we affirm.
1
The Honorable John B. Jones, United States District Judge for the District of
South Dakota.
I.
In early 2008, Jandreau, a Native American, was living with his ex-girlfriend
in Wagner, South Dakota, a small town on the Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation.
Jandreau’s aunt, Jane Zephier, also lived in Wagner with her minor daughter, V.Z.,
and her daughter’s 14-year-old friend, R.F. In February 2008, Jane made
arrangements for Jandreau to babysit V.Z. and R.F. at her home while she stayed
overnight at a hospital with her son. At the time, Jandreau was 25 years old.
Although Jandreau and R.F. presented conflicting accounts of the events that
transpired that evening, the record is clear that a sexual encounter occurred between
them. According to R.F., she and V.Z. spent the night drinking, eventually returning
to Jane’s house after midnight, after which R.F. went to sleep in Jane’s bed. She
awoke to Jandreau having sexual intercourse with her, although she testified that
Jandreau did not force her to have sex. Jandreau admitted to having sex with R.F. but
stated that she instigated the encounter. R.F. subsequently gave birth to a child on
November 9, 2008, and identified Jandreau as the father.
Following a report from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) that a 15-year-old
girl had recently given birth to a child, the BIA and FBI investigated Jandreau. In an
interview with BIA and FBI agents, Jandreau admitted to having sex with R.F.
Jandreau initially claimed that he believed R.F. to be 18 years old but later stated that
he knew she was under 16. In January 2009, Jandreau was indicted for engaging in
a sexual act with a minor between the ages of 12 and 16 in Indian country, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 2243(a), and 2246(2). Prior to trial, Jandreau filed a motion in
limine to exclude any DNA evidence that Jandreau was the father of the child born to
R.F., arguing that he had admitted to the sexual encounter with R.F. and that paternity
evidence would prejudice the jury against him. The government argued that it was
entitled to prove the elements of its case as it saw fit and that the paternity evidence
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was strong evidence the sexual encounter occurred. The district court denied
Jandreau’s motion and the case proceeded to trial.
At trial, Jandreau admitted to having sex with R.F. and testified that he did not
know how old she was at the time, but believed she was at least 16 years old, contrary
to his earlier statement that he knew she was under 16 years of age. R.F. testified that
she and Jandreau had sex in February 2008. In addition, the government presented
DNA paternity evidence that there was a 99.99999832% probability that Jandreau is
the father of R.F.’s child. The jury convicted Jandreau and the district court sentenced
him to 33 months imprisonment. This appeal followed.
II.
Jandreau appeals the district court’s evidentiary ruling allowing the government
to present DNA evidence proving that Jandreau was the father of the child born to
R.F. He argues that, because he admitted to having sex with R.F., the DNA evidence
was unrelated to any issue in the case and prejudiced the jury against him. See Fed.
R. Evid. 403 (allowing a court to exclude otherwise relevant evidence “if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice”). We review a
district court’s decision to admit DNA evidence for an abuse of discretion. See United
States v. Johnson, 56 F.3d 947, 952 (8th Cir. 1995). We review a district court’s
interpretation and application of the Federal Rules of Evidence de novo. See United
States v. Street, 531 F.3d 703, 708 (8th Cir.), cert. denied 129 S. Ct. 432 (2008).
Jandreau relies heavily on Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172 (1997). In
Old Chief, the Supreme Court affirmed “the accepted rule that the prosecution is
entitled to prove its case free from any defendant’s option to stipulate the evidence
away.” Id. at 189. However, the Court created a narrow exception to this rule in cases
where a defendant’s “prior conviction is for an offense likely to support conviction on
some improper ground.” Id. at 191. In such cases, the district court should allow a
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defendant to stipulate to the fact of the prior conviction and “abuses its discretion if
it spurns such an offer.” Id. at 174. The Court emphasized the narrowness of its
holding, noting that “a defendant’s Rule 403 objection offering to concede a point
generally cannot prevail over the Government’s choice to offer evidence showing guilt
and all the circumstances surrounding the offense.” Id. at 183.
We have previously noted that Old Chief is limited to cases involving prior
felony convictions and upheld the traditional rule that a defendant cannot stipulate
away the evidence against him. See, e.g., United States v. Becht, 267 F.3d 767, 774
(8th Cir. 2001) (“We believe the Old Chief Court made clear that, absent the unusual
circumstance of prior criminal status, the Government is free to offer its evidence as
it sees fit.”); United States v. Hill, 249 F.3d 707, 711-13 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that
Old Chief does not require a court to accept a defendant’s offer to stipulate to past
crimes under Rule 404(b)); United States v. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 239 F.3d 948, 952
(8th Cir. 2001) (holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing
to let defendant stipulate that his residence was within 1000 feet of a school for
purposes of his prosecution for methamphetamine possession under 21 U.S.C.
§ 860(a)); United States v. Barry, 133 F.3d 580, 582 (8th Cir. 1998) (“The law is clear
in this Circuit that as a general rule, the government is not bound by a defendant’s
offer to stipulate.” (quotation omitted)).
Given our precedent, Jandreau’s argument is unpersuasive. The Old Chief
exception to the general rule is a narrow one. Jandreau is unable to direct us to any
case that has expanded it beyond cases dealing with prior convictions, and we decline
to do so here.2 The government was entitled to prove up its case with relevant
2
Additionally, we note that Jandreau did not offer to stipulate to the fact of the
sexual encounter, but rather testified that the encounter happened. Trial testimony is
not subject to the same evidentiary weight as a stipulation, further removing this case
from the Old Chief exception. See Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 186
(1997) (“Old Chief’s proffered admission would, in fact, have been not merely
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evidence, which included the paternity evidence at issue, and the district court did not
abuse its discretion in admitting it.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
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relevant but seemingly conclusive evidence of the element.”); see also Christian Legal
Soc. Chapter of Univ. of Cal., Hastings College of Law v. Martinez, No. 08-1371, slip
op. at 11 (U.S. June 28, 2010) (“[F]actual stipulations are ‘formal concessions . . . that
have the effect of withdrawing a fact from issue and dispensing wholly with the need
for proof of the fact.’” (quoting 2 Kenneth S. Broun et al., McCormick on Evidence
§ 254, at 181 (6th ed. 2006)); 1 Christopher B. Mueller & Laird C. Kirkpatrick,
Federal Evidence § 4:17 (3d ed. 2007) (“While an instruction cannot properly require
a jury to find an element of a charged offense against a defendant in a criminal case,
a stipulation can pave the way for an instruction that excuses the prosecutor from
offering proof.”).
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