F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
SEP 14 1998
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
EUGENE TRUJILLO,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 97-1129
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER,
Defendant - Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
(D.C. No. 94-D-1594)
William S. Finger of Frank & Finger, P.C., Evergreen, Colorado, for Plaintiff-
Appellant.
Patrick T. O’Rourke of Montgomery, Little & McGrew, P.C., Englewood,
Colorado (Kevin J. Kuhn of Montgomery, Little & McGrew, P.C.; Joanne M.
McDevitt and Stephen Zweck Bronner, Special Assistant Attorneys General,
University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, with him on the brief), for Defendant-
Appellee.
_________________________
Before LUCERO, McKAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
_________________________
McKAY, Circuit Judge.
_________________________
Plaintiff Mr. Eugene Trujillo brought a discrimination claim pursuant to
Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2000e-5, against Defendant University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center [UCHSC] under theories of hostile work environment,
disparate treatment, and retaliation. Plaintiff appeals the district court’s grant of
summary judgment on all claims. We review the court’s decision de novo,
drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, the nonmoving party. See
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986);
Bolden v. PRC, Inc., 43 F.3d 545, 548 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S.
826 (1995). The district court’s entry of summary judgment was appropriate if
“there [was] no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . [Defendant was]
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
Plaintiff first claims that discrimination based on race created a hostile or
abusive work environment that resulted in a violation of Title VII. The district
court found the evidence insufficient to support the existence of a racially hostile
work environment and, therefore, granted Defendant summary judgment on that
claim.
Plaintiff, who is Hispanic, alleges that his hostile work environment began
with Defendant’s hiring of Dr. Mackie Faye Hill as Director of the Center for
MultiCultural Enrichment [CFME], a unit of UCHSC within which Plaintiff was
employed. Plaintiff alleges that he was the victim of a hostile work environment
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because Dr. Hill, who is black, “document[ed] improprieties in [his] job
performance,” Plaintiff-Appellant’s Opening Br. at 32, criticized and checked on
his work, and sent him memos requesting Leave Request and Approval forms for
dates when he was absent from the office. He complains that he “was instructed
by supervisors to cancel a request for leasing space in a building” to operate a
program he supervised, R., Vol. II at 367; that UCHSC “refused to refurbish” the
building that he found to operate his program, id.; that his request to attend a
leadership program for Hispanics was not approved; and that he was not included
as one of the UCHSC representatives to the Latin American Educational Fund
Anniversary Dinner. He complains that when the combination to the lock on the
office which contained the xerox machine was changed, Dr. Hill’s administrative
assistant forgot to give Plaintiff the combination. Plaintiff wrote Dr. Hill a memo
and the problem was resolved the next day. See id., Vol. III at 1098. Plaintiff
complains that in May 1991 he was required to bring a final budget for one of his
programs to a meeting, and he further complains that a year later he was excluded
from part of the budgeting process for one of his programs. Plaintiff also
complains that Dr. Hill placed a corrective action in his personnel file that warned
him that he needed to improve his attendance, instructed him that he should not
offer employment positions without involving her in the process, and told him not
to produce and distribute the Pre-Collegiate Program Newsletter without first
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presenting it to her for review and approval.
The record reflects that due to UCHSC’s budgetary difficulties, each entity
in UCHSC was instructed to prepare four adjusted budget plans. Each respective
plan was to reduce its unit’s operating budget by 0%, 3%, 7%, and 10%. Dr. Hill
submitted her budget plans, noting that the reductions were an “impossible task”
and would require CFME to “lay-off [sic] a staff member.” Id. at 901-02. She
expressed her concern about losing a staff position and requested an exemption
from the budget cuts.
The Office of Academic Affairs recommended the elimination of Plaintiff’s
position. Dr. Hill was instructed to implement the plan proposed by the Office of
Academic Affairs, and on May 15, 1991, she informed Plaintiff that his position
was being eliminated. See id., Vol. I at 95; Vol. III at 909, 911. At the same
time that UCHSC was implementing the system-wide budget reductions, Dr. Hill
proposed the formulation of a new CFME position to be funded through a federal
grant. This position was never created, however, because the Director of
Personnel Services expressed concerns about creating a new position while
simultaneously discharging Plaintiff. Plaintiff was not discharged, and his
position was funded for the next year through a one-time $30,000 grant from the
President’s Office that was approved in October 1991. When the one-time grant
ended a year later, Plaintiff was discharged due to lack of funds.
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To survive summary judgment, Plaintiff must show that “under the totality
of the circumstances (1) the harassment was pervasive or severe enough to alter
the terms, conditions, or privilege of employment, and (2) the harassment was
racial or stemmed from racial animus.” Bolden v. PRC Inc., 43 F.3d 545, 551
(10th Cir. 1994) (citing Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1986)). In
evaluating the first prong of a hostile work environment claim, we look at all the
circumstances including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its
severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive
utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work
performance.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993). As we
previously stated in Bolden, a few isolated incidents of racial enmity are
insufficient to survive summary judgment. See Bolden, 43 F.3d at 551.
Plaintiff falls short of making a showing of pervasive or severe harassment.
See Bolden, 43 F.3d at 551. The record on appeal provides evidence of little
more than a collection of unrelated incidents where Plaintiff and Dr. Hill were at
odds. Plaintiff was not subjected to anything that was physically threatening or
humiliating, nor was he subjected to any offensive utterances. See Harris, 510
U.S. at 23. Plaintiff’s list of grievances includes none of the racial comments or
ridicule that are hallmarks of hostile work environment claims. See Witt v.
Roadway Express, 136 F.3d 1424, 1432-33 (10th Cir. 1998); Smith v. Norwest
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Fin. Acceptance, Inc., 129 F.3d 1408, 1413-14 (10th Cir. 1997); see also Vore v.
Indiana Bell Tel. Co., 32 F.3d 1161, 1164 (7th Cir. 1994) (“In the typical cases,
the question is whether the quantity, frequency, and severity of the racial, ethnic,
or sexist slurs create a work environment so hostile as to discriminate against the
minority employee.”). The hostile work environment that Plaintiff portrays is
simply a work environment that exhibits the monitoring and job stress typical of
life in the real world. Normal job stress does not constitute a hostile or abusive
work environment. As the Seventh Circuit explained, federal law “does not
guarantee a utopian workplace, or even a pleasant one. . . . [P]ersonality conflicts
between employees are not the business of the federal courts.” Vore, 32 F.3d at
1162. We cannot vilify every supervisor that implements a policy with which an
employee disagrees or that monitors her employees’ conduct. Plaintiff has not
cited any cases that have found similar employer conduct to constitute a racially
hostile work environment, and we decline to extend the contours of a “hostile
work environment” to include Plaintiff’s alleged job situation.
Had Plaintiff presented more persuasive evidence that his alleged
harassment stemmed from racial animus, we may have disposed of his appeal
differently. As we have mentioned, however, there is no evidence of racial
harassment; there are no racial slurs or racially harassing comments in his work
environment. Plaintiff’s only hope for escaping summary judgment was to
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present sufficient evidence that the conduct he complains of stemmed from racial
animus. Here is the evidence he presented: (1) He is Hispanic and Dr. Hill, his
supervisor, is a black female; (2) there were two other blacks in his employment
unit and, therefore, blacks constituted the majority in the unit; (3) the prior CFME
director who Dr. Hill replaced was Hispanic and did not get along with one of the
black CFME employees; (4) this black employee was friends with or related to a
few black management-level employees in other UCHSC offices; and (5) when
the former Hispanic CFME director discharged another black employee, he was
accused of the same discriminatory conduct that Plaintiff is now accusing Dr. Hill
of committing. Plaintiff also states that one time he saw Dr. Hill yell at a
Hispanic nursing student; that Plaintiff offered to counsel and represent the
student regarding the incident; and that, although Dr. Hill allegedly would not
allow Plaintiff to represent the Hispanic student, Plaintiff did discuss the incident
with the Chancellor’s Affirmative Action Advisory Committee. Plaintiff’s
evidence is insufficient to create a jury question that his stressful working
conditions were inflicted upon him because of racial animus. We note that,
although Plaintiff alleges that his hostile work environment began when Dr. Hill
was hired as CFME director, much of his evidence of Dr. Hill’s alleged racial
animus occurred before Dr. Hill was associated with the CFME office. We,
therefore, affirm summary judgment on Plaintiff’s hostile work environment
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claim.
Plaintiff also appeals the district court’s entry of summary judgment on his
disparate treatment claim. The district court found that Plaintiff met his initial
burden of establishing a prima facie case of racial discrimination by showing (1)
that he is a member of a racial minority, (2) that he suffered an adverse
employment action, and (3) that similarly situated employees were treated
differently. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973).
Once an employee carries his burden of demonstrating a prima facie case, the
burden of production shifts to the employer to demonstrate “some legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason” for the adverse employment action. Id.; see Texas
Dep’t of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254-55 (1981). If the
employer offers a nondiscriminatory reason, the burden shifts back to the
employee to show that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the
employer’s reason for the challenged action is pretextual and unworthy of belief.
See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256; Ingels v. Thiokol Corp., 42 F.3d 616, 622 (10th
Cir. 1994). A reason is not a “‘pretext for discrimination’ unless it is shown both
that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason.” St. Mary’s
Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993). The employer is entitled to
summary judgment if the employee “could not offer evidence tending to show the
defendant’s innocent explanation for his employment decision was false.” Randle
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v. City of Aurora, 69 F.3d 441, 451 n.14 (10th Cir. 1995).
In this case, the district court concluded that Plaintiff “offered no credible
evidence that create[d] a genuine issue of material fact that ‘defendant’s proffered
reason[s] for the employment decision[s] were pretextual–i.e. unworthy of
belief.’” R., Vol. III at 1167 (quoting Randle, 69 F.3d at 451). As we discussed
above, Defendant explained that Plaintiff was discharged and never rehired due to
budget cuts and mandatory staff reductions. After a thorough review of the
record, we agree with the district court that Plaintiff has failed to present a jury
question as to whether Defendant’s reason is pretextual and unworthy of belief.
The district court also granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s retaliation
claim. To survive summary judgment, Plaintiff must present evidence
establishing a genuine issue of fact that (1) he engaged in protected opposition to
statutorily prohibited discrimination; (2) he was subjected to an adverse
employment action subsequent to or contemporaneous with his protected
opposition; and (3) a causal connection exists between the employer’s adverse
employment action and the employee’s protected activity. See Murray v. City of
Sapulpa, 45 F.3d 1417, 1420 (10th Cir. 1995); Cole v. Ruidoso Mun. Sch., 43
F.3d 1373, 1381 (10th Cir. 1994). Former employees qualify as “employees” for
purposes of bringing unlawful retaliation claims against a former employer. See
Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, , 117 S. Ct. 843, 849 (1997).
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Plaintiff alleges that Defendant retaliated against him by causing his
subsequent employer, the Latin American Research and Service Agency
[LARASA], to terminate his employment. 1 We recite below the evidence in the
record that is relevant to Plaintiff’s retaliation claim.
In her deposition testimony, Plaintiff’s supervisor at LARASA, Ms. Maria
Guajardo, discussed a June 3, 1993 evaluation of Plaintiff’s work. Ms. Guajardo
stated that Plaintiff’s job performance evaluation reflected that Plaintiff exhibited
the following problems: (1) low productivity, specifically including a failure to
write the required grant proposals; (2) failure to meet self-imposed deadlines; (3)
poor follow-up on recommendations made; (4) poor preparation for meetings; and
(5) poor prioritization and planning. See R., Vol. III at 957-58. She stated that
she had spoken to Plaintiff about his low productivity “at least monthly” prior to
writing the June performance evaluation. Id. at 957.
The record reflects that Plaintiff was placed on probation at LARASA for
the month of June, given deadline dates and activities that needed to be completed
within the following thirty days, and informed that future employment at
1
In the district court, Plaintiff also claimed that he was retaliated against
while employed at UCHSC. However, because Plaintiff failed to raise that
retaliation claim in his opening brief, we hold that he has waived that claim on
appeal. See State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Mhoon, 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7 (10th
Cir. 1994). We only address Plaintiff’s claims of retaliation while he was
employed by LARASA.
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LARASA was contingent on the completion of the activities and the quality of the
work. Ms. Guajardo stated that Plaintiff failed to complete the activities by the
deadline dates. Although Plaintiff failed to provide us with the date of his
dismissal and our review of the record has not disclosed the date, Ms. Guajardo
states in her deposition that she met with Plaintiff to review the list of tasks and,
“at that point, informed him that his performance was not up to par; and . . . that
[she] would not be continuing his employment at LARASA.” Id. at 958. The
record indicates that Plaintiff told Ms. Guajardo “that he was going to resign
voluntarily, and that, along with his resignation, he had an expectation of
severance pay.” Id.
In support of his retaliation claim, Plaintiff submitted a memo written by a
fellow employee and dated Monday, July 12, 1993. In her memo, Plaintiff’s co-
worker writes, “Currently, I see no legitimate reason for [Plaintiff’s] dismissal. If
it was due to performance problems, it is beyond me . . . .” R., Vol. II at 499. In
her deposition, Ms. Guajardo stated that there was discussion at a staff retreat on
the Friday before the memo, July 9, about “[t]he safety of the office, the process
and procedures for staff, in light of the staff changes.” Id. at 852 (emphasis
added). Plaintiff did not attend the July 9 staff retreat, and when Ms. Guajardo
was asked how Plaintiff responded to the information in the July 12 memo, she
said, “He was gone by then. He was not in the office.” Id. at 853. After a
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thorough review of the record, the only reasonable view of the evidence is that
Plaintiff was informed that he would be dismissed before Monday, July 12, and
most likely before Friday, July 9.
On July 8, the Thursday previous to the July 12 memo, Ms. Guajardo
removed Plaintiff’s office keys. The next day, at the Friday, July 9 staff retreat,
Ms. Guajardo stated that she took his keys from him “based on a rumor that he
had ‘crashed the computer system at his last place of employment.’” Id. at 852.
Plaintiff asserts that this rumor is false and that it originated from Dr. Hill. There
is no direct evidence that Dr. Hill told anyone at LARASA that Plaintiff destroyed
a computer system at UCHSC, but the record does reveal some circumstantial
evidence. A UCHSC employee stated in the record that Dr. Hill told him that
“prior to when [Plaintiff] left [UCHSC], he had erased the IBM computers.” Id.
at 843-44. Ms. Guajardo said that she heard the rumor about Plaintiff from a
fellow LARASA employee “around the time of [Plaintiff] being terminated.” Id.
at 853. Dr. Hill stated in the record that she spoke with this same LARASA
employee several times in 1993 and that she had told the employee that she “had
the same difficulty [with Plaintiff that the employee] was talking about.” Id. at
849.
To escape summary judgment on his claim that Defendant retaliated against
him by causing him to be terminated by LARASA, Plaintiff must present evidence
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of a causal connection between his discharge and the rumor. See Murray, 45 F.3d
at 1420. Ms. Guajardo testified that her negative evaluation of Plaintiff’s job
performance was in no way influenced by Dr. Hill or anyone else employed by
Defendant. Plaintiff’s unsupported assertions that Ms. Guajardo’s discharge of
Plaintiff was influenced by the rumor do not create a jury question. The court
appropriately granted summary judgment on the retaliatory discharge claim.
Plaintiff also asserts that Defendant retaliated against him by causing his
reputation to be damaged at the July 9 LARASA staff retreat and by causing Ms.
Guajardo to remove his office keys on July 8. Plaintiff did create an issue of fact
that Ms. Guajardo’s conduct on July 8 and July 9 was caused by a rumor
originating from Dr. Hill. However, in order to establish a prima facie case of
retaliation, Plaintiff must also show that damaging his reputation at the July 9
staff retreat and removing his office keys on July 8 constitute adverse
employment actions. Unfortunately, Plaintiff failed to provide the exact date of
his dismissal. After thoroughly reviewing the record, we have not discovered the
exact date, but the evidence undoubtedly indicates that the removal of Plaintiff’s
keys and Ms. Guajardo’s comments at the staff retreat occurred either in
conjunction with or soon after Plaintiff’s dismissal. 2 Thus, Ms. Guajardo’s
2
In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleged that Defendant transmitted
the rumor to LARASA “on or about July 20, 1993.” R., Vol. I at 6. If we
accepted this version of the facts, Defendant’s suspect communication to
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conduct had no adverse effect on his employment with LARASA because Plaintiff
no longer had a job. See Cole, 43 F.3d at 1382 (“The harm to Cole resulted from
the nonrenewal and demotion, not from the School District’s subsequent
explanation of its action. Cole has produced no facts to show that the District’s
change in position has in any way adversely affected her employment.”). Since
Plaintiff had already been discharged, he has not and cannot show that the
removal of his keys and the comment at the retreat affected his life on the job or
his opportunities at LARASA. If he had alleged and presented evidence that his
supervisor’s conduct deprived him of future employment prospects, our decision
might have been different. See Berry v. Stevinson Chevrolet, 74 F.3d 980, 986
(10th Cir. 1996). The only issue Plaintiff has raised is whether his supervisor
acted on the rumor to take precautions in connection with her otherwise
independent decision to discharge him. Such conduct does not constitute an
adverse employment action giving rise to a retaliation claim. The court did not
err in granting summary judgment.
Finally, Plaintiff claims that he was denied fundamental fairness in the
judicial proceedings due to the failure of the magistrate judge to provide copies of
certain orders to his counsel, Mr. William Finger. Plaintiff’s claim is without
LARASA would have occurred almost two weeks after the retaliatory actions the
rumor is alleged to have induced. Such a version of the facts would obviously
require affirmance of the district court’s summary judgment.
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merit. Mr. Finger’s Entry of Appearance lists him as co-counsel on behalf of
Plaintiff. Each minute order that did not include Mr. Finger on the certificate of
mailing included Mr. Finger’s co-counsel, Mr. Juan Vigil. Mr. Vigil admits that
he received copies of the minute orders. Additionally, the magistrate judge had
established a pattern of including only Mr. Vigil on the certificate of mailing for
his minute orders. Beginning with a minute order filed October 13, 1995, and
continuing with orders filed November 6, 1995, November 21, 1995, and
December 7, 1995, Mr. Finger was omitted from the certificate of mailing.
Because Mr. Finger had plenty of time to recognize the magistrate judge’s
omission and remedy it by bringing it to the magistrate judge’s attention, and
because Mr. Finger’s co-counsel and Plaintiff’s agent, Mr. Vigil, received copies
of the minute orders, we hold that Plaintiff was not denied fundamental fairness.
The district court’s summary judgment is AFFIRMED. 3
3
After thoroughly reviewing Plaintiff’s contentions concerning the nature
of the evidence considered by the district court in ruling on the Motion for
Summary Judgment and Plaintiff’s assertion that the district court erred by not
requiring Defendant to adhere to the district court’s rules regarding the format of
reply briefs, we conclude Plaintiff’s claims are without merit. The district court
did not abuse its discretion on these issues.
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