F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
SEP 9 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
RAY EUGENE LANCASTER,
Petitioner - Appellant, No. 99-6206
v. (W.D. Oklahoma)
SAM CALBONE, (D.C. No. CV-98-1166-A)
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON , KELLY , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Ray Eugene Lancaster seeks a certificate of appealability to appeal the
denial by the district court of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
*
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
28 U.S.C. § 2254. Such a certificate may issue only if the petitioner has made a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2).
Mr. Lancaster is serving a 100-year sentence after being convicted by a jury
in Oklahoma state court on September 18, 1991, of six drug- and gun-related
offenses, one of which was later overturned on appeal. 1
In his habeas petition,
Mr. Lancaster claims that his trial was fundamentally unfair, in violation of his
constitutional right to due process, on two grounds: (1) there was insufficient
evidence upon which any reasonable jury could find him guilty, see Jackson v.
Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); and (2) in establishing an element of one of
the charges (felon in possession), the prosecution was permitted to introduce
evidence of a prior felony conviction during the guilt-innocence stage of his trial,
in violation of state law establishing bifurcated proceedings to prevent jury
prejudice from such evidence. He has exhausted these claims in state court.
The insufficiency issue revolves around Mr. Lancaster’s argument that the
government failed to prove that he lived at the residence where the drugs and drug
1
The specific offenses are as follows: Possession of a Controlled
Dangerous Substance (marijuana) with Intent to Distribute (Count I), Possession
of a Controlled Dangerous Substance (methamphetamine) (Count II), Maintaining
a Dwelling House Where a Controlled Dangerous Substance is Kept (Count III),
Possession of a Firearm While Committing a Felony (Count IV), Possession of
Drug Paraphernalia (Count V), and Possession of a Firearm after Former
Conviction of a Felony (Count VI). Count IV was reversed on appeal.
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paraphernalia were found. Thus, he asserts, there was no evidence upon which
the jury could find that he was maintaining the place as a drug house or that he
had any dominion or control over the drugs and paraphernalia found there.
He does not dispute that he had been living at the residence in question,
located at 433 Southeast 54th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with Diana Pena.
Rather, he contends that he moved out of the residence about a week before the
police, responding to a disturbance call, found a gun, drugs, and drug
paraphernalia at the residence, and that the only evidence connecting him to the
house was a current water bill in his name. He claims this was insufficient to
prove his occupancy at the time the police came. He was not at the house when
the police arrived.
Mr. Lancaster acknowledges that his car was at the residence on the day the
police came, but explains that “he moved out[] so fast that he left his Oldsmobile
car behind” and that “[o]ne week later, he returned to get his car but found
himself at the wrong end of a revolver of Mrs. Pena,” Appellant’s Br. at 17.
Perhaps some version of this is associated with the disturbance call to the police;
but none of these allegations appear as evidence in the trial record.
Among others, Mr. Lancaster makes the following additional arguments and
allegations: Pena was not called to testify; the men’s clothes found in the house
were not introduced into evidence, and they belonged to someone else; no
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fingerprint evidence was offered, especially as to the gun found on Pena’s bed;
Pena was not charged, nor was anyone besides Mr. Lancaster, so it is impossible
for Mr. Lancaster to have been in joint constructive possession of the residence
and its illegal contents; he did not have exclusive access to the dwelling; even
though drugs were in the residence, there was no proof that a drug transaction
took place there; and, no ledgers were found.
Contrary to Mr. Lancaster’s argument that on the day the police came he no
longer had any connection with the residence, and the only evidence linking him
to it was a water bill in his name, Officer Danny Fitzwilliam testified as follows
with respect to his arrest of Mr. Lancaster on the day in question, after a high
speed automobile pursuit:
Q [By Mr. Deutsch] You had taken the Defendant into
custody as you explained just before lunch, is that
correct?
A Yes, sir, I had.
Q And you booked in the portion of the marijuana cigarette
that you told us about, is that correct?
A Yes, sir, I did.
Q As part of your routine book-in questions of the
Defendant, did you ask him where he lived?
A Yes, sir, I did.
Q What did he tell you?
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A 433 Southeast 54th Street.
Q The same address that we’ve been talking about?
A Yes, sir.
Q Did you take the Defendant back to that residence?
A Yes, sir.
Q Can you describe, I don’t want to know anything that
was said, I just want to know, how did he look, what
was his physical demeanor like at that time?
A He appeared extremely nervous.
Q Why do you say that?
A He was sweating and shaking, very pale.
Trial Tr. at 93. The officer further testified as follows:
Q [By Mr. Johnston] And when did he give you that [433
Southeast 54th] as his address?
A When I asked him where he lived.
Q And that was in the car right after you arrested him?
A Yes , sir.
Id. at 106.
Additionally, during the cross-examination of Officer John Gonshor,
Mr. Lancaster’s counsel invited the following exchange:
Q [By Mr. Johnston] Now, during the entire period while
you were at the residence, you never saw, you never saw
Ray Lancaster, the Defendant, there, did you?
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A I never saw him inside the residence, no.
Q You don’t know whether or not he lived there?
A Well, from statements made, I believe he did live there.
Q Statements made by whom?
A Diana Pena.
Id. at 63-64.
Mr. Lancaster’s argument on appeal—that the men’s clothing found inside
the residence was not his—is inconsistent with his position at trial. At trial Mr.
Lancaster made no attempt to dispute that his clothes were at the residence.
Rather, his strategy was to offer the explanation that he was at the residence to
retrieve his clothing on the day in question—having left most of his belongings
there when he allegedly moved out a week earlier. Thus, his witness, Susan
Snelgrove, testified as follows:
Q [By Mr. Johnston] Did he bring all of his clothes with him?
A He brought a few clothes.
....
Q [By Mr. Deutsch] Do you know whether or not Ray was at that
house on October 6th?
A He was supposed to go get his clothes.
Id. at 128, 131-32. And, when defense counsel was cross-examining the officers
who entered the house, he attempted, unsuccessfully, to obtain their testimony
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that they observed evidence of Mr. Lancaster’s clothes in boxes consistent with
the argument that Mr. Lancaster was moving them out. Id. at 44-45. The officers
not only did not see any such sign of departure, they testified that clothes were
generally strewn about the bedroom and elsewhere in an untidy fashion. Id. at 45.
It is also undisputed that when the police officers spotted Mr. Lancaster’s
car, just a few minutes after they had arrived at the residence and put out a call on
that vehicle, Mr. Lancaster, upon observing the police, engaged in a high speed
attempt to flee. And, finally, there was a water bill for the residence in question,
dated just a week before the police came to the residence, and it was addressed to
Mr. Lancaster.
In short, there was ample evidence from which the jury could reasonably
infer that Mr. Lancaster either presently lived in or otherwise had continuing joint
control over the premises in which the drugs and drug paraphernalia were found,
whether or not he was staying a couple of blocks away with Susan Snelgrove and
her husband because he was fighting with Diana Pena at the time. Id. at 128. Mr.
Lancaster contends that such a conclusion is unreasonable since he presented
evidence that he was staying with Susan Snelgrove and her husband and he did
not live at the residence in question at the time; but we are not the jury and our
review on habeas corpus is extremely narrow. Such review requires us to view
the evidence “in the light most favorable to the prosecution,” and, in that light,
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determine whether “ any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson , 443 U.S. at 319. On
that basis there is no substantial showing here of a violation of the Federal
Constitution. 2
Mr. Lancaster’s second claim is that his constitutional rights were violated
when evidence of a prior felony conviction for attempted rape was introduced in
the guilt-innocence stage of the proceedings contrary to Oklahoma’s procedure
for bifurcating trial stages. The evidence was introduced by stipulation, without
objection by defense counsel, as part of the prosecution’s burden to prove the
element of a prior felony conviction. Trial Tr. at 115. The prosecution did not
seek any live testimony on the subject, did not argue the fact of Mr. Lancaster’s
prior conviction to the jury, and did not attempt to introduce evidence of an
additional three prior felony convictions. The court instructed the jury to restrict
its consideration of the prior conviction to proof of an element.
2
On appeal Mr. Lancaster argues for the first time that his counsel was
ineffective for failing to call six witnesses who allegedly would have testified that
he had moved out of the residence in question. Two of the witnesses allegedly
would have testified that another man had moved in. Also, counsel was allegedly
ineffective for failing to show a family relationship between Pena and members of
the city police department resulting in a police bias against Mr. Lancaster. These
claims were not presented to the state courts and not raised in the habeas petition
here. Accordingly, we decline to consider them.
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A state law claim is not cognizable in a federal habeas proceeding. Estelle
v. McGuire , 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991). Furthermore, the Oklahoma Court of
Criminal Appeals held that in this case Oklahoma law on bifurcated proceedings
was not violated. See Summary Op. at 2, Ex. L to the State’s Resp. to Pet. for
Writ of Habeas Corpus.
Citing Hopkinson v. Shillinger , 866 F.2d 1185, 1197 (10th Cir. 1989), on
reh’g. , 888 F.2d 1286 (10th Cir. 1989), Mr. Lancaster also urges that allowing
evidence of his prior conviction as proof of an element in the guilt phase of his
trial amounted not only to plain error (there being no objection), but to
constitutional error because it rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. There is no
support for this proposition.
As indicated above, the trial transcript does not reveal any improper use by
the prosecution of the fact of Mr. Lancaster’s prior conviction. The
unembellished presentation of the fact as part of the government’s burden to
prove each element of the crime charged, does not present a constitutional
question. In Old Chief v. United States , 519 U.S. 172 (1997), the Supreme Court
addressed an evidentiary question relating to how, not whether, the required
element of a prior conviction might be proved during the guilt phase of a trial.
That decision does not suggest that the issue of admissibility is constitutional, and
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offers nothing in support of some sort of constitutional bifurcation requirement in
state court trials.
In addition to the foregoing, we adopt the reasoning contained in the
magistrate judge’s thorough Report and Recommendation, filed March 30, 1999,
and the District Court’s Order, filed April 23, 1999. Based upon our review of
the record, and for the reasons stated, we conclude that Mr. Lancaster has failed
to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.
Accordingly, we DENY his application for a certificate of appealability and
DISMISS the appeal.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephen H. Anderson
Circuit Judge
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