F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
APR 28 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT
__________________________ PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-7128
(E.D. Okla.)
JAMES NORWOOD HUTCHING, (D.Ct. No. 97-CV-267-S)
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, EBEL, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Appellant James Norwood Hutching, a federal inmate appearing pro se,
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 challenging his conviction and
judgment. The district court granted his motion in part by reversing and vacating
his conviction on two counts, but denied his motion as to the remaining counts
and issues and denied his request for a certificate of appealability. Mr. Hutching
appeals the district court’s decision denying his motion on the remaining counts
and issues. We deny Mr. Hutching’s request for a certificate of appealability and
dismiss his appeal.
The facts surrounding Mr. Hutching’s conviction for involvement in a drug
distribution conspiracy and related firearm and murder charges are set out in
United States v. McCullah, 76 F.3d 1087, 1095-97 (10th Cir. 1996) (co-
defendant’s appeal). After conviction on twenty-six counts of a twenty-eight
count indictment, Mr. Hutching received a sentence consisting of eight concurrent
terms of life imprisonment, together with a concurrent forty-year term, ten
concurrent five-year terms, two concurrent ten-year terms, and one consecutive
thirty-year term. A direct appeal followed in which we affirmed the conviction
and sentence but vacated a drug conspiracy count as a lesser included offense of a
continuing criminal enterprise count. See United States v. Hutching, 75 F.3d
1453, 1460 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1246 (1996).
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Mr. Hutching then filed his § 2255 motion and memorandum in support
thereof, contesting his conviction and sentence and alleging the following primary
errors:
1. Prosecutorial misconduct based on knowing use of perjured testimony,
Brady violations, falsification of Federal Bureau of Investigation 302 reports,
alteration of transcripts, improper use of testimony and charts by Federal Bureau
of Investigation personnel, and inflammatory “testimony” and abusive closing
remarks by the United States Attorney.
2. Illegal use of 404(b) evidence.
3. Ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel.
4. Improper or unlawful enhancement of his sentence and insufficient
evidence to support the counts resulting in his conviction.
The government filed a response in opposition to Mr. Hutching’s § 2255
motion but conceded his conviction on Count 17 for possession of an unregistered
machine gun and silencer in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d) must be reversed
after passage of 18 U.S.C. § 922(o), which rendered his compliance with
registration requirements impossible. The district court reversed and vacated Mr.
Hutching’s conviction on Count 17, and in addition, dismissed and vacated his
conviction on Count 22 for use of a firearm in relation to a drug trafficking
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offense, in light of Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137 (1995), and lack of
evidence showing Mr. Hutching drove the vehicle in which the firearm was
discovered.
Having presided over the trial, and after reviewing the trial and appellate
records, the district court determined Mr. Hutching’s ineffective assistance of
counsel claims lacked merit because they failed to demonstrate any resulting
prejudice. With respect to the remaining issues, the district court determined Mr.
Hutching either failed to show a constitutional violation or failed to raise the
remaining issues on direct appeal, thereby waiving his right to attack those issues
in his § 2255 motion.
Mr. Hutching filed a motion for reconsideration, raising another claim of
prosecutorial misconduct under 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) in which he stated
prosecutors improperly granted leniency to witnesses in exchange for their
testimony. In support of his motion, he relied on a Tenth Circuit panel decision,
United States v. Singleton, 144 F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998). The district court
denied the motion for reconsideration based on this court’s en banc decision
vacating the panel decision. See United States v. Singleton, 165 F.3d 1297 (10th
Cir.), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. Mar. 31, 1999) (No. 98-8758).
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On appeal, Mr. Hutching raises the same issues raised in his § 2255 motion,
including his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 1 Mr. Hutching also
makes conclusory or general allegations of abuse of discretion by the district
court, and denial of a fair trial, due process and equal protection of the law.
We begin by addressing Mr. Hutching’s claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, which we review de novo as a mixed question of law and fact. See
United States v. Prows, 118 F.3d 686, 691 (10th Cir. 1997). To prevail, Mr.
Hutching must show his “‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness’” and the deficient performance prejudiced him. Id.
(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984)). To establish
prejudice, he must show a reasonable probability exists that, but for his counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id.
1
Mr. Hutching renews his claim of prosecutorial misconduct involving altered
transcripts, inappropriate use of charts, improper conduct by Federal Bureau of
Investigation agents, and improper closing remarks by the prosecuting attorney. He also
renews his argument concerning improper use of 404(b) evidence at trial, and his
Singleton argument, alleging the government obtained convictions in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 201(c), and requesting that the eight witnesses paid for their testimony be barred
from testifying against him in the event of a retrial. Finally, he claims many of the counts
on which he was convicted are not supported by the evidence or should be dismissed. For
the first time on appeal, Mr. Hutching raises jury issues not considered by the district
court. Because we generally do not consider issues not passed on in the trial court, see
Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120 (1976), we decline to address Mr. Hutching’s jury
issues.
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As Mr. Hutching is a litigant appearing pro se, we recognize his pleadings must
be construed liberally and held to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings
drafted by an attorney. See Drake v. City of Fort Collins, 927 F.2d 1156, 1159
(10th Cir. 1991) (citing Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972)).
Mr. Hutching’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel centers primarily
on his counsel’s trial and appellate strategies, including his selection of issues
briefed on appeal. In addition, Mr. Hutching alleges other innumerable errors by
his counsel, including his alleged failure to read the transcripts, undue reliance on
the co-defendant’s counsel in preparing his brief, failure to follow Mr. Hutching’s
advice, and failure to object when the trial court did not sequester Internal
Revenue Service and Federal Bureau of Investigation agents. In reviewing Mr.
Hutching’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, the district court
determined he failed to show how his counsel’s alleged errors prejudiced his case.
We agree.
An attorney’s trial and appeal strategies do not usually rise to the level of
ineffective assistance of counsel. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91. Moreover,
in determining whether his counsel’s actions prejudiced his case, it is not enough
for Mr. Hutching to allege his counsel’s tactical strategies and other professional
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errors caused some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding. Mr.
Hutching must show “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
[alleged] unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Id. at 694. In other words, he must show that minus these errors, “the
fact finder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting [his] guilt.” Id. at 695.
Given the extensive and highly incriminating evidence offered against Mr.
Hutching, see McCullah, 76 F.3d at 1095-97 and Hutching, 75 F.3d at 1458-60,
he fails to show how his counsel’s alleged errors, when viewed under the totality
of the circumstances, adversely affected his defense or resulted in the guilty
verdict. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695.
Having disposed of the ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we next turn
to the remaining issues on appeal. Our en banc decision moots Mr. Hutching’s
Singleton issue and deserves no further discussion. The remaining issues were
raised for the first time by Mr. Hutching in his § 2255 motion. We agree with the
district court that Mr. Hutching could have raised these issues on direct appeal
but failed to do so. 2 This failure bars him from now raising them in his § 2255
2
Mr. Hutching had an opportunity during his direct appeal to raise the issues of
which he now complains, and failed to do so. For instance, in his direct appeal, Mr.
Hutching requested dismissal of Counts 18, 19, and 20, based on a multiplicity claim, see
Hutching, 75 F.3d at 1459-60, but now requests dismissal of those same counts on his
new claim he justifiably carried a firearm out of danger and fear. Likewise, on direct
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motion unless he shows: (1) “cause excusing his procedural default and actual
prejudice resulting from the errors of which he complains”; or (2) “a fundamental
miscarriage of justice will occur if his claim is not addressed.” United States v.
Cook, 997 F.2d 1312, 1320 (10th Cir. 1993). Mr. Hutching has not shown cause
excusing his procedural default nor made any claim that a fundamental
miscarriage of justice will occur if his claims are not addressed. For that reason,
we conclude Mr. Hutching waived his right of review of those issues.
We have also reviewed Mr. Hutching’s general and conclusory allegations
of abuse of discretion by the district court, and denial of a fair trial, due process
and equal protection of the law. Despite the liberal construction afforded pro se
pleadings, we generally will not consider Mr. Hutching’s conclusory and
unsupported allegations, Wise v. Bravo, 666 F.2d 1328, 1333 (10th Cir. 1981), nor
construct arguments or theories for Mr. Hutching absent any coherent discussion
of those issues. Drake, 927 F.2d at 1159. Nevertheless, because this is a criminal
case and Mr. Hutching claims a constitutional violation, we have reviewed the
record and can find no support for his general allegations of denial of a fair trial,
appeal, Mr. Hutching argued the prosecutor used highly prejudicial comments in his
opening statement. Id. at 1460. He now complains the prosecutor used inflammatory
testimony and inappropriate comments during the trial and his closing statement.
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due process, or equal protection of the law.
Finally, in order to obtain a certificate of appealability, Mr. Hutching must
make a “substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2); see Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 & n.4 (1983). In doing
so, Mr. Hutching must demonstrate the district court’s disposition of his § 2255
motion is debatable among jurists of reason, reasonably subject to a different
outcome on appeal or otherwise deserving of further proceedings. Id. A review
of the record establishes he fails to make the requisite showing for a certificate of
appealability.
For these reasons, the request for a certificate of appealability is denied,
and the appeal is DISMISSED.
Entered by the Court:
WADE BRORBY
United States Circuit Judge
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