F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
JUL 18 2000
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 99-4135
WILLIAM G. WEST,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Utah
(D.C. No. 99-CR-6-B)
Alan P. Caplan, San Francisco, California, for Defendant-Appellant.
Laurie J. Sartorio, Assistant United States Attorney, Salt Lake City, Utah,(Paul
M. Warner, United States Attorney, with her on the brief) for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before EBEL, PORFILIO, and MAGILL, * Circuit Judges.
MAGILL, Circuit Judge.
William G. West was indicted for one count of possession of
methamphetamine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).
*
Honorable Frank Magill, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for
the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
The indictment was subsequently dismissed and West pled guilty to possession of
amphetamine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).
West appeals the district court's 1 denial of his motion to suppress evidence
obtained as a result of the search of his vehicle. 2 We affirm the judgment of the
district court.
I. BACKGROUND
On February 19, 1997, Deputy Sheriff Phil H. Barney was on routine patrol
on I-70 near Richfield, Utah. Deputy Barney had a dispatcher trainee, Candice
Baker, with him. At milepost 29 at about 1319 hours, Deputy Barney stopped a
green Pontiac which was going eastbound at eighty miles per hour in a seventy-
five miles per hour zone.
After stopping the Pontiac, Deputy Barney approached the driver's side of
the car, intending to issue the driver a speed warning. 3 West was the only
The Honorable Dee Benson, United States District Judge for the District of Utah.
1
2
The motion to suppress was litigated under the case number of first indictment,
Case Number 2:97-CR-00080-001-B. In order to combine the records of the two cases,
we grant West's motion to consolidate Case Number 2:97-CR-00080-001-B with the
current case, Case Number 2:99-CR-00006-001-B.
3
Deputy Barney had a video camera mounted on his vehicle that taped the stop of
West. Although the video provides a relatively clear view of the stop, the camera's audio
recorder was not properly functioning. On appeal, West claims that the video supports
his version of the events and urges the court to review the video. Contrary to the
(continued...)
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occupant in the vehicle. Deputy Barney asked West for his driver's license and
vehicle registration. West provided a valid license and a rental agreement for the
vehicle in his name. Deputy Barney observed that West was very nervous and his
hands were shaking. Deputy Barney also detected a distinctive odor of air
freshener, which Deputy Barney suspected might be an effort by West to mask a
controlled substance.
Deputy Barney took West's documents to his vehicle. Deputy Barney ran a
background check on the Pontiac and a criminal history check of West. An
answer came back on the checks indicating that the vehicle was clear, and while
West was not currently wanted, he did have a criminal history for property crimes,
burglary, and an assault. Deputy Barney had Baker prepare a warning citation for
speeding. Deputy Barney returned to West's vehicle and advised West that he was
only giving him a warning, with no court appearance or fine required. Deputy
Barney gave the warning ticket, driver's license, and rental agreement back to
West in sequence. During this time, Deputy Barney asked West about his travel
plans. West said that he had been in Las Vegas and was returning to Minnesota.
Deputy Barney observed that West continued to shake in a nervous manner.
Deputy Barney was standing back from the vehicle and was bent over towards the
(...continued)
3
defendant's claims, a review of the video supports the district court's version of the traffic
stop.
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driver's side window. Because of his suspicion that West might be involved with
drugs, Deputy Barney asked West if he had any firearms with him. West replied
that he did not. Deputy Barney then asked West if he was transporting drugs and
West said that he was not. At this point, Deputy Barney observed that West was
shaking very visibly. Deputy Barney asked West if he could look in the vehicle.
West paused for a period of time and then said yes.
Deputy Barney asked West to get out of the vehicle and step to the back
and side of the vehicle. Deputy Barney performed a quick patdown of West.
Deputy Barney then conducted a search of the inside of the vehicle. As he did so,
he could detect a strong odor of air freshener. Deputy Barney then took the
vehicle keys and opened the trunk of the vehicle. At that time, Deputy Barney
could detect the distinct odor of methamphetamine. Deputy Barney observed two
bags and a briefcase in the trunk. Deputy Barney asked West whose bags they
were and West replied that all three bags were his. Deputy Barney asked if he
could look in the briefcase, which was locked, and West said no. West, however,
did not otherwise ask Deputy Barney to stop his search or restrict the areas in
which West could search. Deputy Barney took the locked briefcase and put it in
the patrol car so it would not be accessible to West during the search.
Deputy Barney returned to the trunk of West's vehicle. Deputy Barney
picked up a zippered bag that had a lock on it but that was not fully closed. The
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bag was locked and zippered but had a three inch gap. Deputy Barney could
detect the distinct sour odor of methamphetamine emanating from the bag.
Deputy Barney put his fingers in the three inch gap and could feel smooth plastic
and a package which Officer Barney believed contained methamphetamine. West
did not object to Deputy Barney's handling of the zippered bag and the lock on the
bag was not forced. The briefcase, previously placed in Deputy Barney's vehicle,
was placed back in the trunk of West's vehicle. Deputy Barney arrested West and
impounded his car.
On February 26, 1997, West was charged with possession of
methamphetamine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).
After chemical analysis by the government, it was determined that the substance
seized was not methamphetamine but amphetamine, a separately scheduled
controlled substance. The indictment was subsequently dismissed and a felony
information was filed charging West with possession of amphetamine with intent
to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). West filed a motion to
suppress the evidence taken from his vehicle by Deputy Barney during the traffic
stop. The matter was referred to Magistrate Judge Boyce who entered a Report
and Recommendation on June 1, 1998, recommending that the defendant's motion
be denied. On July 10, 1998, the district court adopted Magistrate Boyce's report
in its entirety and denied West's motion to suppress. West entered into a plea
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agreement with the government and was sentenced to eighty-seven months
imprisonment, three years of supervised release, and a fine of $15,000.
Subsequently, West filed the present appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
West offers the following reasons why the seizure of the amphetamine must
be suppressed: (1) he was unlawfully seized after being stopped for speeding; (2)
he did not voluntarily consent to the warrantless search of his rental car; and (3)
even if he did voluntarily consent to the search of the car, the consent was
withdrawn or revoked prior to the seizure of the amphetamine. In reviewing the
denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the factual findings of the district court
unless they are clearly erroneous. See United States v. Wood, 106 F.3d 942, 945
(10th Cir. 1997). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the
district court's determination. See id. The ultimate determination of
reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment, however, is a question of law which
is reviewed de novo. See id.
A. Initial Stop and Detention
West's first argument is that Deputy Barney's questions unlawfully
exceeded the scope of the traffic stop, and that he was unlawfully detained after
the completion of the traffic stop. A routine traffic stop is a seizure under the
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Fourth Amendment. See id. at 945. It is characterized as an investigative
detention, the reasonableness of which is judged under the principles of Terry v.
Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1968). See id.
The Terry inquiry involves a two-part test. See id. The first part of the test
analyzes whether the stop was justified at its inception. See id. In this case, there
is no dispute about the first part because West does not challenge the district
court's finding that probable cause existed to stop him for speeding. The second
part of the test analyzes "whether the officer's actions during the detention were
reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference
in the first place." Id. A driver must be permitted to proceed after a routine
traffic stop if a license and registration check reveal no reason to detain the driver
unless the officer has reasonable articulable suspicion of other crimes or the
driver voluntarily consents to further questioning. See United States v.
Hernandez, 93 F.3d 1493, 1498 (10th Cir. 1996). West argues that he was
unlawfully detained because Deputy Barney did not immediately hand all of the
papers back to West, and, without reasonable suspicion, questioned West for
approximately fifteen seconds before all of the papers had been returned. The
district court found that as Deputy Barney was handing the papers back to West,
he informed West that he was issuing him a warning ticket for speeding, that
there would be no fine associated with the ticket, and that the traffic infraction
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would not appear on his record. The court also found that Deputy Barney
engaged in conversation regarding West's travel plans. West argues that this
questioning was improper and exceeded the scope of the traffic stop. However,
questions about travel plans are routine and "may be asked as a matter of course
without exceeding the proper scope of a traffic stop." Id. at 1499. The district
court found that Deputy Barney returned all of West's papers before questioning
West about drugs or seeking consent to search. Deputy Barney, therefore, did not
exceed the permissible scope of the traffic stop. See United States v. Anderson,
114 F.3d 1059, 1064 (10th Cir. 1997).
After the initial justification for the stop was legally concluded, Deputy
Barney continued to question West. An officer may extend a traffic stop beyond
its initial scope if the suspect consents to further questioning or if the detaining
officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the person stopped
of criminal activity. See United States v. Patten, 183 F.3d 1190, 1193 (10th Cir.
1999). A traffic stop may become a consensual encounter, requiring no reasonable
suspicion, if the officer returns the license and registration and asks questions
without further constraining the driver by an overbearing show of authority. See
Hernandez, 93 F.3d at 1498. "A consensual encounter is the voluntary
cooperation of a private citizen in response to non-coercive questioning by a law
enforcement officer." Id. Whether an encounter can be deemed consensual
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depends on "whether the police conduct would have conveyed to a reasonable
person that he or she was not free to decline the officer's requests or otherwise
terminate the encounter." Id. An officer is not required to inform a suspect that
he did not have to respond to his questioning or that he was free to leave. See
Patten, 183 F.3d at 1194. Therefore, an unlawful detention occurs only when the
driver has an "objective reason to believe he or she is not free to end the
conversation with the officer and proceed on his or her own way." Hernandez, 93
F.3d at 1498.
West argues that Deputy Barney addressed him in a controlling and
aggressive posture by standing extremely close to West's car and leaning forward
so that the car door could not open without hitting Deputy Barney. While "[a]
'coercive show of authority, such as the presence of more than one officer, the
display of a weapon, physical touching by the officer, or his use of a commanding
tone of voice indicating that compliance might be compelled' may suggest that a
detention has not ended," Anderson, 114 F.3d at 1064 (quoting United States v.
Turner, 928 F.2d 956, 959 (10th Cir. 1991)), Deputy Barney's actions were in no
way coercive or aggressive. The district court found that after Deputy Barney
returned West's documents to him he addressed West "without any additional
detention or restriction." The court found that Deputy Barney did not "hold,
detain or block the vehicle." There was no evidence that Deputy Barney used a
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commanding or threatening manner or tone of voice, displayed a weapon, or
touched West. See Hernandez, 93 F.3d at 1499. Moreover, Deputy Barney likely
stood relatively close to the vehicle to avoid being hit by traffic on the busy
interstate on which West was stopped. In any case, we find that the district court
did not err in finding that the lawful scope of the stop was not exceeded and that
the encounter between West and Deputy Barney was consensual.
B. Consent to Search
West next argues that even if the post-stop conversation was consensual, he
did not consent to West's search of the car and, even if he did consent to a search
of the car, did not consent to a search of the trunk. Whether a party has
voluntarily consented to a search is a question of fact that the district court must
evaluate in view of the totality of the circumstances. See Schneckloth v.
Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 (1973). Because voluntariness is a question of
fact, the court must accept the district court's finding unless it is clearly
erroneous. See United States v. Davis, 197 F.3d 1048, 1050 (10th Cir. 1999).
The district court stated that while West did hesitate initially 4 when asked if
he would consent to Deputy Barney searching the vehicle for firearms or drugs,
"there were no threats made, no cajoling, or demand of defendant to obtain
Deputy Barney testified that "I then asked if I could look in the vehicle and he
4
paused for a while and then he finally said yes."
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consent. No pressure was applied by Deputy Barney against the defendant." The
district court found nothing ambiguous or equivocal in West's affirmative
response to Deputy Barney's request for permission to search the car. We find
nothing in the record to indicate that the district court erred in finding that West
voluntarily consented to the search of his car.
Furthermore, the scope of the consent, at least initially, extended to the
trunk of the car. The scope of the consent to search is limited by the breadth of
the consent given. See United States v. Pena, 920 F.2d 1509, 1514 (10th Cir.
1990). The court determines from the totality of the circumstances whether a
search remains within the boundaries of the consent, viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the government. See id. at 1514-15. The general rule is
that "where a suspect does not limit the scope of a search, and does not object
when the search exceeds what he later claims was a more limited consent, an
officer is justified in searching the entire vehicle." United States v. Wacker, 72
F.3d 1453, 1470 (10th Cir. 1995). In the present case, the district court concluded
that the consent given included within its scope the trunk and the container in
which the drugs were found and that it was objectively reasonable for West to
have expected his consent to have included containers that could have contained
drugs or firearms. West has not produced any evidence showing that the district
court's conclusions are erroneous.
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C. Search of the Trunk
West argues that even if the court finds that he voluntarily consented to the
search of the car and its trunk, the consent was withdrawn prior to the seizure of
the amphetamine. The district court, citing Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251
(1991), found that because it was "necessary and appropriate for Deputy Barney
to request additional permission to open and search the locked briefcase," absent
an indication by West that the prior consent to search the entire car was revoked,
the initial consent still remained active as to the rest of the trunk and items
therein. West argues that by refusing Deputy Barney's request to open the locked
briefcase in the trunk, West withdrew consent to search for the entire car. We
decline to decide whether West's consent to search the car was revoked by him
refusing permission to open the locked briefcase because Deputy Barney, in the
course of the consent search, acquired probable cause to search the zippered bag,
rendering consent by West irrelevant.
It is well established that although probable cause to search a car may not
exist when a car is first stopped for a traffic citation, it can arise during the
course of the stop. See Colorado v. Bannister, 449 U.S. 1 (1980). The
government argues that at the time consent was arguably withdrawn, probable
cause to search the trunk consisted of the following factors: 1) the strong odor of
air freshener in the vehicle, 2) West's prior criminal record for serious offenses,
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3) West's extreme nervousness beginning with the stop of the vehicle and
increasing during the search of the trunk of the car, and 4) Deputy Barney's
detection of the odor of methamphetamine when he opened the trunk and when he
picked up the zippered bag. We find that the combination of these factors
established probable cause for the search of the trunk and its contents.
An officer's detection of the smell of drugs, such as methamphetamine, in a
car is entitled to substantial weight in the probable cause analysis and can be an
independently sufficient basis for probable cause. See United States v. Ozbirn,
189 F.3d 1194, 1200 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding that the odor of marijuana Trooper
Smith detected from the vehicle, along with other suspicious conduct such as the
driver and occupant's nervous, talkative, and overly-friendly behavior, and vague
description of their travel plans constitutes probable cause); United States v.
Wald, 208 F.3d 902, 907 (10th Cir. 2000) (stating that the odor of raw
methamphetamine would suffice to provide probable cause for a trunk search);
United States v. Downs, 151 F.3d 1301, 1303 (10th Cir. 1998)(holding that when
an officer encounters the "overpowering smell of raw marijuana" emanating from
a vehicle, probable cause to search the vehicle's trunk exists). Deputy Barney
detected the odor of methamphetamine when he opened the trunk to the rental car.
Deputy Barney described the odor of methamphetamine as follows: "The smell
was very sour. Meth has an, I would say a horrible odor, terrible odor, and I have
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smelled that a number of times and I was sure it was meth." Deputy Barney's
testimony that he detected the strong and peculiar odor of methamphetamine when
he opened the trunk is very persuasive and strongly contributes to probable cause.
In addition to the smell of methamphetamine, Deputy Barney detected the
scent of air freshener in the car. The Tenth Circuit has consistently held that the
scent of air freshener is properly considered as a factor in the probable cause
analysis. See United States v. Anderson, 114 F.3d 1059, 1066 (10th Cir. 1997);
United States v. Leos-Quijada, 107 F.3d 786, 795 (10th Cir. 1997); United States
v. Alvarez, 68 F.3d 1242, 1246 (10th Cir. 1995) (McKay, concurring). Deputy
Barney testified that he detected the strong odor of air freshener when he stopped
West. Deputy Barney stated that in his experience air freshener is often used to
mask the odor of controlled substances. Deputy Barney also discovered through
the criminal history check that West had a record. While knowledge of a person's
prior criminal involvement is not sufficient itself to even rise to the level of
reasonable suspicion, it can combine with other factors to support the requisite
standard of suspicion. See United States v. Sandoval, 29 F.3d 537, 542 (10th Cir.
1994); United States v. McCranie, 703 F.2d 1213, 1218 (10th Cir. 1983).
Deputy Barney also noted that West acted in an extremely nervous manner
throughout the encounter. The Tenth Circuit has held that nervousness "is of
limited significance" in determining whether probable cause to search a car trunk
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exists because it is not uncommon for most citizens, even innocent ones, to
exhibit signs of "innocuous" nervousness when confronted by a law enforcement
officer. See United States v. Wald, 208 F.3d 902, 907 (10th Cir. 2000).
However, in this case the nervousness exhibited by West was different than that
normally exhibited by innocent citizens stopped for traffic citations. In his
testimony, Deputy Barney noted that, "Most people shake a bit but settle down
and he didn't. We had a little conversation. He continued to each time I would
say something he shook more." After Deputy Barney issued the ticket, he noticed
that West continued to shake: "I gave him back his driver's license, the rental
agreement and the warning. . . . I noted that he continued to be very shaky. With
the issuance of a warning, he should have settled down." After the search began,
West continued to display signs of extreme nervousness. Deputy Barney testified,
"He was again, I would say nervous. He was walking around. He was fidgeting.
He was – he just couldn't seem to stand still." Although normal nervousness
exhibited by those stopped for a traffic citation is usually entitled to limited
significance in the probable cause analysis, in this case it is entitled to somewhat
more weight because of the extreme and continued nervousness exhibited by
West.
We conclude that Deputy Barney had probable cause to search the bags in
the trunk of the vehicle when he opened the trunk of the car and smelled the
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strong odor of methamphetamine. At that point, the factors discussed above
combined to reach the level of probable cause enabling Deputy Barney to lawfully
search the trunk and its contents.
III. CONCLUSION
In sum, we affirm the judgment of the district court. The initial traffic stop
of West was lawful and its proper scope was not exceeded, West consented to a
search of the entire car, and at the time that West arguably withdrew consent to
search the car, Deputy Barney had probable cause to search the trunk and,
therefore, the search and seizure of the amphetamine was lawful.
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