F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
OCT 2 1998
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
OTIS KINSEY, an individual; GARY
MONTGOMERY, an individual,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
No. 97-6289
v. (D.C. No. CIV-96-1902-C)
(W.D. Okla.)
WILLIE CASE,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PORFILIO , KELLY , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Defendant Willie Case appeals from the district court’s grant of summary
judgment against him on plaintiffs’ claims under Title III of the Omnibus Crime
Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2520, which provides a
civil remedy in favor of any person whose wire, oral or electronic communication
is intercepted in violation of the Act. We review the district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo, see Seymore v. Shawver & Sons, Inc. , 111 F.3d 794,
797 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 118 S. Ct. 342 (1997), and affirm.
Briefly stated, the undisputed facts are as follows: Plaintiffs and defendant
were teachers at Douglass High School in Oklahoma City. Many classrooms in
the school have telephones that are connected to the principal’s office by
specialized extensions. Over his telephone extension, defendant personally heard
plaintiffs making plans to orchestrate his termination, and he subsequently began
tape recording all of their (and apparently others’) telephone calls from his
extension for a three-month period. He recorded eighteen cassette tapes of phone
conversations, including sixty-six calls between plaintiffs and various third
parties. Plaintiffs did not consent to the recording of their conversations.
Defendant disclosed the tapes of plaintiffs’ conversations to his attorney in this
matter and to another attorney in a related state court proceeding.
In its thorough and well-reasoned decision, the district court determined
that the telephone conversations were wire communications within the meaning of
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§ 2510(1), that defendant’s interception of them did not fall within the telephone
or business extension exemption created by §§ 2510(4) and (5), that defendant’s
self-defense and good-faith defenses were not recognized defenses to violations
of the Act, and that defendant had disclosed the intercepted communications.
It therefore concluded that defendant violated § 2511(1) with respect to each
plaintiff. The court awarded plaintiffs $10,000 each as statutory damages under
§ 2520(c)(2)(B), plus attorney fees, and enjoined defendant from engaging in
further wiretapping activity and disclosure of intercepted communications.
Defendant raises three arguments on appeal. He contends first that
plaintiffs did not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in their communications
over the school telephone system and that their communications were therefore
not protected by the Act. Defendant, however, intercepted wire communications,
and “[w]ire communications, unlike oral communications, are protected against
interception by electronic, mechanical, and other devices regardless of the
speaker’s expectation of privacy.” Briggs v. American Air Filter Co. , 630 F.2d
414, 417 n.4 (5th Cir. 1980) (comparing § 2510(1) with § 2510(2)); see also
United States v. Harpel , 493 F.2d 346, 349 (10th Cir. 1974) (recognizing lack of
requirement to prove reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to intercepted
wire communications).
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Defendant next contends that his interception of plaintiffs’ telephone
conversations was justified on the grounds of self-defense; that is, he was trying
to protect himself from plaintiffs’ wrongful conspiracy to terminate his
employment. We agree with the district court that this is not a recognized defense
under the statute.
Finally, defendant contends that because he had filed an earlier action
against plaintiffs in state court, “jurisdiction was in the state court and the federal
court should have yielded to the proceedings in state court and [defendant] adopts
and reurges his argument as raised in the Court below.” Appellant’s Br. at 15.
Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(6) requires that an appellant’s “argument must contain the
contentions of the appellant on the issues presented, and the reasons therefor,
with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record relied on.” The
rule does not allow the incorporation by reference of arguments made in the
district court. See Graphic Controls Corp. v. Utah Med. Prods., Inc. , 149 F.3d
1382, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Pitsonbarger v. Gramley , 141 F.3d 728, 740 (7th Cir.
1998), petition for cert. filed , (U.S. July, 8, 1998) (No. 98-5153). We therefore
will not consider this argument.
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The judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of
Oklahoma is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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