Revised September 17, 1998
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________
No. 97-41438
_____________________
ROBERT EXCELL WHITE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
GARY L JOHNSON, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION,
Respondent-Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas
_________________________________________________________________
August 26, 1998
Before KING, DAVIS, and WIENER, Circuit Judges.
KING, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner-appellant Robert Excell White, a Texas death row
inmate convicted of capital murder, appeals the district court’s
denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. White
contends that the district court erred in denying his petition
because the trial court violated the mandate of Ake v. Oklahoma,
470 U.S. 68 (1985), by denying his motion for the appointment of
a psychiatrist to aid him during the sentencing phase of his
trial, thereby denying him due process of law and rendering the
assistance provided by his trial counsel unconstitutionally
ineffective. Because we conclude that any Ake error that may
have occurred in this case was harmless, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On May 10, 1974, petitioner-appellant Robert Excell White,
who at the time lived in Waco, Texas, began drinking alcohol at a
local tavern around noon and continued until 1:00 a.m. He then
took his wife home and proceeded to the home of Roy Perryman
where he continued to drink. After drinking and talking with
Perryman for a while, White pulled a knife that Perryman had
sharpened for him from its scabbard and stabbed Perryman to
death, stating, “Roy, I hate for it to end like this, but its
[sic] your time to go.” White then stole several firearms
belonging to Perryman and left his home.
Shortly after killing Perryman, White left Waco with Gary
Dale Livingston and subsequently met up with Gary Livingston’s
brother, James Livingston, at a motel on Interstate 35. The
three proceeded north to McKinney, Texas. White and the
Livingston brothers discussed robbing a store, and White observed
that they would be unable to leave any witnesses to the robbery
alive. They then proceeded approximately three miles east on
Highway 380 to a gas station and convenience store named Hill Top
Grocery, where they arrived at approximately 6:30 a.m.
The station owner, 73-year-old Preston Broyles, began
pumping gas into White’s car. Gary Coker and Billy St. John,
2
both eighteen years old, had stopped to put oil in their truck at
the station. White exited the car with a .30 caliber Plainfield
carbine machine gun and ordered Broyles, Coker, and St. John into
the station office. White ordered Broyles to open the cash
register and ordered Broyles, Coker, and St. John to hand over
their wallets. One of the robbery victims made a comment that
apparently angered White. White responded, “I wished you hadn’t
said nothing, I’m going to kill you.” James Livingston aimed a
.22 caliber pistol at the victim who had made the comment, and
White shoved him out of the way, stating, “He’s mine.” White
then repeatedly shot Broyles, Coker, and St. John, killing all
three of them. Just prior to shooting the last of the victims,
who was begging for his life, White stated, “Goddammit, you’ve
got to go too, I’m not going to leave any witnesses.” White and
the Livingstons then returned to Waco, and the three divided up
the proceeds of the robbery, with each of them receiving $65.
After returning to Waco, James Livingston parted company
with White and Gary Livingston, who left town for California.
They made it as far as Abilene, Texas and then decided to return
to Waco. While in Waco, White and Gary Livingston threw the
machine gun used in the Hill Top Grocery murders into the Brazos
River. They then got some clothing and headed for Mississippi.
Somewhere along the way, White got angry at Gary Livingston and
threatened to shoot him. Gary Livingston asked to get out of the
car, and White left him in Tyler, Texas.
3
White arrived at his cousin Johnny White’s home in
Cleveland, Mississippi on May 14, 1974. White told Johnny White
about what had happened at Hill Top Grocery and also stated that
he intended to kill a Mississippi judge known as Judge Micky, who
had been involved in a previous criminal conviction of White.
Johnny White convinced him to surrender to law enforcement
authorities at the Boliver County Sheriff’s Department. White
gave statements to Mississippi and Texas law enforcement officers
implicating himself in the Hill Top Grocery murders both at the
Mississippi jail and during the trip back to Texas.
II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On May 24, 1974, a Collin County grand jury indicted White
and the Livingston brothers for the capital murder of Broyles,
Coker, and St. John. After a jury trial, White was found guilty
of the capital murder of Broyles and sentenced to death. The
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed White’s conviction and
sentence on July 14, 1976, see White v. State, 543 S.W.2d 104
(Tex. Crim. App. 1976), and the Supreme Court denied his petition
for a writ of certiorari, see White v. Texas, 430 U.S. 988
(1977). White subsequently challenged his conviction
collaterally through two state applications for a writ of habeas
corpus. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals granted the second
such motion on the ground that White had been impermissibly
compelled to undergo a government psychiatric examination, the
4
results of which were used against him at trial, in violation of
Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981), and vacated his
conviction.
On the same date that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
granted White’s application for a writ of habeas corpus, the
trial court appointed counsel for White and again set the case
for trial. The trial began on June 8, 1987, and the jury
returned a guilty verdict. After the punishment phase, the jury
answered the special issues submitted to it pursuant to article
37.071 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure in the
affirmative.1 The trial court accordingly sentenced White to
death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed White’s
conviction on direct appeal, and the Supreme Court denied his
petition for a writ of certiorari, see White v. Texas, 507 U.S.
975 (1993).
White filed his first federal habeas petition in 1993, and
the district court dismissed it without prejudice on May 11,
1
At the time of White’s trial, the special issues mandated
by article 37.071 were as follows:
(1) whether the conduct of the defendant that caused
the death of the deceased was committed deliberately
and with the reasonable expectation that the death of
the deceased or another would result;
(2) whether there is a probability that the defendant
would commit criminal acts of violence that would
constitute a continuing threat to society . . . .
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.071 (Vernon 1981) (amended in
1985).
5
1994, to allow White to exhaust his state remedies on the claims
presented. White then filed a state application for habeas
relief, which the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied on July
12, 1994. On July 14, 1994, White filed another federal habeas
petition, asserting the same claims presented in his state habeas
application, and a motion to stay execution. On July 15, 1994,
the district court granted White’s motion for a stay. On
November 7, 1997, the district court adopted the magistrate
judge’s report and recommendation that White’s habeas petition be
denied. See White v. Director, TDCJ-ID, 982 F. Supp. 1257, 1258
(E.D. Tex. 1997). White filed a notice of appeal and an
application for a certificate of probable cause (CPC) on November
24, 1997, and the district court granted White a CPC on December
12, 1997. White now appeals the district court’s denial of his
petition for habeas relief.
III. DISCUSSION
On appeal, White contends that he is entitled to habeas
relief on two grounds: (1) the trial court committed
constitutional error by denying his request for the appointment
of a psychiatrist to aid with his defense at the punishment phase
of his trial and (2) the court’s failure to appoint such a
psychiatrist rendered the assistance provided by his counsel
unconstitutionally ineffective. We consider each of these
arguments in turn.
6
A. Failure to Appoint a Psychiatrist
In Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985), the Supreme Court
held that the state has a constitutional obligation to provide an
indigent criminal defendant with access to the assistance of a
psychiatrist in the following two circumstances: (1) “when a
defendant demonstrates to the trial judge that his sanity at the
time of the offense is to be a significant factor at trial” and
(2) “in the context of a capital sentencing proceeding, when the
State presents psychiatric evidence of the defendant’s future
dangerousness.” Id. at 83.
Based upon his belief that the state would offer psychiatric
evidence to establish his future dangerousness during the
punishment phase of his trial, White made a motion for the
appointment of a psychiatrist. The trial court offered White the
following options: (1) a simultaneous, joint examination
conducted by a government psychiatrist and a psychiatrist of
White’s choosing or (2) an examination by a court-appointed
psychiatrist who would then report to the trial court, the
prosecution, and White. White declined both options and the
trial court therefore denied his motion.
White contends that the options offered by the trial court
did not satisfy Ake because they forced him to make a choice
between exercising his due process and equal protection-based
rights to psychiatric assistance and his Fifth Amendment
7
privilege against self-incrimination. He bases this argument on
the fact that both options proposed by the trial court would have
resulted in full disclosure of the results of the examination and
any incriminating statements made by White during the examination
to the state. The state concedes that its intention to offer
psychiatric evidence of White’s future dangerousness was
sufficient to vest White with a right to psychiatric assistance
under Ake. However, it contends that the options proposed by the
trial court were sufficient to satisfy Ake. For the reasons set
forth below, we conclude that we need not reach the issue of
whether the options posed by the trial court satisfied Ake
because, assuming arguendo that they did not, the error was
harmless.2
2
The district court in this case accepted the magistrate
judge’s conclusion that this court’s decision in Granviel v.
Lynaugh, 881 F.2d 185 (5th Cir. 1989), mandates a conclusion that
the trial court did not commit Ake error in this case. In
Granviel, this court addressed a constitutional challenge to
article 46.02 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See id.
at 191. At the time pertinent to Granviel, article 46.02
provided that the “court may at its discretion appoint
disinterested experts to examine the defendant with regard to his
present competency to stand trial and as to his sanity.” TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46.02, § 2(f)(1), historical notes
(Vernon 1979) (amended 1975). The trial judge appointed an
expert pursuant to this statute. See Granviel, 881 F.2d at 191.
Shortly before the petitioner’s trial, article 46.02 was amended
to provide that “[a] written report of the examination [conducted
by the appointed expert] shall be submitted to the court within
30 days of the order of examination, and the court shall furnish
copies of the report to the defense counsel and the prosecuting
attorney.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46.02, § 3(d) (Vernon
1979). Pursuant to the amended statute, the trial court ordered
release of the appointed expert’s report to the state. See
Granviel, 881 F.2d at 191.
8
The petitioner in Granviel, who raised an insanity defense
during the guilt phase of his trial, claimed in his petition for
habeas relief that the procedure established by article 46.02 was
insufficient to satisfy Ake because it authorized disclosure of
the psychiatrist’s report to the state. Granviel, 881 F.2d at
191. This court rejected the petitioner’s contention, concluding
that the appointment of a disinterested expert satisfied Ake’s
mandate that the state guarantee criminal defendants access to
“‘the raw materials integral to the building of an effective
defense.’” Id. at 192 (quoting Ake, 470 U.S. at 77). The court
further rejected the defendant’s contention that the admission of
the testimony of the psychiatrist who conducted the examination
against him at trial violated his Fifth Amendment privilege
against self-incrimination because the petitioner had placed his
mental state at issue by pleading insanity. See id. at 190.
In his report and recommendation, the magistrate judge
concluded that Granviel is controlling in this case. However,
this case is at least arguably distinguishable from Granviel.
When a criminal defendant pleads an insanity defense and offers
psychiatric evidence in support thereof, he places his mental
state at issue. This court has long recognized that “a defendant
who puts his mental state at issue with psychological evidence
may not then use the Fifth Amendment to bar the state from
rebutting in kind.” Schneider v. Lynaugh, 835 F.2d 570, 575 (5th
Cir. 1988). This rule rests upon the premise that “[i]t is
unfair and improper to allow a defendant to introduce favorable
psychological testimony and then prevent the prosecution from
resorting to the most effective and in most instances the only
means of rebuttal: other psychological testimony.” Id. at 576.
In this case, White did not place his own mental state at
issue; rather, the state did so by offering psychiatric evidence
of his future dangerousness. As indicated infra, White sought
the appointment of an independent psychiatrist merely as a means
of counterbalancing the state’s evidence. It may be the case
that by offering rebuttal psychiatric testimony based upon an
out-of-court psychiatric examination the results of which the
state was not privy to, White would have sacrificed any Fifth
Amendment right he otherwise possessed to decline to submit to a
state psychiatric examination the results of which could be used
against him at trial. See Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 461-
69, 472 (1981) (holding that the admission of statements made by
the defendant during a pretrial psychiatric examination violated
his Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self-
incrimination because he was not advised before the examination
that he had a right to remain silent and that any statement that
9
1. Applicability of harmless-error analysis
to the alleged Ake error
To date, this court has not squarely addressed the question
of whether Ake error is amenable to harmless-error analysis,
though in Volson v. Blackburn, 794 F.2d 173 (5th Cir. 1986), we
implied that a habeas petitioner must make some showing of
“prejudice” in order to be entitled to habeas relief on the basis
of Ake error. See id. at 176. Three other circuits have
expressly concluded that Ake error is subject to harmless-error
analysis, and we now join them. See Tuggle v. Netherland, 79
F.3d 1386, 1388 (4th Cir. 1996); Brewer v. Reynolds, 51 F.3d
1519, 1529 (10th Cir. 1995); Starr v. Lockhart, 23 F.3d 1280,
1291 (8th Cir. 1994).
he made could be used against him at a capital-sentencing
hearing, but noting that “a different situation arises where a
defendant intends to introduce psychiatric evidence at the
penalty phase”). However, in this case, it was not even
especially clear that White intended to offer psychiatric
testimony from the psychiatrist whose appointment he sought from
the trial court. Rather, he may have simply used the
psychiatrist’s assistance in formulating a cross-examination of
the state’s psychiatrist. In such a circumstance, it is not
clear that the trial court could properly condition White’s
access to psychiatric assistance upon submission to a psychiatric
examination the results of which would be immediately accessible
to the state. As indicated infra, however, we need not resolve
this issue because, even assuming that the trial court committed
Ake error by so conditioning White’s access to the assistance of
a psychiatrist, such error was harmless. We therefore decline to
resolve the issue of whether the trial court actually committed
Ake error.
10
Whether a particular constitutional error is subject to
harmless-error analysis hinges upon whether the error constitutes
“trial error” or “structural error.” Trial error is error that
“‘occur[s] during the presentation of the case to the jury.’”
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 629 (1993) (brackets in
original) (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 307-08
(1991)). Such error “is amenable to harmless-error analysis
because it ‘may . . . be quantitatively assessed in the context
of other evidence presented in order to determine [the effect it
had on the trial].’” Id. (ellipses and brackets in original)
(quoting Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 307-08). “Structural error” is
error “affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds,
rather than simply an error in the trial process itself.”
Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 310. By its very nature, structural
error “def[ies] analysis by ‘harmless-error’ standards.” Id. at
309.
The Supreme Court has observed that classification of an
error as structural, and therefore not subject to review for
harmlessness, is “the exception and not the rule.” Rose v.
Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 578 (1986). “[I]f the defendant had counsel
and was tried by an impartial adjudicator, there is a strong
presumption that any other errors that may have occurred are
subject to harmless-error analysis.” Id. at 579.
As noted earlier, Ake recognizes a constitutional right on
the part of a criminal defendant to the assistance of a
11
psychiatrist in two general circumstances: (1) “when [the]
defendant demonstrates to the trial judge that his sanity at the
time of the offense is to be a significant factor at trial,” and
(2) “when the State presents psychiatric evidence of the
defendant’s future dangerousness” during a capital sentencing
hearing. Ake, 470 U.S. at 83. In this case, as White himself
concedes in his reply brief, we need only concern ourselves with
the potential harmlessness of a trial court’s error in denying a
request for the assistance of a psychiatrist in developing a
defense on the issue of future dangerousness during the
punishment phase of trial because this was the only basis upon
which White predicated his request for expert psychiatric
assistance.3 See Williams v. Collins, 989 F.2d 841, 844 n.10
(5th Cir. 1993) (noting in dicta that, “in evaluating an Ake
3
At the pretrial hearing at which the trial court
addressed White’s request for the appointment of a psychiatrist,
the trial court asked whether “there [was] some question of
competency of Mr. White to stand trial, or some question about
whether he was insane at the time of the alleged offense.”
White’s counsel responded as follows:
I don’t have any question about the first question the
Court raises about his competency to stand trial at
this point. But his mental state at the time of the
offense, there might be some question, and that is one
thing which we would want to have a psychiatrist
appointed.
This statement alone was plainly insufficient to support the
appointment of a psychiatrist to assist in the development of an
insanity defense. See Volson v. Blackburn, 794 F.2d 173, 176
(5th Cir. 1986) (“Ake requires that the defendant, at a minimum,
make allegations supported by a factual showing that the
defendant’s sanity is in fact at issue in the case.”).
12
claim, we should look only to the evidence before the trial judge
at the time he ruled on the request for psychiatric assistance”);
Messer v. Kemp, 831 F.2d 946, 960 (11th Cir. 1987) (en banc)
(evaluating an Ake claim by “examining the information before the
trial judge when he denied the defendant’s motion for the
appointment of an independent psychiatrist”).
White’s motion requesting the appointment of a psychiatrist
merely stated the following:
This case involves complex issues of fact. It is
necessary for the defendant’s counsel to have full
access to an accurate knowledge of the facts involved
in the case in order to render effective assistance to
the defendant in the preparation and trial of this
case. Such knowledge can come only through the
concentrated efforts of an experienced psychiatrist.
During a pretrial hearing on this and other motions, White’s
counsel clarified the basis of his request for the appointment of
a psychiatrist as follows:
Your Honor, its [sic] our feeling that the State is
going to attempt to offer psychiatric testimony at the
punishment phase of the case, if the punishment phase
is reached, to bear on the question of how the jury
will be [asked] by the State to answer the Special
Issues which will be submitted to them on the
punishment phase, if there is a punishment phase.
. . . [I]t would be our position that the
Defendant, in fairness, should be granted our own
expert psychiatric witness who would examine the
Defendant and come to some conclusions about his mental
state and questions of future dangerousness in order to
have a balanced view presented to the jury in the
punishment phase, if there is a punishment phase.
Of course we would want to, and our motion is
predicated upon the Court’s cloaking the expert with
the attorney/client privilege.
13
We have little difficulty concluding that the trial court’s
refusal to appoint an independent psychiatrist to examine White
without disclosure to the state on the grounds White advanced in
support of his request for such an appointment was trial error
subject to harmless-error analysis if it in fact constituted
error at all. White’s right to the assistance of a psychiatrist
in this case was predicated upon the fact that the state intended
to, and did, introduce psychiatric testimony regarding future
dangerousness. Absent such testimony by the state, White would
have had no constitutional right under Ake to the appointment of
a psychiatrist. Thus, if the state’s admission of psychiatric
testimony is subject to harmless-error analysis, then the
purported Ake error is likewise subject to harmless-error
analysis.
The Supreme Court has held that the erroneous admission of
psychiatric testimony is subject to harmless-error analysis. See
Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 257-58 (1988); see also Brown
v. Butler, 876 F.2d 427, 430-31 (5th Cir. 1989). Such error
constitutes trial error because the effect of the erroneous
admission of evidence is generally capable of being
“quantitatively assessed in the context of other evidence
presented in order to determine [the effect it had on the
trial].” Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 307-08. Therefore, we conclude
that Ake error of the type alleged by White likewise constitutes
trial error and is therefore subject to harmless-error analysis.
14
White argues, however, that the effect of the purported Ake
error in this case was greater than the effect of the mere
erroneous admission of psychiatric testimony offered by the state
and that the purported error therefore constitutes structural
error. In support of this contention, White argues that he was
entitled to the appointment of a psychiatrist based solely upon
the fact that his future dangerousness was a significant issue
during the punishment phase of his trial. He therefore contends
that he was entitled to the assistance of a psychiatrist
regardless of whether the state offered psychiatric evidence of
future dangerousness and thus that the impact of the court’s
purported error was much broader than the admission of the
state’s psychiatric evidence, encompassing the more-difficult-to-
quantify assistance that a psychiatrist could have provided in
preparing White’s defense.
At the core of White’s argument is a contention that all
Texas capital defendants are entitled to the appointment of a
psychiatrist because their future dangerousness will always be a
significant factor during the punishment phase of trial. This is
so because, under Texas’s capital sentencing scheme, both at
present and at the time of White’s trial, imposition of the death
penalty requires that the state prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that “there is a probability that the defendant would commit
criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing
threat to society.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. § 37.071 (Vernon &
15
Supp. 1998). However, we recently rejected this contention in
Goodwin v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 162 (5th Cir. 1997). There, we
explained,
In Ake, the Court indicated that the due process
entitlement to the assistance of a psychiatrist when
the state presents psychiatric evidence of future
dangerousness is predicated upon the notion that
psychiatric testimony offered on behalf of the
defendant is uniquely capable of ‘uncover[ing],
recogniz[ing], and tak[ing] account of . . .
shortcomings in predictions’ made by the state’s
psychiatrists.
Id. at 188-89 (brackets in original) (quoting Ake, 470 U.S. at
84). We further noted, and reiterate here, that “[i]t is simply
not the case that . . . nonpsychiatric evidence of future
dangerousness . . . , such as [the defendant’s] criminal history
and [statements by the defendant indicating a lack of remorse],
are uniquely capable of being rebutted only by psychiatric
testimony.” Id. at 189.
We acknowledged in Goodwin that a few other circuits have
adopted a more expansive reading of Ake, holding that a defendant
may be entitled to the appointment of a psychiatrist in some
circumstances in which the state offers only nonpsychiatric
evidence of future dangerousness. See id. (citing Clisby v.
Jones, 960 F.2d 925, 929 n.7 (11th Cir. 1992), and Liles v.
Saffle, 945 F.2d 333, 340-41 (10th Cir. 1991)). However, even
under the expansive reading of Ake adopted by these circuits, a
defendant must establish that “his mental condition could have
been a significant mitigating factor.” Liles, 945 F.2d at 341;
16
see also Clisby, 960 F.2d at 929 (“Ake requires a state to
provide the capital defendant with such access to a competent
psychiatrist upon a preliminary showing to the trial court that
the defendant’s mental status is to be a significant factor at
sentencing.”). As was the case in Goodwin, White made no such
showing to the trial court. See Goodwin, 132 F.3d at 189-90.
The conclusory allegation contained in White’s motion for the
appointment of a psychiatrist that such an appointment “[was]
necessary for [White’s] counsel to have full access to an
accurate knowledge of the facts involved in the case” was
insufficient of itself to demonstrate White’s entitlement to the
appointment of a psychiatrist. See Volanty v. Lynaugh, 874 F.2d
243, 245-47 (5th Cir. 1989) (holding that a motion for the
appointment of a psychiatric expert based on an allegation that
the defendant was temporarily insane at the time of the offense
as a result of drug use was insufficient to support an Ake claim
absent additional supporting evidence); Volson, 794 F.2d at 176
(holding that an attorney’s “conclusional allegation” that his
client “was unable to understand the difference between right and
wrong at the time of the offense” was insufficient to entitle him
to the appointment of a psychiatrist under Ake). Further, when
asked by the trial court to clarify the basis on which he sought
the appointment of a psychiatrist, White merely stated that he
was entitled to the appointment of a psychiatrist based on the
fact that the state intended to present psychiatric evidence and
17
made no additional factual showing evidencing his entitlement to
the appointment of a psychiatrist on any other basis.
Because White did not make a showing to the trial court that
he was entitled to expert psychiatric assistance on any basis
other than the fact that the state intended to present
psychiatric evidence regarding his future dangerousness, he had
no right to the assistance of a psychiatrist but for the state’s
offering psychiatric evidence regarding his future dangerousness.
See Williams, 989 F.2d at 844 n.10; Messer, 831 F.2d at 960; cf.
Ake, 470 U.S. at 83 (noting that an indigent defendant has a
constitutional right to the appointment of a psychiatrist “when
the defendant demonstrates to the trial judge that his sanity at
the time of the offense is to be a significant factor at trial”
(emphasis added)). Thus, assuming that the trial court committed
Ake error by (1) conditioning the appointment of a psychiatrist
on White’s submission to a mental examination and state access to
the results thereof and (2) allowing the state to present
psychiatric evidence, such error would have been cured had the
court simply precluded the state from admitting psychiatric
evidence. As noted earlier, the erroneous admission of
psychiatric evidence during a capital sentencing hearing is
subject to harmless-error analysis. See Satterwhite, 486 U.S. at
257-58. We therefore proceed to a determination of whether the
admission of such evidence was harmless in this case.
18
2. Harmlessness of the alleged Ake error
White’s Ake claim is before us in the context of a
collateral attack on a final state judgment of conviction and
sentence. Interests of comity and federalism, as well as “the
State’s interest in the finality of convictions that have
survived direct review within the state court system” mandate
that the alleged Ake error does not entitle White to habeas
relief unless it “‘had a substantial and injurious effect or
influence in determining the jury’s verdict.’” Brecht v.
Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623, 635 (1993) (quoting Kotteakos v.
United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)). We conclude that it
did not.
During the penalty phase of White’s trial, the state’s
psychiatric evidence consisted of the testimony of Dr. Ronald
Markman, who testified on the basis of a hypothetical scenario
predicated upon the evidence adduced during both the guilt and
punishment phases of White’s trial, that a person who had engaged
in the type of violent criminal activity in which the evidence
indicated White had engaged has an antisocial personality
disorder and poses a risk of future dangerousness. Specifically,
Dr. Markman testified as follows during direct examination:
Q: Okay if you were going to use a one to ten scale
of sociopaths, because you indicated there are
some people that actually meet the diagnostic
criteria that are actually functioning in our
society without being criminals, and one being the
mildest form of antisocial personality disorder,
19
mildest towards society, and ten being the
extremest [sic] form of antisocial personality
where would you place the individual in our
hypothetical question?
A: In the 9 or 10 area.
Q: Extreme end [of] the spectrum?
A: That’s right.
Q: Is such a person dangerous?
A: In the presence of past dangerous activity, the
answer is yes.
Q: Okay, at least if you were to cut off your inquiry
in 1974, let’s just go back 13 years in time and
you are sitting here and we are all sitting here,
was that person dangerous in 1974?
A: Clearly, yes.
Q: How dangerous?
A: Dangerous to the point that he would have to be
segregated in order to make the society safe.
Q: Something would have to be done to protect society
from him?
A: That’s right.
Q: Now you have indicated that there is no cure; is
that correct?
A: Nothing that could alter the behavioral pattern,
no. Not at this time.
. . .
Q: . . . I am going to ask you whether or not you
have an opinion, based upon reasonable medical
certainty, as to whether or not there is a
probability that the defendant would commit
criminal acts of violence that would constitute a
continuing threat to society right now?
. . .
20
A: In my [o]pinion, with the information at hand, it
suggests a high possibility of recidivistic
activity, and, therefore, would qualify as being
dangerous to society at large.
Q: You consider it probabl[e] that that person would
commit criminal acts of violence in the future?
. . .
A: Yes.
During closing argument, counsel for the state focused to
some degree upon Dr. Markman’s testimony, particularly Dr.
Markman’s quantification of White’s degree of sociopathy.
Additionally, counsel for the state noted that Dr. Markman’s
testimony was unrefuted and that White could have put on
psychiatric evidence of his own had he chosen to do so.
Assuming that the trial court’s refusal to appoint a
psychiatrist to examine White privately rendered the admission of
Dr. Markman’s testimony error, we cannot conclude that such error
had a substantial and injurious effect on the jury’s answers to
the special issues presented pursuant to article 37.071 of the
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Prior to Dr. Markman’s
testimony, the jury heard a tremendous amount of additional non-
psychiatric evidence that, in all likelihood, rendered Dr.
Markman’s medical opinion that White posed a threat of future
dangerousness a foregone conclusion in the minds of the jurors.
During the guilt phase of White’s trial, Gerald Kunkle, a
former deputy sheriff of Collin County and one of the law
enforcement officers responsible for transporting White back to
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Texas after he surrendered to law enforcement authorities in
Mississippi, testified that during the trip back to Texas, White
indicated that he felt no remorse for his killings. He further
testified that when he asked White how he felt about the Hill Top
Grocery murders, White responded that they were “[j]ust like
stepping on a fly.”
At the punishment phase of White’s trial, Glenda McFadden,
to whom White was married in the early 1970s, testified that
White beat her and threatened to kill her. She also testified
that she witnessed him beating another of his former wives who
was in her third trimester of pregnancy at the time. Ira Lee
Bragg testified that, on September 22, 1972, White invited him
into White’s apartment for a beer and that, while he and a few
others were talking amicably, White approached him from behind
and, without provocation, cut his throat with a hunting knife.
The jury heard considerable evidence of White’s murder of
Roy Perryman, including White’s detailed confession thereto.
Johnny White, White’s cousin, testified that, after arriving at
his home in Mississippi following the Hill Top Grocery murders,
White told him that he had killed Perryman because “[h]e had been
dreaming of killing somebody, and he wanted to kill him to see
how it was.” Howard Alford, a Texas Ranger who was one of the
law enforcement officers who transported White from Mississippi
back to Texas after his surrender, testified that during his
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confession to the murder of Perryman, White seemed proud of what
he had done.
Johnny White further testified that, when White came to his
home after the Hill Top Grocery murders, White told him that he
wished to kill a local Mississippi justice of the peace known as
Judge Micky because she had convicted him of driving while
intoxicated the previous year. He further testified that, based
upon his contact with White even before the Hill Top Grocery
murders, he was of the opinion that White “is a threat and always
will be.” Michael LaRue, a former Waco police officer, also
testified that White’s reputation for being a peaceable and law-
abiding citizen was bad and that he also had a reputation for
violence.
Additionally, the state introduced a letter that White wrote
to his wife in December 1986, which stated in part the following:
Margaret you have told me several times that you don’t
want to be married anymore. For a good long while I
thought you really wanted to be free from me, but now I
don’t think that’s what you want at all. I think you
still love me and want us to remain married; but you
also want to be able to live with that other dude out
there or write to someone else in here without me
knowing it, or just don’t think I’ll do anything about
it one. You better think again Margaret, because I’m
not about to share you with anyone, and if you keep
fucking around, you gonna end up getting someone hurt
real bad woman. And that include here or when I get
out and come to Montana. Because if you are still
married to me when I get out of here, I’m coming to
Montana and taking what is mine, and you are mine as
long as you are married to me. And if you are fucking
around with someone here behind my back, someone is
just before getting hurt because no man in prison will
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let another prisoner come between him and his wife and
get by with it.
. . .
P.S. Margaret its very dangerous to play around with
someone’s wife and love life and future, and its equal
as dangerous to deprive a man of what is his concerning
financial help when that man is in prison depending
wholy [sic] on his wife for the help he gets and needs.
You might should pass that message on to the son of a
bitch that split us up, because he’s playing a
dangerous fucking game, and it could very easy cost him
dearly. More than he wants to pay too. I do know one
thing he took everything away from me, even my love and
joy when he came between us, and I’m not going to
forget that very easy. So tell him I said walk slow
and watch out for shadows in the dark, because shadows
can creep up when he’s least expecting them!!!!!!!! Do
you catch my drift Margaret?
Your Husband
Love Excell
Dawn Apolito, one of the detention officers responsible for
White’s custody during his trial, also testified that White
threatened Johnny White during a recess after Johnny White had
testified against him. She testified that White seemed extremely
tense and that he stated to her, “I guess you could see what I
wanted to do back there.” He then said, “That’s all right, I’ll
get that son-of-a-bitch.”
In light of the tremendous amount of evidence indicating
White’s propensity for violence, we are convinced that it is
highly unlikely that Dr. Markman’s testimony swayed the jury in
its answer to the second special issue under article 37.071 of
the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. This conclusion is
bolstered by the fact that Dr. Markman acknowledged during cross-
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examination that the psychiatric profession is sharply divided by
disagreement as to whether past behavior is predictive of future
dangerousness. He further stated that dangerous behavior by
persons with antisocial personality disorders decreases
significantly with age because individuals begin to run out of
energy as they reach their fifth and sixth decades. At the time
of his second trial, White was forty-nine years old and thus well
into his fifth decade. Based on the foregoing, we are confident
that, if the trial court erred in admitting Dr. Markman’s
testimony, such error did not have a substantial and injurious
effect upon the jury’s answers to the special issues presented to
it during the punishment phase.
White argues, however, that the purported Ake error in this
case was not harmless because, had a psychiatrist been appointed
to assist him, he may have been able to more fully develop a
defense both in regard to the mens rea element of capital murder
and the two special issues that the state sought to establish
during sentencing. Specifically, White offers the affidavit of
Dr. George Woods, which states his medical opinion that White
suffered from a “toxic delirium” at the time of the offense and
that it is “highly probable that [] White suffered from an
organic brain disorder at the time of the offense.” However, as
demonstrated in Part III.A.1, supra, Dr. Woods’s affidavit has no
impact upon our harmless-error analysis because White did not
request the appointment of a psychiatrist on any ground
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independent of the fact that the state intended to offer
psychological evidence of future dangerousness. White’s trial
counsel did not bring to the attention of the trial court any
facts that would have evidenced the existence of a mental
disorder that may have warranted the appointment of a
psychiatrist to assist White. As indicated supra, if the trial
court erred at all in declining to appoint White an independent
psychiatrist, it erred in declining to appoint one on the basis
that the state intended to offer psychiatric evidence of future
dangerousness; it did not err in declining to appoint an expert
on any other basis because White did not ask for the appointment
of a psychiatrist on any other basis. See Williams, 989 F.2d at
844 n.10; Messer v. Kemp, 831 F.2d at 960. Because we conclude
that Dr. Markman’s testimony did not have a substantial and
injurious effect on the jury’s answers to the special issues
presented to them pursuant to article 37.071 of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure, any Ake error that occurred in this case was
harmless. The district court therefore properly denied White’s
request for habeas relief on the basis of the alleged Ake error.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
White also claims that the trial court’s denial of his
request for the appointment of an independent psychiatrist
rendered his counsel’s performance unconstitutionally
ineffective. The Supreme Court has held that, in order to prove
26
that counsel afforded unconstitutionally ineffective assistance,
a petitioner must establish that his attorney’s performance was
deficient and that such deficiency prejudiced his defense. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
In an attempt to demonstrate deficient performance on the
part of his trial counsel, White in essence simply readvances his
Ake claim under the guise of an ineffective assistance claim in
that he expressly states that no act or omission on the part of
his trial counsel rendered counsel’s assistance ineffective. In
this regard, White’s brief states the following:
As far as the first prong of the Strickland
analysis is concerned, the present case is not an
ordinary ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The
performance of Mr. White’s trial counsel was not
unreasonable and deficient because of what they failed
to do. Trial counsel performed appropriately,
recognizing the possible issues regarding Mr. White’s
mental capacity, recognizing the need for expert
assistance in exploring these issues, and moving the
court, prior to trial, for the appointment of a defense
expert. Trial counsel’s performance was rendered
unreasonable and deficient by the combination of
White’s indigency, his exercise of his Fifth Amendment
rights, and the trial court’s refusal to simply appoint
a partisan expert who would assist the defense and only
the defense in the exploration of the issues regarding
Mr. White’s mental capacity.
White does not claim that his counsel performed ineffectively by
failing to make a broader-based request for the appointment of a
psychiatrist including a factual showing that might have entitled
him to the appointment of a psychiatrist even absent the state’s
intention to present psychiatric evidence.
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Assuming for the sake of argument that the trial court’s
purported Ake error could have rendered the performance of
White’s trial counsel deficient within the meaning of Strickland,
our conclusion that the purported Ake error was harmless
forecloses any argument that deficiency in the performance of
White’s trial counsel precipitated by the Ake error was
prejudicial. In Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 (1995), the
Supreme Court observed that the precedent from which it derived
the Strickland prejudice standard indicates that Strickland
“would recognize reversible constitutional error only when the
harm to the defendant was greater than the harm sufficient for
reversal under Kotteakos[ v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776
(1946)],” which announced the harmless-error standard that the
Court later held applicable to constitutional errors alleged via
a habeas petition, see Brecht, 507 U.S. at 623; Kyles, 514 U.S.
at 436; cf. Turner v. Johnson, 106 F.3d 1178, 1188 (5th Cir.
1997) (noting that a habeas petitioner could not establish
Strickland prejudice based upon his counsel’s failure to object
to improper portions of the prosecution’s closing argument
because the argument constituted harmless error). Because the
purported Ake error did not “ha[ve] a substantial and injurious
effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict,” Brecht,
507 U.S. at 623 (internal quotation marks omitted), assuming that
it could have rendered White’s counsel’s performance deficient,
any resulting deficiency could not have been prejudicial. The
28
district court therefore properly denied White’s request for
habeas relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.
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