REVISED, August 4, 1998
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
____________________________
No. 97-30570
____________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JOHN E. MILTON, III, also known as Boo Milton,
Defendant-Appellant.
___________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Louisiana
_________________________________________________________________
July 21, 1998
Before WIENER, BARKSDALE, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:
This appeal presents, once again, application of our plain
error standard of review for a defendant’s failure at sentencing to
object to lack of notice, when the district court utilizes a basis
for upward departure not advanced pre-sentencing by either the
presentence report, a submission by the Government, or the district
court. Having pleaded guilty to a drug trafficking conspiracy,
John E. Milton, III, challenges his sentence, contending that the
district court erred, inter alia, (1) by enhancing his sentence for
obstruction of justice for inducing a co-conspirator to sign a
false affidavit; (2) by not giving notice that it would consider
misrepresentation of assets as a basis for an upward departure; and
(3) by departing upward on that basis. We AFFIRM.
I.
Between January 1993 and August 1995, Milton participated in
a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine. More
than 88 kilograms of powder cocaine and 6.9 kilograms of cocaine
base were transported from Houston, Texas, to Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, where it was sold.
In mid-March 1996, Milton and three others were indicted for
that conspiracy, which violated 21 U.S.C. § 846; Milton, also for
three counts of cocaine distribution. A warrant was then issued
for Milton’s arrest.
Although Milton knew he had been indicted, he did not
surrender until mid-August. Milton pleaded guilty in October 1996
to the conspiracy count. Pursuant to his plea agreement, the other
counts were dismissed.
The presentence report (PSR) identified factors warranting an
upward departure from the offense level, including Milton’s
obstruction of justice by hiring lawyers to approach three of
Milton’s co-conspirators to sign false affidavits exonerating him.
Two co-conspirators did so. At a hearing in March 1997, the
district court gave notice of its intent to depart upward, as
detailed below.
At sentencing in April 1997, the district court found that
Milton had asked a co-conspirator to sign a false affidavit
exonerating Milton, and that this was an obstruction of justice
2
which justified the PSR’s recommended two-point enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, bringing the offense level to 42. The court next
imposed a one-point upward departure, because it found that Milton
had obstructed justice by failing, during the presentence
investigation, to provide sufficient financial information to the
probation officer. But, the court reconsidered its earlier denial
of the Government’s U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 motion for a two-level
downward departure, and granted one level. Based on the final
offense level of 42 and criminal history category of I, the
imprisonment range was 360 months to life. Milton was sentenced to
600 months (50 years) imprisonment and fined $250,000.
In addition, the court stated that, if its upward departure
was reversed on appeal, then in the alternative, it would have
imposed a one-level upward departure for any of the three instances
in which Milton solicited others to sign the false affidavits. In
the further alternative, it stated that it would raise Milton’s
criminal history category one level because of his use of “clone”
cellular telephones and his continuing drug dealing with the
knowledge he had been indicted.
II.
Milton contests (1) the enhancement for obstruction of justice
for inducing a co-conspirator to sign a false affidavit exonerating
Milton; (2) the lack of notice that misrepresentation of assets
would be considered as a basis for an upward departure; (3) such
departure for obstruction of justice based on misrepresentation;
and (4) the alternative sentencing bases, claimed to be
3
impermissible, lacking in notice, and unwarranted. Because we do
not find reversible error as to the original sentence, we do not
reach the alternative. (Milton also preserves, but in the light of
well-established authority does not argue, his sentencing disparity
issue concerning cocaine base and powder cocaine.)
A.
The obstruction of justice finding concerning the false
affidavit is reviewed for clear error. United States v. Paden, 908
F.2d 1229, 1236 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1039
(1991). Along this line, the pertinent Guidelines section,
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, provides:
If the defendant willfully obstructed or
impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede,
the administration of justice during the
investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of
the instant offense, increase the offense
level by 2 levels.
And, § 3C1.1 comment 3 states, in pertinent part:
The following is a non-exhaustive list of
examples of the types of conduct to which this
enhancement applies:
(a) threatening, intimidating, or
otherwise unlawfully influencing a co-
defendant, witness, or juror, directly or
indirectly, or attempting to do so;
(b) committing, suborning, or attempting
to suborn perjury;
(c) producing or attempting to produce a
false, altered, or counterfeit document
or record during an official
investigation or judicial proceeding....
Finding that Milton had induced co-conspirator Robertson to
sign a false affidavit exonerating Milton, the court applied the
4
enhancement. Milton claims there was no evidence of any willful
obstruction of justice: he did not threaten Robertson, and the
affidavit was never used.
The PSR found Milton to be a manager or supervisor in a
conspiracy involving at least five participants. According to the
PSR, attorneys hired by Milton asked three of his co-conspirators
to sign affidavits exonerating Milton from the conspiracy.
Robertson and one other co-conspirator signed such affidavits
provided by the attorneys.
At Milton’s sentencing hearing, Robertson testified that,
after his arrest in June 1995, and prior to Milton’s being
indicted, he told Milton, during a telephone conversation, that
another co-conspirator was cooperating with the Government. In
response, Milton told Robertson that attorneys would come to the
prison with an affidavit for him to sign, which would state that he
and Milton were never involved in trafficking drugs. The attorneys
brought the affidavit to Robertson, told him that Milton wanted him
to sign it, and Robertson complied. Robertson later testified
falsely at his own trial concerning his involvement with Milton in
the drug conspiracy. During Milton’s sentencing hearing, when
Robertson was asked why he testified falsely and signed a false
affidavit, he replied “to protect myself and to protect Milton”.
As evidenced by Milton’s guilty plea, he knew that, when his
attorney approached Robertson, he (Milton) was involved in a drug
conspiracy; therefore, Milton knew he was asking one of his co-
conspirators to sign a false affidavit. Milton’s contention that
5
the district court failed to give proper consideration to the fact
that the affidavit was not used by Milton is quite disingenuous; if
Milton’s case had gone to trial, the affidavit could have been used
to impeach Robertson, had he chosen to cooperate with the
Government and testify against Milton.
It was not clearly erroneous for the district court to find,
based on the above evidence, that Milton was attempting to obstruct
justice. Cf. United States v. Bethley, 973 F.2d 396, 402 (5th Cir.
1992) (upholding § 3C1.1 obstruction of justice enhancement in part
because a defendant contacted his associate on at least five
occasions to ask her to sign a false affidavit exonerating him,
stating “I would do it for you”), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 935
(1993).
B.
Regarding whether the district court gave notice it would
consider concealment of assets as a basis for upward departure, we
must first determine the proper standard of review. As discussed
infra, it is for plain error.
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(c)(1) provides: “At the
sentencing hearing, the court must afford counsel for the defendant
and for the Government an opportunity to comment on the probation
officer’s determinations and on other matters relating to the
appropriate sentence”. Our court interpreted this Rule to require
a court to notify counsel of its intent to depart upward and
identify the basis for such possible departure. United States v.
Otero, 868 F.2d 1412 (5th Cir. 1989). The Supreme Court provided
6
further guidance in Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 138
(1991):
We hold that before a district court can
depart upward on a ground not identified as a
ground for upward departure either in the
[PSR] or in a prehearing submission by the
Government, Rule 32 requires that the district
court give the parties reasonable notice that
it is contemplating such a ruling. This
notice must specifically identify the ground
on which the district court is contemplating
an upward departure.
(Emphasis added.) See also United States v. Pankhurst, 118 F.3d
345, 357 (5th Cir.) (“Under Burns, Rule 32 requires that, before a
district court may depart upward, the defendant must have notice,
either in the PSR (see Rule 32(b)(4)(B)), or in a pre-hearing
submission by the Government, or from the court.”), cert. denied,
118 S. Ct. 630 (1997).
The holding in Burns was based on the concern that
parties will address possible sua sponte
departures in a random and wasteful way by
trying to anticipate and negate every
conceivable ground on which the district court
might choose to depart on its own initiative.
At worst, and more likely, the parties will
not even try to anticipate such a development;
where neither the [PSR] nor the attorney for
the Government has suggested a ground for
upward departure, defense counsel might be
reluctant to suggest such a possibility to the
district court, even for the purpose of
rebutting it. In every case in which the
parties fail to anticipate an unannounced and
uninvited departure by the district court, a
critical sentencing determination will go
untested by the adversarial process
contemplated by Rule 32 and the Guidelines.
501 U.S. at 137.
The PSR, in assessing Milton’s ability to pay a fine, noted:
7
Milton’s financial statement is not reflective
of the type of income associated with major
amounts of cocaine distribution. Information
from agents and those associated with him
indicate that many of the houses used in the
conspiracy were placed in the name of other
individuals. This information has not been
verified. A final determination of his worth
cannot be made.
But, this section pertained only to Milton’s ability to pay a fine,
and did not suggest related collateral matters as a basis for an
upward departure. In fact, the PSR discussed an upward departure
only with respect to the false affidavits and the use of “clone”
cellular telephones while a fugitive from justice.
At the March 1997 hearing, the district court gave the
following notice:
This is what the court is going to do in
this case: the court is going to give notice
of the court’s intent to depart upward in this
case on the basis of [U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1,
concerning the base offense level
determination for, inter alia, drug
trafficking conspiracies] and specifically of
the court’s intent that all the cocaine
involved in this case, both 88.337 kilos of
powdered cocaine and 6.9 kilos of base
cocaine, be used in connection with any
sentence that might be imposed in this case.
And then specifically, so that everybody will
understand, that if the court uses 1.15 kilos
of base cocaine, that would give the defendant
an offense level of 38 in this case whether or
not there is sufficient other quantity of
cocaine involved in this case such that the
court should depart upward because of the
amount of cocaine involved in this case under
[U.S.S.G § 2D1.1] and specifically Note 17
thereof, which provides, “In an extraordinary
case, an upward departure above offense level
of 38 on the basis of drug quantity may be
warranted.
...
8
The court also advises counsel for all
parties of the court’s intent to accept
evidence on the issue of obstruction of
justice on all issues set forth in the [PSR]
and in addition, obstruction of justice on
whether or not representations made to the
court by the defendant regarding his financial
situation is true and correct, and in
particularity whether or not the defendant has
properly disclosed all vehicles which either
he purchased for himself or others, including
but not limited to, Rolls Royces, Porches,
Mercedes, and Suburbans, or other such type
vehicles.
The purpose of that inquiry is to
determine whether or not, under the facts of
this case, a fine should be imposed in
accordance with [U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2, application
note 6], which provides that the existence of
income or assets that the defendant failed to
disclose may justify a larger fine than that
which otherwise would be warranted under [§
5E1.2]. The court may base its conclusion as
to this factor on information revealing
significant unexplained expenditures by the
defendant, or unexplained possession of assets
that do not comport with the defendant’s
reported income. If the court concludes that
the defendant willfully misrepresented all
[or] part of his income or assets, it may
increase the offense level and the resulting
sentence in accordance with Chapter three,
Part C obstruction.
...
And finally, ... I want the parties to
strongly either argue this or brief this
issue[:] whether or not there can be and has
been acceptance of responsibility because of
the defendant’s actions in continuing his drug
trade while under indictment and having
knowledge thereof.
And also whether or not those actions and
the amount of drugs involved in the activity
involved in this case is such that the court
should consider whether or not to depart
upward because the defendant’s prior criminal
history is not adequately reflected in his
prior and current conduct.
9
And I think that satisfies whatever
notices I need to give to everybody. And I
think, considering the magnitude of this case
and the fact that this defendant -- the range,
depending on what the offense level could be,
even facing a life sentence, would be better
served.
(Emphasis added.)
As quoted above, the district court gave notice of its intent
to depart upward. But, as for its statement that it would accept
evidence of “obstruction of justice on whether or not
representations made to the court by the defendant regarding his
financial situation is true and correct, and in particularity
whether or not the defendant has properly disclosed all vehicles
which either he purchased for himself or others”, it went on to
state only that, “[i]f the court concludes that the defendant
willfully misrepresented all [or] part of his income or assets, it
may increase the offense level and the resulting sentence in
accordance with Chapter three, Part C obstruction”.
As Milton correctly points out, neither of these statements
about assets misrepresentation is expressly named as a possible
basis for an upward departure; rather, they appear to pertain to
the calculation of a fine and to an enhancement under § 3C1.1. The
upward departure notification appears to have been limited to §
2D1.1, concerning the offense level for crimes involving drugs.
1.
At the April sentencing hearing, when the court departed
upward because of the assets misrepresentation, Milton’s counsel
did not object to the lack of notice of this possible departure-
10
basis. At oral argument on appeal, Milton’s counsel (who did not
represent Milton at sentencing) noted that Burns made no mention of
an objection, and stated this suggests one is not required when it
is the court that fails to give notice.
Burns did not address this question. Our court has: if no
objection to lack of notice is made in district court, we review
only for plain error. See United States v. Hawkins, 87 F.3d 722,
730 (5th Cir.) (holding that defendant’s contention, that the
district court’s basis for upward departure is ambiguous and not
stated in the PSR, is reviewed only for plain error because
defendant failed at sentencing to object to lack of notice), cert.
denied, 117 S. Ct. 408 (1996); see also United States v. Coenen,
135 F.3d 938, 940-41 (5th Cir. 1998) (determining, for non-upward
departure sentencing imposition, whether defendant sufficiently
objected to lack of notice before addressing whether notice
required); Pankhurst, 118 F.3d at 356-57 (determining, for downward
departure, whether Government sufficiently objected to lack of
notice before addressing whether notice required).
Milton did not object, move for a continuance, or in any way
indicate that the lack of notice of the basis for the upward
departure had prejudiced him at the sentencing hearing.
Accordingly, we review his lack-of-notice contention only for plain
error.*
*
The dissent appears to imply that it is improper for us
to apply plain error sua sponte, in that the Government did not
contend that Milton’s failure to object mandated such a standard of
review. But, it is more than well-established that
11
2.
As discussed in United States v. Calverley, 37 F.3d 160, 162-
64 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1196 (1995),
we will reverse for plain error if (1) there is error, (2) that is
clear or obvious, and (3) affecting substantial rights. And, even
then, we have discretion to correct such errors; generally, we will
do so only if they “seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings”. Id. at 164 (quoting
United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 160 (1936)). See Hawkins,
87 F.3d at 730.
While the district court should have “specifically
identif[ied] the ground on which [it was] contemplating an upward
departure”, Burns, 501 U.S. at 138-39, Milton’s counsel was not
placed in the position of “trying to anticipate and negate every
conceivable ground on which the district court might choose to
depart on its own initiative”. Id. at 137. The purpose behind
notice of upward departure is to give effect to the Rule 32
requirement that the parties be given “an opportunity to comment
upon the probation officer’s determination and on other matters
relating to the appropriate sentence”. FED. R. CRIM. P. 32(a)(1);
... no party has the power to control our
standard of review. A reviewing court may
reject both parties’ approach to the standard.
If neither party suggests the appropriate
standard, the reviewing court must determine
the proper standard on its own....
United States v. Vontsteen, 950 F.2d 1086, 1091 (5th Cir.) (en
banc) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1223 (1992) see
also United States v. Pierre, 958 F.2d 1304, 1311 n.1 (5th Cir.
1992) (en banc).
12
Burns, 501 U.S. at 135. Notice of upward departure should be
sufficient to satisfy “Rule 32's purpose of promoting focused,
adversarial resolution of the legal and factual issues relevant to
fixing Guidelines sentences”. Id. at 137; Coenen, 135 F.3d at 943.
There was no reversible plain error. The district court
provided notice of the “legal [upward departure] and factual
[misrepresentation of assets] issues” upon which it ultimately
based its departure. Therefore, contrary to his assertions on
appeal, and for plain error purposes, Milton’s counsel was
sufficiently on notice to discuss when and how upward departures
are permitted, as well as the specific facts concerning the assets-
misrepresentation.
C.
Regarding that departure, the factual findings are reviewed
for clear error; the decision to depart, for abuse of discretion.
E.g., United States v. Ismoila, 100 F.3d 380, 397 (5th Cir. 1996).
“We will affirm a departure from the Sentencing Guidelines if it is
based on ‘acceptable reasons’ and the degree of departure is
‘reasonable’.” United States v. Clements, 73 F.3d 1330, 1341 (5th
Cir. 1996) (citing United States v. Velasquez-Mercado, 872 F.2d
632, 637 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 866 (1989)).
Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) and U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0, a court may
depart from the Guidelines when it finds “that there exists an
aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree,
not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing
Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a
13
sentence different from that described”. A court may make a
departure, even when the factor is already taken into account
elsewhere in the Guidelines, “only if the factor is present to a
degree substantially in excess of that which ordinarily is involved
in the offense”. U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0.
Our court has recognized that multiple acts of obstruction of
justice may warrant an upward departure. E.g., Ismoila, 100 F.3d
at 397; Clements, 73 F.3d at 1342. Again, U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 allows
an enhancement “[i]f the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded,
or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice
during the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant
offense”. (Emphasis added.) An example of the type of conduct to
which § 3C1.1 applies is “providing materially false information to
a probation officer in respect to a presentence or other
investigation for the court”. (Emphasis added.) U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1
cmt. 3(h).
The district court departed upward one level because Milton
“failed to provide accurate financial information to the probation
officer during the presentence investigation”. Milton contends
that such undisclosed assets were never shown to have been owned by
him, and, therefore, were not material; and, in the alternative,
that there was no proof of willfulness in his failure to provide
the information.
At the sentencing hearing, co-conspirator Fisher testified
that Milton told him to retrieve Milton’s Porsche from a woman in
Baton Rouge and drive it to Houston. Fisher was arrested en route
14
to Houston, and the Porsche was seized by the Government. Milton
had told Fisher that he paid $25,000 for the Porsche. Fisher also
testified that he was present in Houston in 1996 when Milton
purchased a BMW for a female drug-trafficking associate, in lieu of
child support payments.
Fisher testified that he had seen Milton purchase diamond
earrings and a marquis diamond ring. And, when Fisher met with
Milton in Houston, Milton was staying at expensive hotels such as
the Hyatt Regency.
The drug-trafficking conspiracy to which Milton pleaded guilty
involved almost 100 kilograms of cocaine. Robertson, who had been
receiving cocaine from Milton, testified that he (Robertson) was
making $5,000 to $10,000 profit per kilogram sold. Robertson
stated that he had made approximately $250,000 in the course of the
conspiracy, and had approximately $100,000 at the time of his
arrest.
On the other hand, Milton did not report significant assets to
the probation officer, reporting owning only a $5,000 life
insurance policy, a Rolex watch, and two handguns. The total of
his reported assets was $12,700. Milton did not disclose his
interest in the Porsche, the BMW, or the marquis diamond ring.
Obviously, this information was material to the probation
officer’s determination of Milton’s ability to pay a fine; as
stated in the PSR, the officer concluded that “[a] final
determination of [Milton’s] worth cannot be made”. See U.S.S.G. §
3C1.1, cmt. 5 (“‘Material’ ... information, as used in this
15
section, means ... information that, if believed, would tend to
influence or affect the issue under determination.”); United States
v. Dupre, 117 F.3d 810, 825 (5th Cir. 1997) (“‘A statement to a
probation officer concerning one’s financial resources will
obviously affect the officer’s determination of ability to pay.’”)
(quoting United States v. Cusumano, 943 F.2d 305, 316 (3d Cir.
1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1036 (1992)), cert. denied, 118 S.
Ct. 857 (1998).
Milton contends that the BMW was a gift to his girlfriend in
lieu of child support, and therefore the asset is hers, not his.
However, as Fisher and Robertson testified, it is not unusual for
a drug trafficker to place property in the names of others in order
to avoid seizure. At the very least, if Milton had mentioned these
items, the probation officer would have been in a position to
determine their true ownership and, therefore, better determine
Milton’s ability to pay a fine.
Moreover, the large amounts of cocaine sold in the course of
the conspiracy, along with testimony that Milton was seen with
large amounts of cash, justifies the probation officer’s conclusion
that “Milton’s financial statement is not reflective of the type of
income associated with major amounts of cocaine distribution”.
Also noteworthy is Fisher’s testimony that, when Milton was
informed that he had been indicted and told he (Milton) should
consider fleeing to Mexico, Milton responded that he planned to
make “enough money” and then turn himself in.
16
The district court noted all of the above evidence in finding
that Milton had willfully obstructed justice by providing
materially false information to the probation officer. In the
light of the above evidence, the court was not clearly erroneous in
finding obstruction of justice, and did not abuse its discretion in
upwardly departing one level.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, Milton’s sentence is
AFFIRMED.
17
DeMOSS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part, dissenting in part:
I concur with that part of the majority opinion that affirms
the district court’s imposition of a two-level enhancement for
obstruction of justice pursuant to § 3C1.1.
I must respectfully dissent, however, from that part of the
majority opinion that affirms the district court’s imposition of a
one-level departure, which was also imposed for obstruction of
justice. I agree with the majority that Burns v. United States,
501 U.S. 129, 137-38 (1991), requires a sentencing court to provide
advance notice, specifically identifying the particular ground upon
which it may grant an upward departure. I likewise agree with the
majority’s conclusion that the district court’s notice in this case
fell short of the requirements imposed by Burns.
I do not agree, however, with the majority’s plain error
analysis which sweeps the Burns defect under the rug. The
government never raised Milton’s failure to object as a ground
justifying a heightened standard of review in this case. Thus, the
majority is raising Milton’s failure to object sua sponte, and then
finding the sentencing court’s unfortunate, but nonetheless plain,
failure to adhere to the dictates of Burns excusable. Similarly,
I cannot agree that the government adequately established any
concealment on Milton’s behalf. The Porsche relied upon by the
government had apparently been seized prior to the time that Milton
was interviewed by the probation officer. The balance of the
government’s evidence relies upon speculation concerning the status
18
of purported gifts and the fact that Milton, at one time or
another, had considerable assets.
For the foregoing reasons, I would require that Milton’s
sentence be vacated and the cause remanded for resentencing.
19