F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FEB 1 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 98-2090
v. (D. New Mexico)
ANIBAL CRUZ MARTINEZ, (D.C. No. 96-CR-324-All)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PORFILIO , HOLLOWAY , and ANDERSON , Circuit Judges.
Anibal Cruz Martinez appeals his conviction for possession with intent to
distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), 21 U.S.C. § 841
(b)(1)(A), and 18 U.S.C. § 2. He argues that he was prejudiced by inadmissible
hearsay when a DEA agent testified that Cruz Martinez matched a description
given the day after his arrest by a confidential informant who had previously
bought drugs at his residence. The United States contends that the informant’s
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
out-of-court statements were not admitted for their truth, but were admitted only
to show why Cruz Martinez was taken into custody. We hold that there was no
relevant nonhearsay purpose to support admission of the statements, because
statements introduced to justify previous investigatory decisions are relevant only
if taken for their truth. However, because the confidential informant’s statements
were already before the jury through the cross-examination of another witness,
and in light of the extensive admissible evidence against Cruz Martinez, we
conclude that the error was harmless.
I. BACKGROUND
Anibal Cruz Martinez, a Cuban immigrant, was first indicted in this case on
June 6, 1996, for two counts of distribution of less than five grams of a mixture
containing cocaine base, one count of possession with intent to distribute 50
grams and more of such a mixture, and one count of forfeiture of currency. The
two distribution counts were dismissed prior to trial. At a trial held January 8-9,
1997, in the district court, the jury could not reach a verdict on either of the
remaining counts. On February 5, 1997, Cruz Martinez was charged in a
superseding indictment with one count of possession with intent to distribute 50
grams and more of a mixture containing cocaine base, one count of maintaining a
place for the purpose of distributing and using such a mixture, and one count of
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forfeiture of currency. At his second trial, held April 16-18, 1997, the jury could
not reach a unanimous verdict on the maintaining charge, but convicted him of
possession with intent to distribute as well as the forfeiture charge. He was later
sentenced to 151 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, he continues to maintain his
position at trial, that although cocaine may have been sold at his apartment, he
has been misidentified as the seller of those drugs, and that prior to his arrest he
had no knowledge of such sales occurring at his residence.
At trial, the government presented evidence that Albuquerque Police
Department (“APD”) detectives received information regarding drug activity at
3408 Crest, Apartment 3–Cruz Martinez’s apartment. Following this lead, the
APD conducted two controlled buys at that address via a confidential informant.
The first occurred early in May 1996, sometime between 1:00 PM and 3:30 PM.
APD Detective Danny Garcia testified that he and APD Detective Troy Gladfelter
sent an informant into the apartment with a $20 bill. The informant returned a
short time later with a rock of crack cocaine. Garcia did not see anyone inside the
apartment. Based on statements by the informant describing the seller as a
heavyset, balding Cuban male, a search warrant was issued.
On May 16, 1996, at approximately 1:30 PM, the informant returned to
Cruz Martinez’s apartment, again entering with a $20 bill and returning with a
rock of cocaine base. Detectives Garcia and Gladfelter observed from a distance;
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Garcia testified that he did not see who answered the door. The confidential
informant gave law enforcement officers descriptions of two persons present at
the sale, but never viewed photographs of any suspects and did not testify at trial.
About one hour after the May 16 buy, at approximately 2:30 PM, APD
officers executed a search warrant at the residence. Detective Garcia, Detective
Gladfelter, and Sergeant Terry Ward each testified concerning the execution of
the warrant. Officers arrested the only person present, a heavyset Cuban (not
balding) identified as Isaac Gonzales, and found $166 on his person. Officers
recovered numerous pieces of physical evidence from the bedroom area, including
pill bottles and film vials containing 72.4 grams of cocaine base found on an
armoire; a diet scale, also on the armoire; bundles of cash in a dresser drawer and
in a vase on the dresser, in amounts of $399, $40, $3000, and $25, including the
$20 that had just been used in the drug buy; a fully loaded revolver inside a
clothes hamper, with matching bullets in the dresser drawer; and a photograph of
Cruz Martinez holding the revolver and a pistol-grip shotgun. Cruz Martinez
arrived while the police were conducting their search. He identified himself as
the lessee of the apartment, and was arrested.
Cruz Martinez and Gonzales were transported to the police station for
questioning. Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) Agent Robert Schimoler was in
a room with Cruz Martinez when APD Detective Victor Jojola walked by and
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recognized Cruz Martinez. Jojola testified that he pulled Schimoler aside and
advised him that he had met Cruz Martinez before. Cruz Martinez, who spoke
little English, had come to Jojola, also a Spanish speaker, about one month earlier
offering to give information about Cubans selling drugs in his neighborhood. At
that time, Jojola determined that Cruz Martinez’s information was “true and
correct,” R. Vol. IV, Tr. at 141, and explained that if Cruz Martinez was willing
to be an informant, he would receive compensation for good information. Jojola
told Cruz Martinez that informants usually have to testify in court. Cruz Martinez
explained that he might not be comfortable testifying against people he knew;
Jojola gave Cruz Martinez his pager number and told him to think about it. Jojola
testified that he never received any pages from Cruz Martinez.
Jojola testified that after he had advised Schimoler of this prior meeting,
Schimoler asked him to stay and interpret. According to Jojola, Cruz Martinez
gave “one-word,” “vague,” “close-ended” answers to questions about the items
recovered from his apartment. R. Vol. IV, Tr. at 147, 148. Initially Cruz
Martinez denied all knowledge of the drugs. When questioned about the money,
Cruz Martinez explained that it was his and his wife’s savings from various jobs.
Jojola testified that a few minutes later, Cruz Martinez told him that an
unidentified Mexican male had come to the door with the drugs, and that Cruz
Martinez had tried to page Jojola to tell him about it. When asked about
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Gonzales’ involvement, Cruz Martinez said, “He doesn’t know anything.” R. Vol.
IV, Tr. at 152.
Agent Schimoler corroborated Jojola’s account, and stated that following
the interview, “based on my experience and based on the information that was
given to me at that time, I decided to take Mr. Cruz Martinez into federal custody
and to release Mr. Gonzales.” R. Vol. V, Tr. at 200.
On cross-examination, defense counsel challenged aspects of Agent
Schimoler’s investigation. Agent Schimoler acknowledged that he released
Gonzales before running a background check that would have disclosed a prior
drug-related arrest, and that in so doing he disregarded APD officers’
recommendations that Gonzales be kept in custody. He testified that Cruz
Martinez had no criminal record. He testified that he talked to the confidential
informant the day after releasing Gonzales, and that the informant gave
descriptions of two persons involved in the second buy, one of whom matched
Gonzales’ description. Also, Schimoler admitted he had never had the one
fingerprint recovered from the containers of the drugs checked against Gonzales’
print. 1
The prosecution arranged for this analysis in the evening following the
1
first day of trial. Prior to Schimoler’s testimony on the second day of trial, the
expert testified that the print did not match Gonzales.
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On redirect, the prosecutor asked only about the statements of the
confidential informant. Specifically, he asked, “The description of the second
person there, who was that consistent with?” R. Vol. V, Tr. at 232. Defense
counsel objected on hearsay grounds, and there was a discussion at the bench:
[Defense counsel]: [The prosecutor] is going to ask for hearsay
evidence at this time.
[Prosecutor]: Your Honor, he opened the door.
[Defense counsel]: To the individual who transferred the actual
cocaine; that’s the only person I asked
about, Your Honor.
[Prosecutor]: But there were two people present, and he
asked about what the description was
consistent. I’m asking if the description is
consistent. It’s not necessarily for the truth
of the matter asserted, it’s to go as to Agent
Schimoler’s reasons in conducting his
investigation as to why certain people were
taken into custody.
The Court: I’ll permit it not for the truth of the matter
asserted, but for explaining why he did what he
did. If you want a limiting instruction, I’ll give
you one.
[Defense counsel]: Yes, if you would, Your Honor.
The Court: Do you want to draft one?
[Defense counsel]: Yes, I will do that.
R. Vol. V, Tr. at 233. Schimoler then testified that the informant’s description of
the other person at the second sale “was consistent with the physical appearance
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of Mr. Cruz Martinez.” R. Vol. V, Tr. at 234. At this point, no limiting
instruction was given; nothing was said in front of the jury indicating that the
informant’s statements were not to be taken for their truth.
The defense presented three witnesses: Maria Cruillas (a workplace
acquaintance of Cruz Martinez’s wife), Cruz Martinez’s wife, and Cruz Martinez
himself. Testifying in his own defense, Cruz Martinez related that on numerous
occasions Gonzales had visited the house; Cruz Martinez had befriended Gonzales
because they were fellow Cubans and Gonzales was homeless. At 7:00 AM on
May 16, Gonzales came to Cruz Martinez’s apartment and asked to use the
bathroom facilities for personal hygiene, as he had on prior occasions. At that
moment Cruz Martinez was leaving to take his wife to work. He let Gonzales
stay in the apartment to use the bathroom. After taking his wife to work, he went
to the home of Maria Cruillas to take her and her children on a series of errands.
He then went to pick up some prescription medication for himself. (This
testimony was consistent with the previous testimony of Cruillas regarding the
events of May 16, 1996.) He subsequently returned to his residence, where he
was arrested.
Cruz Martinez further testified that the cash in the apartment represented
his and his wife’s savings from various jobs (their combined gross income in
1995 was $16,059), which they kept in a dresser drawer under some clothes. (His
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wife previously testified to the same effect.) He stated that the guns in the photo
belonged to Gonzales, and that Gonzales took the picture. He denied knowledge
of the drugs.
Cruz Martinez testified that at his first meeting with Jojola, in April 1996,
he gave Jojola six names of persons selling drugs, three of which had
subsequently been arrested. He stated that he called the police several times to
report drug dealing in his neighborhood. He tried to page Jojola the morning of
his arrest, before leaving the house, regarding drug activity in the area. He
denied telling Jojola anything about a Mexican bringing drugs to his apartment.
Before closing arguments, in the court’s instructions to the jury, the court
stated:
During the course of this trial I admitted certain testimony for
a limited purpose only. Specifically, I admitted the statements of the
confidential informant to Agent Schimoler describing the people in
the apartment only to explain why the agent took the actions he did.
I did not admit these statements for their truth.
You may consider this testimony only for the specific limited
purpose for which it was admitted.
Jury Instruction No. 8, R. Vol. I, Tab 53. During opening and closing arguments
neither side referred to the informant’s out-of-court statements.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Out-of-Court Statements by the Confidential Informant
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Cruz Martinez contends that Agent Schimoler’s testimony regarding the
confidential informant’s description of a person with Cruz Martinez’s physical
characteristics constitutes inadmissible hearsay. We review the district court’s
evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, considering the record as a whole.
United States v. Jones , 44 F.3d 860, 873 (10th Cir. 1995). On hearsay issues, we
accord heightened deference to the district court, “because the determination of
whether certain evidence is hearsay rests heavily upon the facts of the particular
case.” United States v. Wilson , 107 F.3d 774, 780 (10th Cir. 1997).
Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter
asserted. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). The United States contends on appeal (as it did
successfully at trial) that the informant’s statements were not offered for their
truth, but to “corroborate[] [Agent Schimoler’s] earlier decision to take [Cruz
Martinez] into custody.” Appellee’s Br. at 12. It cites United States v. Freeman ,
816 F.2d 558 (10th Cir. 1987), for the proposition that out-of-court statements are
admissible “to explain the actions of the investigating agent.” Appellee’s Br. at
12.
In Freeman we held that “out of court statements are not hearsay when
offered for the limited purpose of explaining why a Government investigation was
undertaken.” Id. at 563 (citing United States v. Love , 767 F.2d 1052, 1063-64
(4th Cir. 1985)). Freeman was arrested after Secret Service Agents observed him
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and two other people meet for the purpose of distributing counterfeit currency.
One of the agents testified that this surveillance was conducted following a
confidential informant’s tip that the two other people planned to meet with an
unknown white male to pass counterfeit money. We upheld the admission of
these out-of-court statements “to explain preparations and steps in the
Government’s investigation of Freeman.” Id. at 563.
Similarly, in United States v. Wilson , 107 F.3d 774 (10th Cir. 1997), we
upheld the admission of the out-of-court statements by a confidential informant
that led police to conduct a controlled buy at the defendant’s residence. We
reasoned that this evidence “was offered to explain the reason why the
government began its investigation of [the defendant’s residence].” Id. at 781
(citing Freeman , 816 F.2d at 563-64). And in United States v. Trujillo , 136 F.3d
1388 (10th Cir. 1998), we cited Wilson in holding that an FBI agent’s testimony
relating witnesses’ descriptions of a bank robber was admissible “as evidence of
the focus of the FBI’s investigation.” Trujillo , 136 F.3d at 1396; see also United
States v. Barela , 973 F.2d 852, 854-55 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that out-of-court
statements “may come in for a nonprejudicial relevant use, such as demonstrating
reasons for taking certain investigatory steps”) (citing Freeman , 816 F.2d at 563).
In each of these cases we recognized a relevant nonhearsay use for the
contested evidence, because it provided needed background information to
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explain events which led to the defendant’s arrest. We recognized such a need in
United States v. Cass , 127 F.3d 1218 (10th Cir. 1997) :
In criminal cases, an arresting or investigating officer should not be
put in the false position of seeming just to have happened upon the
scene; he should be allowed some explanation of his presence and
conduct. His testimony that he acted “upon information received,” or
words to that effect, should be sufficient.
Cass , 127 F.3d at 1223 (quoting 2 McCormick on Evidence (4th ed.) §249, at 104
(citations omitted)).
The government’s asserted nonhearsay use of the statements at issue here is
of a different character. Although the informant’s statements do provide a post
hoc justification for Schimoler’s earlier decision to keep Cruz Martinez in
custody, such justifications do not provide background information showing why
the decision was made in the first place. Contrary to what the prosecutor at trial
successfully argued, the statements do not show “why certain people were taken
into custody.” R. Vol. V, Tr. at 233. Schimoler took Cruz Martinez into federal
custody the day before Schimoler talked to the confidential informant.
Furthermore, the prosecutor did not seek to establish, Schimoler did not testify,
and the government therefore does not argue, that Schimoler’s conversation with
the confidential informant triggered any subsequent investigatory decisions.
The United States argues on appeal (despite not having made such an
argument before the trial court) that the prosecutor on redirect properly elicited
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the challenged statements because they rehabilitated Schimoler as a witness. It is
true that on cross-examination defense counsel questioned various of Schimoler’s
investigatory decisions, and we agree that the statements offered on redirect
strengthened Schimoler’s credibility somewhat. However, to the extent the
informant’s statements rehabilitated Agent Schimoler, they were offered for their
truth. Nothing Schimoler heard the day after taking Cruz Martinez into custody
could justify that decision unless such statements were offered to show that the
decision was correct, i.e., that Cruz in fact was guilty. Such use of the out-of-
court statements constitutes hearsay.
Even if we could find some marginal nonhearsay relevance to the
challenged statements, “[t]he government’s identification of a relevant non-
hearsay use for such evidence, however, is insufficient to justify its admission if
the jury is likely to consider the statement for the truth of what was stated with
significant resultant prejudice.” Cass , 127 F.3d at 1223 (quoting United States v.
Forrester , 60 F.3d 52, 59 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal quotation omitted)). Here, as in
Cass , “the hearsay problem is exacerbated because the evidence the government
presented to ‘explain the course of its investigation’ . . . go[es] to precisely the
issue the government was required to prove . . . . Hearsay evidence that directly
goes to guilt is particularly difficult to limit to background purposes.” Cass , 127
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F.3d at 1223 (citing cases). Although a limiting instruction was given, it was
both tardy and insufficient, as we explain below.
Accordingly, we conclude it was error to admit Schimoler’s testimony
regarding the out-of-court statements.
B. Confrontation Clause
Cruz Martinez claims that the admission of the informant’s out-of-court
statements violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accusers. Cruz
Martinez admits that no such objection was lodged at trial, and concedes that we
have held that a hearsay objection at trial is not enough to preserve the
constitutional issue. See United States v. Perez , 989 F.2d 1574, 1582 (10th Cir.
1993) (en banc). Therefore we review only for plain error. See id.
Plain error must be obvious and affect substantial rights. See id. at 1583.
Although we have determined that hearsay was improperly admitted, we do not
think the error was particularly obvious, and therefore we reject Cruz Martinez’s
attempt to cast his argument as a constitutional claim.
C. Harmless Error
The government contends that any error in admitting hearsay was harmless.
Because we conclude that the admission of the hearsay was a nonconstitutional
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error, we apply the harmless error standard set out in Kotteakos v. United States ,
328 U.S. 750, 765 (1946). We review the record as a whole, de novo, to
determine whether the statements had a “substantial influence” on the outcome or
whether they leave us “in grave doubt” as to whether they had such an influence.
United States v. Tome , 61 F.3d 1446, 1455 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing Kotteakos ).
“The question is not whether, omitting the inadmissible statements, the record
contains sufficient evidence for a jury to convict the defendant.” Tome , 61 F.3d
at 1455 (citing Kotteakos ).
The government has the burden of proof on this issue. See Tome , 61 F.3d
at 1455. In support of its position, the government points to the considerable
evidence against Cruz Martinez. It notes that Cruz Martinez’s testimony
conflicted with this evidence, and concludes that by convicting Cruz Martinez, the
jury rejected his account as incredible. It argues that the limiting instruction
cured any prejudice. As evidence of the jury’s correct application of the
instruction, it argues that the challenged statements went directly to the
maintaining charge, on which the jury deadlocked.
We first reject the government’s contention that the court’s limiting
instruction “cured any prejudice, real or imagined.” Appellee’s Br. at 20. In
support of this argument it cites only cases involving curative instructions. A
curative instruction requires jurors to disregard inadmissible evidence, while a
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limiting instruction orders them to consider admissible evidence only for a limited
purpose. See 21 Wright & Graham, Federal Practice & Procedure § 5066 (1977).
Because there was no relevant nonhearsay use to which the statements here could
be put, a mere limiting instruction could not cure any prejudice. Certainly jurors
are presumed to follow instructions. See United States v. Easter , 981 F.2d 1549,
1553 (10th Cir. 1992). However, the court’s instruction to the jurors to consider
“the statements of the confidential informant to Agent Schimoler describing the
people in the apartment only to explain why the agent took the actions he did”
could not have aided Cruz Martinez. If, as the instruction seems to direct, the
jury used the statements to justify Agent Schimoler’s prior decision, jurors must
have taken them for their truth (as we have explained).
Furthermore, even if there were a proper limited use for the challenged
statements, a limiting instruction given at the end of trial would have been less
than effective. At that point, jurors could already have relied on the hearsay for
its truth while evaluating defense testimony. Although the failure to give a
contemporaneous limiting instruction is not reversible error per se, we have
repeatedly stated that “it is preferable to give some cautionary instruction at the
time of admission of the proof, with further instructions in the final charge.”
United States v. Rios , 611 F.2d 1335, 1341 (10th Cir. 1979) (quoting United
States v. Krohn , 573 F.2d 1382, 1387 n.5 (10th Cir. 1978)).
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Nevertheless, having reviewed the record in its entirety, we note that the
confidential informant’s out-of-court statements implicating Cruz Martinez were
introduced without any objection or motion to strike during the cross-examination
by defense counsel of Officer Gladfelter, the day before Schimoler testified. See
R. Vol. IV, Tr. at 119-20, 122-24. Defense counsel asked Detective Gladfelter
whether the first person arrested in Cruz Martinez’s apartment was “the person
that the confidential informant had told you had sold the drugs.” R. Vol. IV, Tr.
at 119. Gladfelter testified that according to the descriptions of the informant,
Gonzales had physically transferred the cocaine at the second sale, but added that
Cruz Martinez took the money at the second sale and was the sole person involved
in the first sale. We have in prior cases held that hearsay was harmless where the
hearsay evidence was cumulative of other properly admitted evidence. See, e.g. ,
United States v. Norman T. , 129 F.3d 1099, 1106 n.3 (10th Cir. 1997); United
States v. Knox , 124 F.3d 1360, 1364 (10th Cir. 1997); United States v. Cestnik ,
36 F.3d 904, 910-11 (10th Cir. 1994). We again do so here, and are, accordingly,
unable to conclude that Schimoler’s testimony substantially influenced the jury’s
verdict.
In addition to Gladfelter’s testimony regarding Cruz Martinez’s presence at
both sales, we rely on the overwhelming circumstantial evidence against Cruz
Martinez. Specifically, the fact that Cruz Martinez was lessee of the apartment,
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and the nature and location of the evidence recovered from his apartment,
contradict his claim of ignorance regarding the drug sales consummated there.
The government’s buy money was found in his bedroom bundled with money that
he claimed he earned legally. The drugs were found not on Gonzales’ person, but
in Cruz Martinez’s bedroom on an armoire, along with a scale. A fully loaded
revolver was found in Cruz Martinez’s clothes hamper, and more bullets were
found in his dresser. The recovery of this evidence from such personal locations
is inconsistent with his claim that Gonzales, a passerby who came to use the
bathroom, was solely responsible for the drug trafficking in the apartment. This
is especially persuasive given the fact that a conviction for possession with intent
to distribute requires proof of only (1) knowing possession of a controlled
substance and (2) intent to distribute, and does not require evidence that the
defendant was present at any particular sale, see, e.g. , United States v. Johnson ,
57 F.3d 968, 971 (10th Cir. 1995). In short, given Gladfelter’s testimony and the
strong circumstantial evidence against Cruz Martinez, we think the jury would
have convicted him in any event.
Both the government and Cruz Martinez argue that the fact that the jury
deadlocked on the maintaining charge cuts in favor of their respective arguments.
We do not think this fact is in any way helpful to our decision. Given the
disparate elements of the offenses, see Jury Instructions 15 & 20, R. Vol. I, Tab
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53, nothing about the deadlock compels any conclusion as to the effect of the
hearsay. Nor is the previous jury’s inability to reach a verdict determinative of
harmless error here. No two trials are identical. We review only what is squarely
before us. Given the cumulative nature of the hearsay evidence here and the
strength of the evidence in support of the conviction, we are unable to say that
there was reversible error in this trial.
Accordingly, the conviction is AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephen H. Anderson
Circuit Judge
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United States v. Martinez
Combined Opinion