F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
SEP 15 1998
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
VICTOR WAYNE STEAVESON,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 97-6036
(D.C. No. 96-CV-958)
STEVE HARGETT, (W.D. Okla.)
Respondent-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA and McKAY, Circuit Judges, and BROWN, ** Senior District
Judge.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
Honorable Wesley E. Brown, Senior District Judge, United States District
Court for the District of Kansas, sitting by designation.
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
Petitioner Victor Wayne Steaveson requests a certificate of appealability to
appeal the district court’s decision denying his petition for a writ of habeas
corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 1 To be entitled to a certificate of appealability,
petitioner must make “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). We conclude that he has failed to make the
required showing and, therefore, deny the request and dismiss the appeal.
Petitioner pleaded guilty in April 1993 to two counts each of concealing
stolen property and making false declarations to a pawn broker, and was
sentenced to a total of fourteen years’ imprisonment. He did not directly appeal
his convictions or sentences, but filed an application for post-conviction relief in
the state trial court in May 1995, raising the following issues:
• his convictions on the two false declaration counts violated the
prohibition against double jeopardy;
• the trial court improperly considered at sentencing a prior conviction
that was not yet final;
1
We construe petitioner’s opening brief as a request for a certificate of
appealability, which must be granted before we may address the merits of his
appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).
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• the trial court relied on a presentence report that it did not make
available to petitioner; and
• the trial court improperly considered evidence of other crimes at
sentencing.
The trial court rejected petitioner’s claims on the merits and also rejected the first
claim on the basis that it should have been raised on direct appeal. Petitioner
appealed this decision to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. Although the
Court of Criminal Appeals acknowledged that the trial court had rejected some of
the claims on the merits, the court recognized that petitioner had failed to raise
any of his issues on direct appeal and had failed to provide sufficient reason for
not doing so. It therefore concluded that petitioner had defaulted his claims under
the Post-Conviction Procedure Act, 22 Okla. Stat. tit. 22, §§ 1080-89.
In his habeas petition filed in the district court, petitioner raised the same
issues he raised in his state court post-conviction proceedings. In reply to
respondent’s argument that he had procedurally defaulted his claims, petitioner
contended that the ineffectiveness of his counsel in failing to advise him to take a
direct appeal constituted cause to excuse his procedural default of his other
claims. Adopting the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, the district
court found that petitioner had not shown that his counsel was ineffective and that
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petitioner had procedurally defaulted his claims. It therefore denied his request
for an evidentiary hearing and dismissed his petition.
On appeal, petitioner reiterates his contention that the failure to raise his
claims 2 on direct appeal should be excused due to his counsel’s ineffectiveness.
Construing petitioner’s pleadings liberally because he is proceeding pro se, we
also consider his pleadings to raise the ineffective counsel claim as a separate
stand-alone claim. See, e.g., United States v. Glover, 97 F.3d 1345, 1350-51
(10th Cir. 1996). However we view his ineffective counsel claim, petitioner
must show that his counsel’s performance was so deficient that counsel was not
performing to the level guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, and that counsel’s
deficient performance prejudiced him. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984).
Petitioner contends that he should not have to show that he was prejudiced
because his counsel’s performance denied him the right to appeal, citing, inter
alia, Romero v. Tansy, 46 F.3d 1024 (10th Cir. 1995), and Baker v. Kaiser, 929
F.2d 1495 (10th Cir. 1991). We have held that counsel “should provide the
defendant with advice about whether there are meritorious grounds for appeal and
2
On appeal, petitioner has not argued that the trial court erred by relying on
a presentence report not made available to him, and we consider that claim
waived. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Mhoon, 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7 (10th
Cir. 1994).
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about the probabilities of success,” and “must perfect an appeal” if that is the
defendant’s wish. Id. at 1499. 3 Petitioner is correct that in reviewing claims that
counsel failed to perfect an appeal, “we do not consider the merits of arguments
that the defendant might have made on appeal; instead, prejudice is presumed.”
Romero, 46 F.3d at 1030 (citations and quotations omitted). It is clear here,
however, that counsel advised petitioner regarding the merits of an appeal and did
not fail to perfect a requested appeal. Petitioner admits that counsel “told
petitioner there was no merit to an appeal on a blind plea,” 4 and that he never
requested counsel to appeal. Appellant’s Br. at 5. The issue is thus the quality of
counsel’s advice, which requires determining whether there was any merit to the
3
We recognize that counsel’s duty to advise a defendant regarding appeal
rights following a guilty plea is limited. See Laycock v. New Mexico, 880 F.2d
1184, 1187-88 (10th Cir. 1989) (citing, inter alia, Marrow v. United States, 772
F.2d 525 (9th Cir. 1985)). However, petitioner raises a double jeopardy issue that
could result in setting aside his plea, for which Laycock would appear to require
advice. See id. at 1188. He also raises sentencing issues not implicating his plea,
since his “blind plea” did not cover sentencing, that “involve the kind of claim of
error upon which attack is not foreclosed after a guilty plea,” Marrow, 772 F.2d at
529, and which would also appear to fall within Laycock’s limited duty to advise
of appeal rights. See also id. at 528-29 (noting distinction between post-plea
duties of advice regarding convictions and those regarding sentencing); Glover,
97 F.3d at 1347-48 (explaining distinction between guilty plea’s waiver effect on
challenge to guilt-phase issues and subsequent sentencing issues). Because
petitioner’s claim fails under either the broader Baker standard or the narrower
Laycock standard, we will assume, without deciding, that the broader standard
applies.
4
“A ‘blind’ plea of guilty is a plea in which there is no binding agreement on
sentencing, and punishment is left to the judge’s discretion.” Medlock v. State,
887 P.2d 1333, 1337 n.2 (Okla. Crim. App. 1994).
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issues petitioner claims his counsel should have raised on direct appeal. See
United States v. Lopez, 100 F.3d 113, 119-21 (10th Cir. 1996).
We conclude that counsel did not overlook meritorious grounds for appeal
and that petitioner was not prejudiced by the failure to take a direct appeal. In
other words, none of petitioner’s claims has any merit. Citing Okla. Stat. tit. 21,
§ 51, he first contends that the state court judge improperly considered
convictions that were not yet final in sentencing him. This statute applies to
sentence enhancements for second and subsequent convictions, id., but petitioner
was not convicted or sentenced under this statute. He was sentenced within the
range provided for the four crimes to which he pleaded guilty without any
enhancement under § 51. Similarly, his claim that the court improperly
considered unadjudicated crimes in sentencing him fails. See Crowder v. State,
518 P.2d 890, 891-92 (Okla. Crim. App. 1974) (holding that court appropriately
considered pending charge identified in presentence report in sentencing
defendant); cf. Duckett v. State, 922 P.2d 631, 633 (Okla. Crim. App. 1996)
(noting permissible use of unadjudicated crimes during capital sentencing).
Finally, petitioner contends that his convictions for concealing stolen property
and making false declarations to pawnbrokers violated the double jeopardy clause
because the crimes had the same objective, which was to obtain money to buy
cocaine. The ultimate objectives of patently different crimes is irrelevant to a
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double jeopardy analysis, which focuses on whether each crime requires proof of
a fact that the other does not. See, e.g., United States v. Sarracino, 131 F.3d 943,
949-50 (10th Cir. 1997).
Petitioner has failed to show that his counsel was ineffective. We therefore
conclude that petitioner has procedurally defaulted his claims, that any claim for
ineffective assistance of counsel fails, and that he has failed to make a substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right. Petitioner’s request to proceed in
forma pauperis is GRANTED. His request for a certificate of appealability is
DENIED, and the appeal is DISMISSED.
Entered for the Court
Monroe G. McKay
Circuit Judge
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Steaveson v. Hargett
Combined Opinion