F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
OCT 24 1997
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
FREDDY DEAN HARAGAN;
WILLARD L. HOUSTON,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
No. 96-6237
v. (D.C. No. CIV-94-706-A)
(W.D. Okla.)
CITY OF WAURIKA, a political
subdivision of the State of Oklahoma;
JERRY WALLACE, individually
and in his representative capacity;
NOLAND COMBS, individually
and in his representative capacity;
WINFORD R. BICKERSTAFF,
individually and in his representative
capacity,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, LOGAN, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
Plaintiffs-appellants Freddy Dean Haragan and Willard L. Houston appeal
the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants on their
claims that they were discharged for engaging in speech protected by the First
Amendment, and their claims that the discharges violated public policy. On
appeal, plaintiff Haragan argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on his claims because the evidence was sufficient to show that his
speech to the news media involved a matter of public concern. Plaintiff Houston
argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on his claims
because the evidence was sufficient to show speech on a matter or public concern
and a causal connection between the speech and his termination. Defendants have
moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ appeals as untimely. We conclude we have
jurisdiction, and agree that the district court erred in granting summary judgment
in favor of defendants. We therefore reverse and remand the case for further
proceedings.
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I. Background
A. Plaintiff Freddy D. Haragan
Plaintiff Haragan was employed as Police Chief for the City of Waurika
from June 1991 until his termination on August 30, 1993. On June 17, 1993,
Nolan Combs was appointed as the new City Manager. During the following
two months, he and Chief Haragan had several disputes in which Haragan refused
to clean out his office, refused to take water samples without a license, and
refused to fire the animal control officer for fear of a lawsuit.
When the animal control officer died in late July or early August 1993,
Haragan accompanied the new officer to the city’s dog pound to show him the
facilities. He discovered blood all over the pound, approximately eighteen to
twenty dogs and newborn puppies that had been shot, and two men throwing the
animals into a hole they had dug with a backhoe. The two men did not work at
the pound, but were the City Manager’s son and a city employee. Believing that
a crime had been committed, Chief Haragan returned to his house and called the
Humane Society in Lawton, Oklahoma to report what he had seen. He next
called Channel 7 and informed the news station what had occurred at the pound.
Haragan then called Assistant District Attorney Karen Peck to inform her of the
situation, and went to speak with Mayor Darvon Bates. Thereafter, Chief
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Haragan and a Humane Society representative were interviewed by several news
stations about the incident.
Either that evening or the next day, Haragan went to City Manager Combs’
office and asked him about the destruction of the dogs. Combs was “very angry”
at Haragan for calling the news station and “flew off the handle.” Appellant’s
App. at 162, 164-66. Within days, the city council held a meeting about the dogs
which was covered by the news media. Several weeks after the incident, City
Manager Combs terminated Chief Haragan. When Haragan asked why he was
being terminated, Combs refused to reply, simply referring him to the letter of
termination. Defendants maintain that Haragan was terminated for his poor
performance and his failure to obey the City Manager’s orders.
Plaintiff Haragan brought claims against the City of Waurika and City
Manager Combs, alleging that he had been terminated in retaliation for his
protected speech about the dogs, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Oklahoma
public policy. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of
defendants on the ground that Haragan failed to specify the content of his
statements to the news media, holding the evidence insufficient to show the
speech involved a matter of public concern. The court denied Haragan’s motion
to reconsider, and this appeal followed.
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B. Plaintiff Willard L. Houston
Plaintiff Houston was employed by the City of Waurika as supervisor of the
Street Department from 1989 until his termination on June 1, 1993. At the
beginning of May 1993, defendant Jerry Wallace was elected to the city council.
Several days later, the City Manager was terminated, and council member Wallace
took over as Acting City Manager for approximately five days. According to
plaintiff Houston, on the day after council member Wallace took over as City
Manager, he directed Houston and other city employees to begin hauling trash
from the city transfer station, including batteries, roofing materials, tires, oil
sweepings, and metal scraps, to a swamp by the side of a road, and to dispose of
the trash in the swamp. Houston protested that the dumping was illegal, but did
as he was told. Defendant Winford Bickerstaff was then appointed Acting City
Manager, on or about May 10, 1993, and continued in that position until he was
replaced by Nolan Combs on June 17, 1993. After Bickerstaff took over, he
continued to require plaintiff Houston to move the trash from the transfer station
to the swamp, and instructed Houston to dump the trash in a new place as well.
Houston protested the dumping as illegal on several occasions, and warned
Bickerstaff that the City would get in trouble. Houston testified that on each
occasion Bickerstaff told him that it was none of his business, and that he should
keep his mouth shut.
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Approximately a week later, Civil Defense Director Harold Winton
approached plaintiff Houston and asked him about the dumping. Houston
told Winton what was being dumped and Winton contacted the State Health
Department. Several days later, a representative of the Health Department,
Jeff Lawler, arrived at the transfer station from which the trash was being hauled.
When Lawler inquired about the destination of the trash, Houston told Lawler that
he was placing Houston in a difficult position regarding his job, but that he
couldn’t stop Lawler from following him. See Appellant’s App. at 218. Lawler
followed Houston, watched him dump the trash in the swamp, and then contacted
City Manager Bickerstaff. According to Houston, Bickerstaff then told Houston
“to keep [his] mouth shut, not to be running [his] mouth if [he] wanted to keep
[his] job.” Id. at 225. The City was eventually required to remove all of the
dumped trash from the swamp.
In mid-May, at approximately the same time these events were occurring,
several city council members contacted City Manager Bickerstaff about payments
plaintiff Houston received for parts used in repairing city vehicles. Houston
occasionally repaired vehicles for the city at no charge, but submitted receipts for
the parts, for which the city council approved payment. Houston had previously
owned a starter and alternator repair business, and some of the parts for which he
received reimbursement came from his leftover inventory. Believing these
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payments violated the city charter, the council members told Bickerstaff that
Houston should be terminated. The evidence is conflicting as to whether council
member Wallace participated in this discussion. On May 26, 1993, the City
Attorney confirmed that the payments may have violated the city charter, and on
June 1, 1993, plaintiff Houston was terminated from his employment.
Plaintiff Houston brought claims against the City, former City Manager
Bickerstaff, and council member Wallace, alleging that he was terminated
because of his speech regarding the illegal dumping, in violation of 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, several environmental regulatory statutes, and the public policy of
Oklahoma. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants,
noting first its doubts whether Houston had engaged in protected speech, but
concluding that even if he had, Houston failed to show a nexus between his
speech and his termination. The district court denied Houston’s motion to
reconsider, and this appeal followed.
II. Discussion
We begin by examining our jurisdiction over this appeal. Defendants argue
that we lack jurisdiction because plaintiffs’ appeal was not filed within thirty days
after the summary judgments entered against them became final. In the district
court, four different plaintiffs brought claims against defendants, arising out of
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four separate employment terminations. On February 6, 1996, the district court
entered summary judgment in favor of defendants on the claims brought by
plaintiffs Haragan and Houston. On April 25, 1996, the district court entered an
order denying Haragan’s and Houston’s motions to reconsider. The other two
plaintiffs settled their claims, and on June 4, 1996, the district court entered an
order dismissing the claims of the last remaining plaintiff. Plaintiffs Haragan and
Houston filed their notice of appeal on July 5, 1996.
Our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 is limited to reviewing final
decisions of the district court, that is, decisions that fully resolve all claims for
relief. See Harolds Stores, Inc. v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d 1533, 1541
(10th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 297 (1996). When a lawsuit involves multiple
claims or parties, “a judgment which adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the
rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the action as
to any of the claims or parties,” unless the district court expressly determines
there is no just reason for delay and expressly directs entry of a final judgment.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Here, the district court made no such express
determination, and did not expressly direct entry of final judgments on Haragan’s
and Houston’s claims. The summary judgments did not become final, therefore,
until the district court disposed of the last plaintiff’s claims on June 4, 1996.
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Because plaintiffs Haragan and Houston filed their notice of appeal within thirty
days of that date, their appeal was timely, and we have jurisdiction.
We review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standards as the district court under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). See Kaul v.
Stephan, 83 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 1996). Summary judgment is appropriate
if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). When applying this standard, we examine the factual
record and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the party
opposing summary judgment. See Kaul, 83 F.3d at 1212.
A public employee’s claim that his or her termination violated protected
speech rights requires a four-step analysis: (1) whether the employee engaged in
speech involving a matter of public concern; (2) whether the employee’s interest
in such expression outweighed the government’s interest in providing public
services efficiently; (3) whether the employee has shown that the protected speech
was a substantial or motivating factor in the challenged employment decision; and
(4) whether the employer has shown that it would have reached the same decision
in the absence of the protected speech. See Gardetto v. Mason, 100 F.3d 803, 811
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(10th Cir. 1996); see also Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146-53 (1983);
Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 284, 287 (1977).
We first address whether plaintiff Haragan presented sufficient evidence
that his speech involved a matter of public concern. Speech involves a matter of
public concern if it can “be fairly considered as relating to any matter of political,
social, or other concern to the community.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 146. The
threshold inquiry is “whether the employee has spoken ‘as a citizen upon matters
of public concern,’ or merely ‘as an employee upon matters only of personal
interest.’” Gardetto, 100 F.3d at 812 (quoting Connick, 461 U.S. at 147). This is
determined by examining the speaker’s motive to decide whether his speech was
calculated to redress personal grievances or whether it had a broader public
purpose. See Gardetto, 100 F.3d at 812. “Speech that pertains to a public
agency’s discharging its governmental responsibilities ordinarily will be regarded
as speech on a matter of public concern,” David v. City & County of Denver,
101 F.3d 1344, 1355 (10th Cir. 1996) (quotations omitted), cert. denied, 1997
WL 436767 (October 6, 1997), as will speech “which discloses any evidence of
corruption, impropriety, or other malfeasance on the part of city officials,”
Conaway v. Smith, 853 F.2d 789, 796 (10th Cir. 1988).
Here, the district court concluded that without knowing the exact words
spoken by Haragan, it was unable to determine whether his speech related to a
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matter of public concern. We believe the record sufficiently discloses the content
of plaintiff Haragan’s comments to determine whether his speech related to a
matter of public concern. See Patrick v. Miller, 953 F.2d 1240, 1247 (10th Cir.
1992) (noting that although the precise content of plaintiff’s remarks was not
disclosed by the record, the evidence was sufficient to determine whether his
speech was on a matter of public concern); see also Jefferson v. Ambroz, 90 F.3d
1291, 1296-97 (7th Cir. 1996) (holding when examining “content” of employee’s
speech, “the court need only know the gist of what the employee said, not the
precise words he used to express himself”). Haragan testified that he called
Channel 7 and told them “about the dogs being shot at the dog pound,” and that
“approximately 19, 20 something dogs [had] been shot, [including] puppies.”
Appellant’s App. at 157-58. He further testified to his motive for speaking out,
stating that the disposal of the dogs was improper, and that he believed a crime
had been committed. See id. at 152, 154-55. This public disclosure by the police
chief of conduct by the City that he considered both illegal and unethical, see id.
at 171, “sufficiently inform[ed] the issue as to be helpful to the public in
evaluating the conduct of government,” Withiam v. Baptist Health Care of
Oklahoma, Inc., 98 F.3d 581, 583 (10th Cir. 1996) (emphasis omitted), and
therefore pertained to a matter of public concern. The summary judgment granted
in favor of defendants on this issue was improper, and must be reversed.
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Next, we examine whether plaintiff Houston engaged in speech on a matter
of public concern, and if so, whether he presented sufficient evidence of a causal
connection between such speech and his termination to raise a triable issue of
fact. Applying the standards set out above, we conclude Houston’s protestations
to City Manager Bickerstaff and his disclosure of the illegal dumping to Civil
Defense Director Winton and Health Department employee Lawler constituted
speech on a matter of public concern. 1 Houston’s statements to Bickerstaff and
his answers to Winton’s questions concerned potential wrongdoing by the City in
which the public would definitely be interested. See Conaway, 853 F.2d at 796.
There is no evidence that Houston’s speech was motivated solely by personal
interest or hostility; instead, there is evidence that he engaged in speech primarily
for the purpose of informing his superior and an investigating authority of
conduct he perceived to be improper and illegal. See id. Houston’s response to
Health Department employee Lawler’s query constituted speech on the same
matter. Although Houston did not expressly state to Lawler that the City was
illegally dumping trash in the swamp, his response to Lawler’s inquiry conveyed
1
Plaintiff Houston also testified that he contacted another state official, Fred
Biehler, about the dumping, but could not remember if this occurred before or
after his termination. In addition, Houston testified that he spoke to two city
council members, but does not indicate that his employer knew of these
conversations, and thus presents no evidence that such speech entered into the
decision to terminate him.
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that very message. See Spence v. Washington, 418 U.S. 405, 409-11 (1974)
(holding person’s nonverbal activity sufficiently imbued with elements of
communication when “[a]n intent to convey a particular message was present, and
in the surrounding circumstances the likelihood was great that the message would
be understood by those who [received] it”).
Further, the district court erred in finding Houston’s evidence of a causal
connection insufficient. With regard to the City and former City Manager
Bickerstaff, Houston presented undisputed evidence that after Bickerstaff’s
conversation with Health Department employee Lawler, Bickerstaff threatened
Houston’s termination if he continued “running [his] mouth,” and that he should
“keep [his] mouth shut.” Appellant’s App. at 225. The record also contains
evidence that Houston’s termination occurred within weeks of his conversations
with Bickerstaff, Winton, and Lawler. We have recognized that a retaliatory
motive can be inferred when an adverse action closely follows the exercise of
protected activity. See Ramirez v. Oklahoma Dep’t of Mental Health, 41 F.3d
584, 596 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding evidence of adverse employment actions a
month and a half after engaging in protected activity was circumstantial evidence
of retaliation); Smith v. Maschner, 899 F.2d 940, 948-49 (10th Cir. 1990)
(holding evidence of close temporal proximity between engaging in protected
activity and subsequent discipline was evidence of retaliation).
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Further, Houston presented evidence that defendants’ proffered reason for
his termination was pretextual, including testimony by city council members
indicating that the city charter was enforced selectively, and that other times the
charter would be purposely ignored, see Appellant’s App. at 123-24, 141;
evidence that the city council had knowingly approved payment to Houston for
the parts on several occasions, id. at 140, 143, 144, 185; evidence that Houston
was fired without a previous reprimand or other progressive discipline, id. at 86,
93, 95; and evidence that similar violations of the city charter were ignored, id. at
88, 92, 97. See, e.g., Wulf v. City of Wichita, 883 F.2d 842, 862 (10th Cir. 1989)
(noting fact that no other officer had been fired for a first act of insubordination
suggested pretext).
Summary judgment in favor of council member Wallace was also improper.
Although it is not clear whether Wallace knew about Houston’s speech to Winton
or Lawler, Wallace undeniably knew that Houston had protested the dumping as
illegal when he himself ordered Houston to begin hauling the trash to the swamp
at the beginning of May. The private nature of this conversation does not remove
the speech from constitutional protection. See Givhan v. Western Line Consol.
Sch. Dist., 439 U.S. 410, 413-16 (1979). Wallace has been identified as one of
the council members who, several weeks later, approached Bickerstaff and
directed him to terminate Houston based on the city charter violation. Finally,
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there is evidence that the charter was only enforced selectively, often when the
city council sought to terminate an employee for another reason (as allegedly was
done with Winton, based on his reporting of the illegal dumping, see Appellant’s
App. at 123). Taking all inferences in favor of Houston, as we must when
reviewing a summary judgment, we conclude a factual issue exists whether
council member Wallace’s participation in the termination decision was motivated
by Houston’s speech concerning the illegal dumping.
The judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of
Oklahoma is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Entered for the Court
Robert H. Henry
Circuit Judge
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