F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
MAY 6 1999
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
MARTIN M. BURKE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 97-9022
Appeal from U.S. Tax Court
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL (T. C. No. 15957-92)
REVENUE,
Respondent-Appellee.
DATHA D. BURKE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 97-9023
Appeal from U.S. Tax Court
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL (T. C. No. 14139-89)
REVENUE,
Respondent-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before BRORBY, BRISCOE, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of these
appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). These cases are therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
Petitioners Datha D. Burke and Martin M. Burke, husband and wife, appeal from
the Tax Court’s judgment finding them liable for federal income tax deficiencies for the
year 1982. On appeal, the sole issue is whether Mr. and Mrs. Burke are entitled to relief
from the discharge of indebtedness income pursuant to Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.,
271 U.S. 170 (1926). We have jurisdiction to consider this appeal. See 26 U.S.C.
§ 7482(a). For the reasons that follow, we affirm the Tax Court and conclude Mr. and
Mrs. Burke are not entitled to relief from discharge of indebtedness income.
I.
Mr. and Mrs. Burke each owned fifty percent of the outstanding stock of Burke
Energy Corporation. Burke Energy was the parent company of a consolidated group of
companies engaged in the business of wholesaling and retailing natural gas liquids.
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Mr. Burke owed Burke Energy approximately $853,000.1 Mr. and Mrs. Burke
sought to remove the receivable from the books of Burke Energy. They engaged in two
transactions to do so. First, Mrs. Burke transferred her interests in two parcels of real
property to Mr. Burke in exchange for shares of stock in Maize State Bank and University
State Bank. Mr. Burke then transferred the real estate to Burke Energy in satisfaction of
the debt.
The specifics of the two transactions are as follows. On June 20, 1982, Mr. and
Mrs. Burke entered into two contracts to exchange the real property for the bank stock.
One contract stated Mrs. Burke sold the 707 N. Main property for $250,000, payable by
1
Mr. and Mrs. Burke assert the following facts based upon Mr. Burke’s testimony
before the Tax Court. In 1979 or 1980, Burke Energy acquired a controlling interest in
two banks, Maize State Bank and University State Bank. Burke Energy paid a total of
$853,000 for the controlling interests and listed the bank stock as an asset. Shortly after
Burke Energy acquired the stock, banking regulators for the State of Kansas advised
Burke Energy and Mr. and Mrs. Burke that Kansas law restricted a corporation’s
ownership of bank stock. The regulators directed Burke Energy to divest itself of the
stock. Burke Energy transferred the stock to Mr. Burke and entered in its books a
receivable from Mr. Burke in the amount Burke Energy paid to acquire the controlling
interest in the banks. Also, during the same time, Mr. and Mrs. Burke responded to the
regulator’s mandatory capital calls.
The Tax Court rejected these facts concluding Mr. Burke’s testimony was not
credible, as it was general, conclusory, and mostly unsupported by other evidence in the
record. “[F]air debates about fact-bound matters of characterization are resolved on
appeal in favor of the solution the trier of fact reaches.” LDL Research & Dev. II, Ltd. v.
Commissioner, 124 F.3d 1338, 1349 (10th Cir. 1997) (quotation omitted). The Tax
Court’s decision to discredit the testimony of Mr. Burke was not clearly erroneous. See
id. at 1344. No evidence, other than Mr. Burke’s testimony, showed that Mr. Burke
purchased the stock from Burke Energy. Rather, other evidence indicates Burke Energy
financed part of Mr. Burke’s purchase of the stock.
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Mr. Burke’s assumption of the $5,294 mortgage and transfer of 29,341 shares of common
stock in Maize State Bank. The second contract, for the A and Walnut property, stated
Mr. Burke would assume a $150,638 mortgage and transfer 20,000 shares of Maize State
Bank common stock and 23,534 shares of University State Bank common stock in
exchange for the property, which they valued at $675,000. The stocks were transferred at
Mr. Burke’s acquisition price.
At the time of the transaction, both Mr. and Mrs. Burke were co-obligors on the
mortgages. Her basis in the 707 N. Main property was $8,850, and her basis in the A and
Walnut property was $72,426. Although the 707 N. Main property was worth $250,000,
the A and Walnut property actually was worth only $262,000. The shares of Maize State
Bank common stock and University State Bank common stock were worth $8.34 and
$1.89 respectively.
Despite the contracts, Mr. Burke did not transfer any of the stock to Mrs. Burke.
It had been pledged as collateral for various obligations. Even after the transfer of the
real estate, Mrs. Burke continued to remain an obligor on the mortgages.
After Mrs. Burke transferred the real estate to Mr. Burke, he in turn transferred it
to Burke Energy to satisfy his indebtedness to the corporation. Specifically, on June 29,
1982, nine days after the contracts between Mr. and Mrs. Burke had been formalized,
Mr. Burke and Burke Energy entered into two contracts, one for each parcel of realty.
The contract regarding the 707 N. Main property stated Burke Energy was purchasing
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the property for $250,000 by assuming a $5,294 mortgage on the property and by
canceling $244,706 of Mr. Burke’s outstanding debt. The contract regarding the A and
Walnut property set forth a $675,000 purchase price with Burke Energy assuming a
$150,638 mortgage and canceling the remaining $524,362 portion of Mr. Burke’s
indebtedness. Even after the property had been deeded to Burke Energy, Mr. and Mrs.
Burke remained liable on the mortgages.
On their 1982 joint income tax return, Mr. and Mrs. Burke reported a short term
capital gain of $16,690 from the transfer of the properties by Mr. Burke to Burke Energy.
In computing the gain, Mr. and Mrs. Burke used a selling price of $853,086 and a basis
of $836,396.2 They did not report any gain or loss on the transaction between
themselves. Nor did they report any income from Burke Energy’s cancellation of Mr.
Burke’s indebtedness in an amount greater than the value of the properties he transferred.
In 1984, Mr. and Mrs. Burke claimed a long term capital loss of $1,059,900 with
respect to the University State Bank common stock. The loss was carried forward. The
record does not indicate whether the Burkes have ever claimed a loss with respect to the
Maize State Bank common stock.
2
The basis amount was not Mrs. Burke’s basis in the real property. Presumably, it
was the value of the consideration Mr. Burke provided to Mrs. Burke in exchange for the
real property.
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Upon audit, the Commissioner determined the A and Walnut property was worth
only $262,000, not $675,000. The Commissioner also determined Mr. and Mrs. Burke
received a dividend of $413,000 from Burke Energy and a capital gain of $430,724 from
Burke Energy’s discharge of Mr. Burke’s indebtedness. Accordingly, the Commissioner
issued separate notices of deficiency to Mr. and Mrs. Burke.
Mr. and Mrs. Burke filed separate petitions for review in the Tax Court, arguing
they were entitled to relief from the deficiency assessments under the judicially-created
exception to discharge of indebtedness income set forth in Kerbaugh-Empire, 271 U.S.
170. The Tax Court consolidated their cases. The Tax Court agreed with the
Commissioner that Mr. and Mrs. Burke received $431,000 in capital gains and $413,000
in dividend income from cancellation of the indebtedness in 1982. The court stated it
was unpersuaded that Kerbaugh-Empire created an exception to the discharge of
indebtedness income under the circumstances of this case. Rather, the Tax Court found
Mr. and Mrs. Burke had overvalued the A and Walnut property when they transferred it
to Burke Energy and were seeking to mitigate the tax burden flowing from
overvaluation. Mr. and Mrs. Burke appealed.
II.
“We review the Tax Court’s factual findings under the clearly erroneous standard
and purely legal questions de novo.” LDL Research & Dev. II, Ltd. v. Commissioner,
124 F.3d 1338, 1342 (10th Cir. 1997). Whether several acts are separate transactions or
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“are integrated steps in a single transaction is a question of fact.” Estate of Kluener v.
Commissioner, 154 F.3d 630, 634 (6th Cir. 1998). Whether Mr. and Mrs. Burke have
income from the discharge of indebtedness is a question of law. See Vukasovich, Inc. v.
Commissioner, 790 F.2d 1409, 1411 (9th Cir. 1986).
III.
The issue before this court is whether Mr. and Mrs. Burke have income from the
discharge of indebtedness. Mr. and Mrs. Burke agree that taxpayers generally realize
income upon the discharge of indebtedness. See I.R.C. § 61(a)(12). They further agree
that they do not qualify for any statutory exceptions to discharge of indebtedness income.
See I.R.C. § 108(a)(1). Rather, Mr. and Mrs. Burke continue to argue Kerbaugh-Empire,
271 U.S. 170, provides them with a judicially-created exception to discharge of
indebtedness income.3 They believe all transactions should be collapsed into a single
transaction and there should be no recognized income from the discharge of indebtedness
because they ultimately realized a loss on the bank stock. Mr. and Mrs. Burke contend
Mr. Burke incurred debt to purchase the bank stocks, but the investment proved to be a
loss when viewed along with the income from the discharge of indebtedness. They
maintain that, under the circumstances of an overall loss, the substance of the transaction
3
Mr. and Mrs. Burke do not contest the Tax Court’s computations or its
determination of the fair market value of the A and Walnut property.
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should govern over its form. They concede, however, that if form governs, the
Commissioner prevails.
Before considering the tax consequences of the overall transaction, we must first
consider the appropriate characterization of the transfer of the real property from Mrs.
Burke to Mr. Burke. Mr. and Mrs. Burke argue the transfer of real estate from Mrs.
Burke to Mr. Burke was a gift because she did not receive any consideration for the
transfer of the property since Mr. Burke was already liable for the mortgage and the stock
could not be transferred. They thus maintain the transaction should be viewed as a
contribution to capital of the real estate by Mrs. Burke coupled with discharge of
indebtedness income to Mr. Burke, which need not be reported as income due to the
overall loss.
Mr. and Mrs. Burke, however, did not describe or set up the transfer of the real
property from Mrs. Burke to Mr. Burke as a gift. They specifically referred to each
transfer as a sale. See generally Commissioner v. National Alfalfa Dehydrating &
Milling Co., 417 U.S. 134, 149 (1974) (“[W]hile a taxpayer is free to organize his affairs
as he chooses, nevertheless, once having done so, he must accept the tax consequences of
his choice, whether contemplated or not . . . .”); McCoy Enters., Inc. v. Commissioner,
58 F.3d 557, 561 (10th Cir. 1995) (“It is well settled that taxpayers are generally held to
the consequences of their own characterizations of transactions.”). Also, in the exhibits
attached to their Tax Court petitions, they explicitly stated the two steps should not be
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ignored and the contracts should be followed as written. See No. 97-9022 R. Doc. 1, Ex.
J at 10; No. 97-9023 R. Doc. 1, Ex. K at 10.
The Commissioner argues it is irrelevant whether the property was transferred as
part of a bona fide sale or as a gift, because Mrs. Burke’s basis would be the appropriate
basis for computing capital gain under either scenario. If Mrs. Burke gifted the real
property to Mr. Burke, he would have acquired her basis in the property. See I.R.C.
§§ 1015(a), (e); 1041(b). Under such a scenario, any income would have been computed
based on the acquired basis at the time Mr. Burke transferred the property to Burke
Energy. If Mrs. Burke sold Mr. Burke the property, the transfers would be a taxable
disposition under I.R.C. § 1001(a), requiring a gain to be reported. We agree with the
Commissioner that Mrs. Burke’s basis must be used for computing gain, regardless of
how the transfers between Mr. and Mrs. Burke are characterized.
Having determined characterization makes no difference for tax purposes, we now
decide whether Kerbaugh-Empire provides an exception for the discharge of
indebtedness income. We note initially that Kerbaugh-Empire has been implicitly
repudiated by the Supreme Court in subsequent decisions. See Preslar v. Commissioner,
167 F.3d 1323, 1332 (10th Cir. 1999) (citing Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348
U.S. 426, 429-32 & n.11 (1955); United States v. Kirby Lumber Co., 284 U.S. 1, 2
(1931)). In any event, Kerbaugh-Empire is of no help to the Burkes here. Kerbaugh-
Empire involved a corporation that (1) borrowed German marks from 1911 to 1913 to
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finance construction contracts being performed by a subsidiary, (2) lost money on the
underlying transaction from 1913 to 1918, and (3) repaid the loan in 1921 with marks
that had depreciated in value. See Kerbaugh-Empire, 271 U.S. at 172-73. The Supreme
Court held the difference between the purchase price of the marks and the repayment
amount was not income in 1921, the tax year at issue; rather, it was a reduction of the
loss on the underlying transaction and was therefore not taxable. See id. at 175. In
reaching its decision, the Court gave controlling weight to the substance rather than the
form of the transaction. See id. at 174.
Like the taxpayer in Kerbaugh-Empire, Mr. and Mrs. Burke also lost money on
the overall transaction. The Commissioner, however, contends they must be able to
show the loss took place before the end of the tax year in question, 1982, in order for
Kerbaugh-Empire to apply. We agree.
In Kerbaugh-Empire, the Supreme Court made its decision based on a tax year
when all income and losses had been finally determined. Here, there was no final
outcome in 1982, the tax year at issue. There is no indication the bank stock became
worthless or declined in value in 1982. The Tax Court found the Maize State Bank
common stock had a basis of $5.92 per share and a value in June of 1982 of $8.34 per
share. The Tax Court found the University State Bank common stock had a fair market
value of $1.89 per share in June of 1982. Mr. and Mrs. Burke do not dispute these
findings with citation to evidence to the contrary. Indeed, at the time they filed their Tax
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Court petitions, Mr. and Mrs. Burke indicated the stocks provided valuable consideration
to Mrs. Burke in exchange for the property. See No. 97-9022 R. Doc. 1, Ex. J at 10;
No. 97-9023 R. Doc. 1, Ex. K at 10. Also, on their 1982 joint tax return, Mr. and Mrs.
Burke stated Mr. Burke’s basis in the real property following the stock transaction with
Burke Energy was $836,396. See No. 97-9022, Ex. 1-A, Schedule D. Assuming the
mortgage accounted for $156,032 of this $836,396 basis, $680,364 of the basis related to
the stock. Thus, there is no evidence of a loss with respect to the stock in 1982. Further,
Mr. and Mrs. Burke claimed a loss on the University State Bank common stock on their
1984 tax return. They presented no evidence that the Maize State Bank common stock
ever resulted in a loss.
To except Mr. and Mrs. Burke from discharge of indebtedness income in 1982
would allow them to take a deduction for the same loss in both 1982 and 1984. It is not
reasonable to expect the Commissioner to recalculate taxes for prior years every year
there is an accounting event which may cause a possible impact. See Healy v.
Commissioner, 345 U.S. 278, 284-85 (1953) (“It would be disruptive of an orderly
collection of the revenue to rule that the accounting must be done over again to reflect
events occurring after the year for which the accounting is made, and would violate the
spirit of the annual accounting system. This basic principle cannot be changed simply
because it is of advantage to the taxpayer . . . in a particular case that a different rule be
followed.”); see also Waynesboro Knitting Co. v. Commissioner, 225 F.2d 477, 479-80
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(3d Cir. 1955) (recognizing that rule of Kerbaugh-Empire that diminution of loss is not
gain does not apply merely because end result of transactions extending over period of
years turns out to be loss; relying on Burnet v. Sanford & Brooks Co., 282 U.S. 359,
364-65 (1931), which recognizes annual accounting for tax purposes). Thus, Kerbaugh-
Empire does not extend to the factual circumstances present here.
We conclude Mr. and Mrs. Burke had taxable income from the discharge of
indebtedness in 1982. Accordingly, we affirm the Tax Court’s ruling that Mr. and
Mrs. Burke are liable for the tax deficiency.
The judgment of the United States Tax Court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
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Burke v. CIR
Combined Opinion