F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
NOV 12 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
ROSE FREED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 98-1328
(District of Colorado)
THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE (D.C. No. 97-WY-2572-AJ)
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO,
acting in their official capacity,
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PORFILIO, BALDOCK, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-appellant Rose Freed (“Freed”) alleged violations of the
Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). See 42 U.S.C. § 12101-12213 . Freed
appeals the district court’s Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s Complaint. This court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1291 and affirms .
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
The parties on appeal are Freed and defendant-appellee the Board of
Regents of the University of Colorado, acting in its official capacity
(“Defendant”). Freed was and remains employed as a Housekeeping Supervisor
One at the University of Colorado (“CU”). After Freed suffered an on-the-job
knee injury on July 24, 1993, her physician permanently restricted Freed’s stair
climbing, kneeling, and squatting. On July 31, 1994, Freed injured her back in an
off-the-job accident. This injury left her unable to work until October 16, 1994,
when her treating physician released her to work four hours per day. After
returning to work, Freed told her supervisors she could not complete all the work
assigned to her and stay within her medical restrictions. On October 21, 1994,
she repeated her complaints to her immediate supervisor John Clark, at which
time Clark sent her home.
Freed was placed on leave without pay status. She used all of her vacation
and sick leave benefits, and received no pay from CU after January 2, 1995.
Freed consulted an attorney the same month, and her attorney began negotiations
with CU for Freed’s return to work and reasonable accommodations for her
injuries. On July 3, 1995, CU granted Freed certain accommodations and she was
reinstated to full-time status.
After Freed returned to work, her attorney continued negotiations with CU
for back pay for the time Freed did not work. On October 13, 1995, CU sent a
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letter to Freed’s attorney offering some, but not full, back pay. Freed filed a
complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on
February 5, 1996. 1
The EEOC eventually issued Freed a right to sue letter, and
this action was filed on December 9, 1997. Freed filed a complaint seeking
wages and benefits for the period October 21, 1994, through July 3, 1995.
Defendant moved to dismiss Freed’s complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), arguing that Freed did not timely file her
EEOC charge. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which is
applicable to ADA actions, a lawsuit alleging discrimination must be based on
discriminatory actions which occurred within 300 days of the filing of an EEOC
charge. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 12117(a), 2000e-5(e). 2
Using either the date Freed was sent home from work, October 21, 1994,
or the date she stopped receiving money from CU, January 2, 1995, Defendants
argued her February 5, 1996, EEOC charge was untimely. Freed argued that she
did not receive “official” notice of Defendant’s discriminatory action until
October 13, 1995, when CU sent her attorney a letter denying her full back pay.
1
The EEOC referred the matter to the Colorado Civil Rights Commission
for investigation, which in turn deferred its investigation to the State Personnel
Board grievance process. Freed lost this grievance.
2
The 300 day limitation applies in states, like Colorado, which have
statutorily prohibited discrimination; in other states the time limit is 180 days.
See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e). See also Martin v. Nannie & the Newborns, Inc., 3
F.3d 1410, 1414 n.4 (10th Cir. 1993).
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Using the October 1995 date, Freed’s EEOC complaint would fall within the 300
day limit. Freed argued in the alternative that CU’s refusal to grant her
reasonable accommodations for eight months was an ongoing violation of the
ADA, entitling her to a tolling of the 300 day limit. 3
The district court agreed with Defendant that Freed’s EEOC charge was not
filed within 300 days of the alleged discrimination. The district court’s order
noted that under controlling Supreme Court precedent, the trigger of the
limitations period is the date the employee is notified of the alleged
discrimination. See Delaware State College v. Ricks , 449 U.S. 250, 258 (1980).
The beginning date does not change, even if the effects of the discrimination
become more painful at a later date. See id . In this case, the district court
reasoned Freed was on notice of CU’s alleged discriminatory act, that her leave
was without pay, at the latest by January 2, 1995. Although Freed and CU
negotiated over back pay until October 13, 1995, the district court noted that the
Freed also argued below that if any of the alleged discriminatory acts
3
occurred within the tolling period, the court has power to grant back pay for two
years prior to the date of filing with the EEOC. See Estate of Pitre v. Western
Elec. Co., 975 F.2d 700, 704-06. (10th Cir. 1992). While Estate of Pitre does
distinguish between the tolling period and a court’s power to award back pay for
two years, this distinction does not eliminate the requirement that at least one
discriminatory act occur within the tolling period, a showing which had “clearly
been made” in that case. Id. at 702. Moreover, Freed did not raise this argument
on appeal, and thus the issue is waived. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v.
Mhoon, 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7 (10th Cir. 1994).
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possibility of reversal of an adverse employment decision through a grievance
process or other administrative avenue does not toll the running of the filing
period. See id . at 261.
The district court also rejected Freed’s claim of a continuing violation,
noting there was no factual basis to toll the running of the limitations period.
Freed did not clearly articulate her continuing violation theory below, but alleged
that CU’s failure to grant her a reasonable accommodation constituted “ongoing
disability discrimination.” The district court cited controlling precedent, which
states that it is not sufficient under the continuing violations theory to allege that
acts outside the filing time limit had a continuing effect within the time allowed
for suit. See Masheroni v. Board of Regents of the Univ. of Cal. , 28 F.3d 1554,
1561-62 (10th Cir. 1994); Martin v. Nannie & the Newborns, Inc. , 3 F.3d 1410,
1415 (10th Cir. 1993). See also Ricks , 449 U.S. at 503-04.
The district court also analyzed Freed’s argument under the equitable
tolling doctrine, under which a plaintiff must allege active deception by her
employer regarding procedural prerequisites for filing suit. See Masheroni , 28
F.3d at 1562. Freed’s attempt to invoke the doctrine on appeal simply realleges
that CU did not finalize its decision regarding back pay until October 1995. As
the district court stated, the active deception requirement requires more than acts
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which give rise to a false hope that a problem will be resolved internally. See id .
at 1563. Thus Freed’s claim fails under this doctrine as well.
A motion to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) must
be granted when it appears that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support
of her claim(s) which would entitle her to relief. See Yoder v. Honeywell, Inc. ,
104 F.3d 1215, 1224 (10th Cir. 1997). This court reviews de novo the district
court's decision to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). See Ordinance 59 Ass’n v.
United States Dep’t of the Interior Secretary , 163 F.3d 1150, 1152 (10th Cir.
1998). Upon examining the issues raised in the parties’ briefs and other
submissions in the record, and after examining the district court’s order, this court
AFFIRMS the dismissal of Freed’s complaint for substantially the reasons stated
in the district court order.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT:
Michael R. Murphy
Circuit Judge
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