Patricia A. TOKAR, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Estate of Thomas TOKAR, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 238946.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted August 7, 2003, at Detroit. Decided September 4, 2003, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication October 29, 2003.*141 Beadle, Burket, Sweet & Savage, P.L.C. (by Thomas L. Beadle), Troy, for the plaintiff.
Williams, Williams, Ruby & Plunkett, P.C. (by James P. Cunningham), Birmingham, for the defendant.
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and NEFF and KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY, JJ.
*140 KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY, J.
Defendant, Stephen C. Albery, personal representative of the estate of Thomas Tokar, deceased, appeals as of right the trial court's order denying a motion brought by decedent's attorney to confirm an arbitration award.[1] The trial court concluded it lost jurisdiction when decedent died after the arbitration award was filed, but before the judgment of divorce was entered. We affirm.
I. Basic Facts
Plaintiff Patricia A. Tokar and decedent married in 1971. After plaintiff filed for divorce in 1998, the parties agreed to submit disputed property issues to arbitration. In relevant part, the "Stipulated Order for Arbitration" provided:
2.... For purposes of arbitration, the Arbitrator shall have all powers ordinarily conferrable by MCLA 600.5001 et seq. [sic] and as though she were sitting as a Circuit Court Judge in the County of Oakland....
*142 3. The award of the Arbitrator shall be confirmed as a judgement [sic] of this court pursuant to statute and shall be the Judgment of the Court in this cause.
* * *
7. The parties further agree and stipulate ... that such a proceeding is binding upon both parties and that the decision of the Arbitrator shall be final and have the same effect as if issued by the Circuit Judge assigned to this case.
After the arbitrator filed the "Findings of Fact Conclusions of Law and Award," but before the trial court entered a judgment of divorce, decedent died. Despite the death of his client, decedent's attorney filed a motion for confirmation of the arbitration award and entry of a judgment of divorce. The trial court denied the motion on the basis of the general rule that a court does not have jurisdiction to render a judgment of divorce after the death of a party.
II. Analysis
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying the motion to confirm the arbitration award for lack of jurisdiction. We disagree.
We review de novo a trial court's decision to enforce, vacate, or modify a statutory arbitration award. Gordon Sel-Way, Inc. v. Spence Bros., Inc., 438 Mich. 488, 496-497, 475 N.W.2d 704 (1991). We also review de novo jurisdictional issues. Oberlies v. Searchmont Resort, Inc., 246 Mich.App. 424, 426, 633 N.W.2d 408 (2001).
A. Jurisdiction
The trial court did not err in denying the motion because the arbitration award, standing alone, did not operate to divorce the parties and, once decedent died, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the divorce judgment. The most vital component of any divorce judgment is the formal dissolution of the marriage between the parties. A judgment of divorce cannot be entered unless there is evidence and a corresponding finding by the trial court "that there has been a breakdown in the marriage relationship to the extent that the objects of matrimony have been destroyed and there remains no reasonable likelihood that the marriage can be preserved." M.C.L. § 552.6(3). Only the trial court can find that the statutory grounds for divorce have been met. An arbitration agreement "does not purport to make of the arbitrator a judge `acting under the color of right as a duly appointed judge.'" Dick v. Dick, 210 Mich.App. 576, 580, 534 N.W.2d 185 (1995), quoting Brockman v. Brockman, 113 Mich.App. 233, 238, 317 N.W.2d 327 (1982). Because the trial court retains ultimate control over a divorce action, an arbitration award, standing alone, does not have full force and effect unless and until the trial court enters a judgment of divorce based on that award.
The trial court's supremacy in all arbitrated actions is clearly established by the statutes and court rule governing arbitration. A stipulated agreement to arbitrate is subject to M.C.L. § 600.5001 et seq.; Dick, supra at 588, 534 N.W.2d 185.[2] Under M.C.L. § 600.5025, the trial courts "have jurisdiction to enforce the agreement and to render judgment on the award." The trial court's enforcement and review of arbitration agreements and awards are governed by MCR 3.602. According to MCR 3.602(I):
An arbitration award filed with the clerk of the court designated in the *143 agreement or statute within one year after the award was rendered may be confirmed by the court, unless it is vacated, corrected, or modified, or a decision is postponed, as provided in this rule.
Further, MCR 3.602(L) provides:
The court shall render judgment giving effect to the award as corrected confirmed, or modified. The judgment has the same force and effect, and may be enforced in the same manner, as other judgments.
These rules clarify the relationship between the trial court and the arbitration process. Unless the trial court vacates an arbitration award, it must enter a judgment on the award as corrected, confirmed, or modified. But equally clear is the fact that an arbitration award depends on the trial court to give it effect. The arbitration award is not effective until the trial court enters judgment on it. In a divorce case, when the parties agree to arbitrate issues of property distribution, spousal support, or child custody,[3] the trial court's judgment must incorporate an unvacated award, as corrected, confirmed, or modified, but only the trial court can adjudge the parties divorced.
Applying this reasoning to the present case, we conclude that the trial court properly denied the motion to confirm the arbitration award and enter a judgment of divorce. The arbitration award did not operate to divorce the parties and cannot substitute for a judgment of divorce entered by the trial court. When decedent's attorney brought the motion to confirm the arbitration award and enter a divorce judgment, the trial court no longer had jurisdiction to render a judgment of divorce because decedent had died. A court must have jurisdiction over both the parties to an award before an order confirming the award can be entered. "A court is without jurisdiction to render a judgment of divorce after the death of one of the parties. `There must be living parties, or there can be no relationship to be divorced.'" Tiedman v. Tiedman, 400 Mich. 571, 576, 255 N.W.2d 632 (1977), quoting Wilson v. Wilson, 73 Mich. 620, 621, 41 N.W. 817 (1889).
B. Tiedman Exceptions
Relying on Tiedman, supra, defendant argues that two exceptions to this jurisdictional rule apply: (1) after the arbitration award was filed, only the "ministerial act" of entering a divorce judgment remained, and (2) decedent acted in reliance on the award. We disagree.
First, the trial court's entry of the judgment of divorce would not have been merely ministerial. Id. at 577, 255 N.W.2d 632. At the time of the motion to confirm the arbitration award and enter a divorce judgment, the trial court had not yet made findings regarding the statutory grounds for divorce. Further, according to letters exchanged by the parties, the arbitration award failed to resolve the division of household furnishings and the parties were still negotiating spousal support. The letters also indicated that the parties might return before the arbitrator to clarify ambiguities in the award. Moreover, before the judgment of divorce was entered, the parties had the option to reconcile or stipulate to an agreement entirely different from the arbitration award.
Second, defendant has not shown substantial reliance on the arbitration award. Id. at 571, 255 N.W.2d 632. Defendant argues that decedent's payoff of *144 the mortgage on the marital home to prevent foreclosure constituted reliance. But the "Order After Arbitration Award" on which defendant relies, states:
Defendant Thomas P. Tokar shall, from his own assets anticipated to be awarded upon a judgment for divorce, shall [sic] cause to immediately pay off the underlying mortgage on the former marital home.... [Emphasis added.]
Because this order explicitly anticipates the filing of a judgment of divorce to finalize the action, it does not support defendant's argument that decedent relied on the arbitration award as a final judgment. "[T]he amount of reliance required should be substantial. Meaningful proof of conduct indicating the parties themselves in good faith believed they were divorced is required." Ensman v. Ensman, 86 Mich. App. 91, 96, 272 N.W.2d 176 (1978). After reviewing the record, we conclude that defendant failed to demonstrate the required reliance.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] Although we address the issues raised in defendant's brief on appeal, we note that the motion at issue and this appeal, at a basic level, are faulty. First, decedent's attorney was without authority to act on behalf of decedent or defendant when he filed the motion because the motion was filed after decedent's death, but before the probate court issued letters of authority. Henritzy v. Gen. Electric Co., 182 Mich.App. 1, 7-8, 451 N.W.2d 558 (1990); see also MCR 2.202(A)(1)(b). Although the probate court issued the letters of authority before the trial court dismissed the action, there was no motion for substitution in the trial court. Thus, while decedent was the only defendant in the trial court, the personal representative of his estate is the only defendant on appeal. Despite our belief that this appeal and the motion filed in the lower court are procedurally faulty, we address the issues raised on appeal to conserve judicial resources because upon remand, the personal representative of the estate could be substituted for decedent and the motion brought before the trial court again. Our conclusion, regardless of whether the correct procedure was followed, would be the same.
[2] Since March 28, 2001, domestic relations arbitrations have been subject to the domestic relations arbitration act, M.C.L. § 600.5070 et seq.
[3] Dick, supra at 582-588, 534 N.W.2d 185; Krist v. Krist, 246 Mich.App. 59, 631 N.W.2d 53 (2001).