United States v. Tisdale

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
APR 16 2001
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 99-3379

BRYAN E. TISDALE,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Kansas
(D.C. No. CR-99-10016-01-WEB)

Submitted on the briefs:

Michael G. Katz, Federal Public Defender, and Vicki Mandell-King, Assistant Federal
Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant - Appellant.

Jackie N. Williams, United States Attorney, and Nancy Landis Caplinger, Assistant
United States Attorney, Topeka, Kansas, for Plaintiff - Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge, and MILLS,
District Judge.*

*
The Honorable Richard Mills, United States District Judge for the Central District
of Illinois, sitting by designation.
MILLS, District Judge.

Plea of guilty to possession of cocaine with intent to distribute.

Sentence: 365 months, consecutive to state sentences.

Issues: denial of motion to suppress and sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

At approximately 2:11 a.m., on July 25, 1998, Wichita police officers were

dispatched to the scene of an attempted burglary/robbery at 1645 North Hydraulic,

Wichita, Kansas. Upon arrival, Wichita police officer Donna-Jean Buckman observed

Bryan E. Tisdale lying on the ground between the two residences located at 1645 North

Hydraulic and 1651 North Hydraulic.1 Tisdale’s white 1992 Nissan Maxima was parked

in the driveway between the two houses.

Tisdale had been shot in his back and in his leg. Officer Buckman asked Tisdale

what had happened, and Tisdale responded that he had heard a noise outside of his house,

and when he went to investigate, he was shot. When asked who had shot him, Tisdale

pointed to Donnell Mike Harrell who was lying dead next to the Maxima.2 Due to the

number of shell casings scattered around the area, Officer Buckman asked Tisdale where

1
Officer Buckman recognized Tisdale from prior police contacts.
2
Harrell died from a gun shot wound to the head which had been inflicted by
Tisdale. Tisdale was not criminally charged for shooting Harrell because the police
determined that the shooting was in self-defense.

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the other gun was. Because he was on probation for some state court convictions, Tisdale

initially told her that he did not have a gun, but later, he informed Officer Buckman that

he gave the gun which he had used to kill Harrell to his neighbor David Howard who

resides at 1651 Hydraulic.3

Accordingly, Wichita police officer Paul Kimble questioned Howard about the gun

which Tisdale had used to kill Harrell. Howard informed Officer Kimble that he had

found Tisdale injured and lying in the yard and that a bag of cocaine and a gun were

located approximately four feet from Tisdale. Howard stated that Tisdale asked him to

hide the gun and the cocaine, and he obliged.

After the police had recovered the gun from inside Howard’s house and due to the

bullet holes in Tisdale’s house, the officers made a protective sweep of Tisdale’s

residence in order to determine whether any other victims or persons were in the house.

The police did not find anyone in Tisdale’s house, nor did they find any contraband or any

other evidence of a crime.4

Meanwhile, Officer Sarah Hamilton, who was also at the scene, interviewed

Tisdale’s live-in girlfriend, Laketha Lee. Lee told Officer Hamilton that she had been

about two blocks away at a friend’s house when the shooting occurred but that she had

spoken with Tisdale on the telephone shortly before the shooting. Lee stated that Tisdale

Tisdale also said that the gun belonged to his girlfriend, Laketha Lee.
3

The officers did not search any drawers or other items in Tisdale’s house and
4

were only in the house for approximately 90 seconds.

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told her that he had heard a noise outside and that, when he went to investigate, he had

found the trunk of his car open.5 Later, Detective Christopher Moore interviewed Lee at

the police station. Lee also advised Detective Moore that Tisdale had told her that he had

found the trunk of his car open. However, Lee never specifically stated to which of

Tisdale’s cars he was referring; Detective Moore merely assumed that Tisdale was

referring to his Maxima.6

A few hours later that same day, the police sought and obtained a search warrant

for Tisdale’s residence and for his Nissan Maxima.7 When the warrant was executed, the

police recovered a large quantity of crack cocaine packaged in two-ounce, one-ounce, and

quarter-ounce packages located in the trunk of Tisdale’s Maxima. In addition, the police

5
Lee could not definitively remember whether she told Officer Hamilton to which
vehicle Tisdale had been referring when he said that the trunk of his car was open. In
addition to his Maxima, Tisdale owned at least two other vehicles, one of which was a
Buick Regal. These other two vehicles were on the south side of Tisdale’s house and
were covered with a tarp or some kind of cloth car cover. Lee also speculated to Officer
Hamilton that someone may have wanted to burglarize Tisdale because he had some nice
things, including some large speakers in his Maxima.
6
However, Officer Bradley Harris interviewed Yvonne Smith at the scene of the
shooting, and Smith told him that, prior to the shooting, she had overheard Tisdale telling
his [Tisdale’s] father that someone had been in the trunk of his Buick Regal, i.e., one of
the cars covered by the tarp.
7
The Wichita police obtained the search warrant from Judge Clark Owens of the
District Court of Sedgwick County, Kansas. Sergeant Jeff Allen prepared the application
and affidavit in support of the search warrant, with the assistance of Assistant District
Attorney Randall Hiebert, after conferring with the various police officers who were at
the scene of the shooting. Sergeant Allen’s application included an assertion that, upon
returning home, Tisdale “had found the trunk of his 1992 Nissan Maxima open.”

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discovered a quantity of crack cocaine in a box and in a whiskey container in Tisdale’s

bedroom. In all, the police found a total of 936.79 grams of crack cocaine, the majority

of which was located in Tisdale’s Maxima.

On March 3, 1999, a federal grand jury indicted Tisdale. Count I charged him

with knowingly and intentionally possessing with the intent to distribute cocaine base in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); Count II charged him with unlawfully carrying or

using a firearm during and in relation to a drug offense in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

924(c)(1); and Count III charged him with being a felon in possession of a firearm in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Tisdale filed two motions to suppress with the district

court which were each denied on September 7, 1999, after the district court conducted an

evidentiary hearing.8

On September 10, 1999, Tisdale entered into a plea agreement whereby he pleaded

guilty to Count I of the indictment, reserving the right to appeal the district court’s denial

of his motions to suppress. In exchange for his plea, the Government agreed to move to

dismiss Counts II and III of the indictment and to withdraw its 21 U.S.C. § 851(a) notice

of Tisdale’s three prior felonies. On November 18, 1999, the district court sentenced

8
Tisdale’s first motion sought to suppress certain statements which he argued
should have been excluded because the police did not advise him of his Miranda rights
prior to his making the statements. Tisdale has not challenged the district court’s denial
of this motion to suppress. Rather, he challenges the district court’s denial of his second
motion, arguing that Sergeant Allen’s application failed to establish probable cause to
justify the issuance of the search warrant.

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Tisdale to 365 months of imprisonment. Tisdale has now filed the instant appeal

challenging the district court’s denial of his suppression motion and the district court’s

calculation of his sentence under the United States Sentencing Guidelines.

II. ANALYSIS

A. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

Tisdale argues that Sergeant Allen’s application and affidavit, which he submitted

to Judge Owens in support of his request for a search warrant for Tisdale’s Maxima and

residence, failed to demonstrate probable cause for the issuance of the warrant because

there was no basis to assume that he possessed other guns or drugs or that any other such

items would be found in his house or car. Specifically, Tisdale asserts that there was no

basis for the search warrant because he had told the police that nothing was missing from

his vehicle, because the fact that he had possessed and used his girlfriend’s gun does not

lead to the logical conclusion that he kept other guns in his home, and that the discovery

of a minuscule amount of cocaine (i.e., an amount appropriate for personal consumption)

does not logically lead to the conclusion that he maintained other quantities (i.e., an

amount appropriate for distribution) of cocaine in his car or house. Moreover, Tisdale

claims that Judge Owens’ determination of probable cause is undermined by the fact that

the police officers conducted a protective search of his house but uncovered no drugs or

firearms.

Furthermore, Tisdale argues that the district court erred in concluding that the

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good faith exception applied to the Fourth Amendment’s exclusionary rule. Tisdale

contends that the good faith exception does not apply: (1) because the warrant is based

upon an affidavit which is facially lacking any indicia of probable cause, (2) because

Sergeant Allen recklessly included false information regarding which car was the object

of Harrell’s attempted theft (the application for the search warrant identified the Maxima,

but Tisdale claims that the evidence establishes that Harrell was after his Buick Regal),

and (3) because Sergeant Allen omitted the significant fact that the officers had

previously performed a protective sweep of his house without discovering any drugs,

weapons, or contraband. Tisdale also contends that the good faith exception should not

apply because Officer Harris recklessly failed to communicate the information which he

had received from Smith that Tisdale was referring to his Buick Regal’s trunk as being

opened, not his Maxima. In short, Tisdale argues that, when the application for the search

warrant is stripped of all irrelevant information, the affidavit is merely “a bare bones”

application which was insufficient to establish probable cause for issuing the search

warrant. Accordingly, Tisdale asserts that the district court erred in denying his motion to

suppress.

The Government argues that the search warrant was supported by probable cause.

The Government asserts that the affidavit recited many of the factual events which

occurred on the night of the shooting, including the fact that Harrell lay dead immediately

next to the trunk of Tisdale’s Maxima, the fact that shell casings were found near

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Tisdale’s house and Maxima, the fact that bullet holes were found in the exterior of

Tisdale’s house, the fact that Tisdale had exited his house with a gun in his hand, and the

fact that Tisdale gave the gun and a bag of crack cocaine to his neighbor to hide. Based

upon this and the other facts contained within Sergeant Allen’s application, the

Government claims that Judge Owens had a substantial basis for concluding that the

application and affidavit established probable cause, i.e., a basis to believe that there was

a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would be found in Tisdale’s

house and/or Maxima, thereby justifying the issuance of the search warrant for both.

Therefore, the Government claims that the district court did not err in denying Tisdale’s

motion to suppress.

Alternatively, the Government contends that the law enforcement officers’ reliance

upon Judge Owen’s probable cause determination was objectively reasonable, and thus,

the good faith exception applies. Moreover, the Government claims that, as discussed

supra, Sergeant Allen’s affidavit is not a “bare bones” application. Finally, the

Government argues that it is clear that the Maxima was the subject of the robbery and that

any failure by Officer Harris to communicate any information to the other officers was

merely inadvertent. In short, the Government asserts that the application for the search

warrant contained no intentional or reckless misstatements, nor did it contain any material

omissions, and therefore, the district court did not err in denying Tisdale’s motion to

suppress.

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 1. Probable Cause9

This Court reviews the sufficiency of the affidavit upon which a warrant is issued

by looking at the totality of the circumstances and simply ensuring “that the magistrate

had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.” Illinois v. Gates, 462

U.S. 213, 238-39 (1983)(quotation omitted). Probable cause means that “there is a fair

probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Id.

at 238; United States v. McCarty, 82 F.3d 943, 947 (10th Cir. 1996). “[T]he defendant

bears the burden of ‘proving a factual nexus’ between the Fourth Amendment violation

and the seizure of the evidence sought to be suppressed.” United States v. King, 222 F.3d

1280, 1285-86 (10th Cir. 2000), quoting United States v. Nava-Ramirez, 210 F.3d 1128,

1131 (10th Cir. 2000). “We review de novo the district court’s probable cause

determination.” United States v. Nolan, 199 F.3d 1180, 1182 (10th Cir. 1999).

9
“This court has recognized that a reviewing court may, in appropriate cases, turn
directly to the good-faith issue without first considering the validity of the warrant under
the Fourth Amendment. When there are important Fourth Amendment questions at issue,
however, and resolution of such questions is necessary to guide future action by law
enforcement officers and magistrates, it is appropriate to first address the Fourth
Amendment issues before turning to the good-faith issue. In addition, resolution of the
Fourth Amendment issue is often necessary, as in this case, to determine whether the
officers’ reliance on the warrant was reasonable for purposes of the good-faith analysis.”
United States v. Rowland, 145 F.3d 1194, 1206 n. 8 (10th Cir. 1998)(internal citations
and quotations omitted). Based on these considerations, we believe it to be appropriate
for us to first address the underlying validity of the warrant before considering the
good-faith exception.

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 This Court’s review of the issuance of the search warrant, however, is more

deferential. Id. As we have previously explained:

When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we
consider the totality of the circumstances and view the evidence in a light
most favorable to the government. We accept the district court’s factual
findings unless those findings are clearly erroneous. The credibility of
witnesses, the weight to be given evidence, and the reasonable inferences
drawn from the evidence fall within the province of the district court.
Keeping in mind that the burden is on the defendant to prove that the
challenged seizure was illegal under the Fourth Amendment, the ultimate
determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a question
of law reviewable de novo.

United States v. Long, 176 F.3d 1304, 1307 (10th Cir. 1999).

We believe that Judge Owens “had a substantial basis for finding that probable

cause existed”, United States v. Simpson, 152 F.3d 1241, 1246 (10th Cir. 1998), and that

the district court did not err in denying Tisdale’s motion to suppress. Sergeant Allen’s

application for a search warrant detailed all of the relevant information known to the

Wichita police officers regarding the shooting which had occurred at 1645 Hydraulic on

July 25, 1998. Specifically, the application and affidavit informed Judge Owens that an

attempted robbery/burglary had occurred in the vicinity of 1645 and 1651 Hydraulic and

that, as a result, one man was dead and another was wounded. In addition, Judge Owens

knew from the affidavit that, upon hearing a noise outside, Tisdale exited his residence

with a gun in his pocket, that numerous shell casings were scattered near Tisdale’s

Maxima and house, that Tisdale had asked his neighbor to hide the gun and a bag of crack

cocaine for him, that Harrell lay dead in Tisdale’s front yard and next to Tisdale’s

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Maxima, that Tisdale’s house had bullet holes in its exterior, and that, earlier in the

evening, Tisdale had found the trunk of his Nissan Maxima open.

Based upon this information, as well as the other facts contained within the

affidavit, we find that a fair probability existed that the Nissan Maxima and/or his house

was the subject of the robbery/burglary and that either or both may have contained

evidence of a crime or criminal activity. Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39. In making his

probable cause determination, Judge Owens was permitted to “‘draw reasonable

inferences from the material provided in the warrant application.’” Nolan, 199 F.3d at

1183, quoting United States v. Rowland, 145 F.3d 1194, 1205 (10th Cir. 1998); see

United States v. Shomo, 786 F.2d 981, 984 (10th Cir. 1986)(holding that the magistrate is

“not required to rule out every other possible alternative.”). Because the affidavit

indicated that Tisdale had found the trunk of his Maxima opened before the shooting and

because Harrell lay dead adjacent to the trunk of the Maxima, it was reasonable for Judge

Owens to believe that a fair probability existed that Tisdale’s Nissan Maxima may contain

evidence of a crime,10 and a nexus existed between the place to be searched and the items

to be seized. See United States v. Gant, 759 F.2d 484, 488 (5th Cir. 1985)(holding that

10
As the Government notes, Tisdale did not tell the police officers after the
shooting that nothing was missing from his Maxima; rather, Lee told the police officers
that Tisdale had told her that nothing was missing from his trunk when he discovered it
opened. In any event, Tisdale’s statements did not relieve the police officers of their duty
to investigate the homicide and the burglary/robbery, especially in light of the fact that
Tisdale initially lied to Officer Buckman regarding his possession of a firearm.

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“the nexus between the place to be searched and the evidence sought may be established

through normal inferences about the location of evidence.”); see also United States v.

Thomas, 757 F.2d 1359, 1367 (2d Cir. 1985), quoting Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S.

160, 176 (1949)(holding that “[p]robable cause to believe certain items will be found in a

specific location is a ‘practical, nontechnical conception,’ [citations omitted] that need not

be based on direct, first-hand, or ‘hard’ evidence.”). Likewise, because Tisdale had

exited his house with a gun (and presumably a bag containing crack cocaine) and because

the exterior of his house contained bullet holes, it was reasonable for Judge Owens to

believe that a fair probability existed that Tisdale’s residence may also contain evidence

of a crime. See Shomo, 786 F.2d at 984 (holding that police officers had probable cause

to search a residence for a gun when the resident was seen leaving the house with a gun).

As this Court has previously opined, in reviewing whether probable cause existed

for issuing a search warrant, “[t]he test is whether the facts presented in the affidavit

would ‘warrant a man of reasonable caution’ to believe that evidence of a crime will be

found at the place to be searched.” Nolan, 199 F.3d at 1186, quoting Texas v. Brown, 460

U.S. 730, 742 (1983) (plurality). The Court believes that this test has been satisfied in

this case. Therefore, Judge Owens’ finding that, based upon Sergeant Allen’s application

and affidavit, probable cause existed to issue the search warrant and the district court’s

denial of Tisdale’s motion to suppress are affirmed.

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 2. Good Faith Exception

Even assuming, arguendo, that Sergeant Allen’s application was insufficient to

establish probable cause to issue the search warrant, we agree with the district court that

the evidence obtained pursuant to the warrant should not be suppressed because the

Wichita police officers who executed the warrant acted in good faith and reasonably

relied upon the warrant issued by Judge Owens. In United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897

(1984), the United States Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment’s exclusionary

rule should not bar the use of evidence obtained by police officers acting in good faith

and with reasonable reliance on a facially valid search warrant. Id. at 919-20. “[W]hen

reviewing an officer’s reliance upon a warrant, we must determine whether the underlying

documents are ‘devoid of factual support, not merely whether the facts they contain are

legally sufficient.’” United States v. McKneely, 6 F.3d 1447, 1454 (10th Cir. 1993),

quoting United States v. Cardall, 773 F.2d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 1985). “Our good-faith

inquiry is confined to the objectively ascertainable question whether a reasonably well

trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate’s

authorization.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 922 n. 23. “In making this determination, we consider

‘all of the circumstances,’and assume the executing officers have ‘a reasonable

knowledge of what the law prohibits.’” Rowland, 145 F.3d at 1207, quoting Leon, 468

U.S. at 919 n. 20. As we have recently explained:

The Supreme Court recognizes four situations in which an officer would not
have reasonable grounds for believing a warrant was properly issued. See

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 Leon, 468 U.S. at 922-23, 104 S. Ct. 3405. In these situations, the
good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule would not apply. See id. First,
evidence should be suppressed if the issuing magistrate was misled by an
affidavit containing false information or information that the affiant would
have known was false if not for his “reckless disregard of the truth.” Id. at
923, 104 S. Ct. 3405. Second, the exception does not apply when the
“issuing magistrate wholly abandon[s her] judicial role.” Id. Third, the
good-faith exception does not apply when the affidavit in support of the
warrant is “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official
belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Fourth, the exception does not apply when a warrant is so facially deficient
that the executing officer could not reasonably believe it was valid. See id.

United States v. Danhauer, 229 F.3d 1002, 1007 (10th Cir. 2000). “The applicability of

the Leon good-faith exception is a question of law which this court reviews de novo.”

Rowland, 145 F.3d at 1206.

Tisdale does not assert that Judge Owens abandoned his judicial role in issuing the

search warrant, nor does he contend that the search warrant is so facially deficient that the

police officers could not reasonably believe it to be valid. Although Tisdale does assert

that Sergeant Allen’s affidavit in support of the warrant is such a bare bones affidavit that

no reasonable judicial officer would have found probable cause to issue the warrant, we

have rejected that argument supra. See Rowland, 145 F.3d at 1206 n. 8 (noting that the

“resolution of the Fourth Amendment issue is often necessary, as in this case, to

determine whether the officers’ reliance on the warrant was reasonable for purposes of

the good-faith analysis.”); see also United States v. Bishop, 890 F.2d 212, 216 (10th Cir.

1989)(holding that a “resolution of whether there was probable cause supporting the

warrant is not necessary to our decision . . . because . . . the agents’ conduct clearly falls

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within the ‘good faith exception’ to the exclusionary rule.”); see also United States v.

Cook, 854 F.2d 371, 372 (10th Cir. 1988)(“Assuming but not holding that the affidavit

fails to establish probable cause, we believe the district court erred in refusing to apply

the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule as set forth in Leon.”).

Thus, the only claim which needs our attention is Tisdale’s argument that Sergeant

Allen’s affidavit contained a material omission which misled Judge Owens. Specifically,

Tisdale contends that the statement attributed to Lee–that he “had found the trunk of his

1992 Nissan Maxima open”–was incorrect because it was his Buick Regal’s trunk which

he had found opened upon returning home, not his Maxima. Moreover, Tisdale asserts

that Sergeant Allen recklessly included this statement in his affidavit based upon

Detective Moore’s assumption regarding to which car Lee had been referring during her

interviews; Lee never specified whether it was his Maxima’s or his Regal’s trunk which

Tisdale said he had found open. Finally, Tisdale argues that Sergeant Allen recklessly

omitted Smith’s statement to Officer Harris that, prior to the shooting, she had overheard

Tisdale telling his [Tisdale’s] father that someone had been in the trunk of his Regal and

recklessly omitted the fact that the officers conducted a protective sweep of his house on

the night of the shooting but discovered no contraband or evidence of a crime.

Tisdale is correct that it is a violation of the Fourth Amendment to “knowingly and

intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth,” include false statements in an

affidavit filed in support of a search warrant. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155

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(1978). Moreover, “[t]he standards of deliberate falsehood and reckless disregard set

forth in Franks apply to material omissions, as well as affirmative falsehoods.” United

States v. McKissick, 204 F.3d 1282, 1297 (10th Cir. 2000). The false statement or

omission must, however, be “necessary to the finding of probable cause” in order for the

fruits of the search to be suppressed. Franks, 438 U.S. at 155; see Stewart v. Donges, 915

F.2d 572, 583 n. 13 (10th Cir. 1990)(opining that “not every omission of relevant

information will be regarded as ‘material.’ The omitted information must be so probative

as to negate probable cause.”). Thus, “a court may look behind a search warrant when the

affiant intentionally or recklessly misleads the magistrate judge by making an

affirmatively false statement or omits material information that would alter the magistrate

judge’s probable cause determination.” United States v. Kennedy, 131 F.3d 1371, 1377

(10th Cir. 1997). The defendant bears the burden to demonstrate the affidavit’s falsity or

reckless disregard for the truth by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.; United States v.

Knapp, 1 F.3d 1026, 1028 (10th Cir. 1993); United States v. Sullivan, 919 F.2d 1403,

1424 (10th Cir. 1990).

In the instant case, we agree with the district court that Tisdale has failed to

demonstrate that there was any deliberate falsity or reckless disregard for the truth as to

any assertion in or omission from Sergeant Allen’s affidavit in support of the application

for the search warrant. Given his interview with Lee, the fact that Harrell was found dead

near the trunk of Tisdale’s Nissan Maxima, and the fact that Tisdale’s Buick Regal was

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covered with a tarp at the time of the shooting, it was reasonable for Detective Moore to

assume that the Maxima was a target of the robbery and that Tisdale was referring to the

Maxima when he informed Lee that he had found the trunk of his car opened. Therefore,

it was reasonable for Detective Moore to relay this information to Sergeant Allen for

inclusion in Sergeant Allen’s affidavit in support of the search warrant, and the district

court did not err in finding that the good faith exception to the exclusionary doctrine

applied.

As for Tisdale’s arguments based upon the omissions of certain facts from

Sergeant Allen’s affidavits (i.e., Smith’s statements to Officer Harris and the fact the

police officers had previously conducted a protective sweep of his home without

discovering any evidence of a crime), Tisdale has failed to demonstrate that these

“omissions” were anything more than inadvertent. Accordingly, we affirm the district

court’s finding that Tisdale’s motion to suppress should be denied because Leon’s good

faith exception applies.

B. SENTENCE

In addition to challenging his conviction, Tisdale also challenges the sentence

imposed by the district court. Specifically, Tisdale argues that the district court erred in

imposing his federal sentence to run consecutive to his state sentence and argues that the

district court erred in calculating his criminal history score and category.

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 1. Concurrent vs. Consecutive Sentence

As a result of the shooting incident on July 25, 1998, Tisdale’s probation was

revoked in three separate state court cases. Based upon these revocations, Tisdale was

sentenced to 72 months of imprisonment. Tisdale was serving this 72 month sentence at

the time of his federal sentencing hearing. Based upon his conditional plea of guilty in

the instant case, the district court sentenced Tisdale to 365 months of imprisonment to be

served consecutive to his 72 month state court sentence.

Tisdale argues that the district court erred as a matter of law in failing to impose

his sentence in the instant case to run concurrently with his state court sentence. Tisdale

asserts that U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) applies in this case because, not only did the district

court increase his criminal history score based upon the state probation revocation

sentence, it also adjusted his offense level by adding two points based upon his

possession of a firearm in relation to the offense conduct. U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) requires

district courts to impose concurrent sentences in cases in which U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(a) does

not apply, and therefore, Tisdale claims that the district court erred as a matter of law in

imposing his federal sentence to run consecutive to his state sentence.

Alternatively, Tisdale contends that the district court abused its discretion in

failing to order that his sentence in the instant case be served concurrent with his state

court sentence based upon U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c). Tisdale argues that, when a defendant

has had his probation, parole, or supervised release revoked (as he did) as the result of

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committing the offense for which he is being sentenced, application note 6 to U.S.S.G. §

5G1.3 confers upon district courts the authority to order that the defendant’s sentence on

the offense of conviction be served concurrent with the sentence imposed for the violation

of his probation, parole, or supervised release. Tisdale asserts that the district court erred

in his case in believing that it lacked the discretion to impose a concurrent sentence as is

evidenced by the district court’s comments at his sentencing hearing. Accordingly,

Tisdale asks the Court to remand this case to the district court with instructions to order

that his 365 month sentence be served concurrent with his 72 month state court sentence

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) or with instructions for the district court to exercise its

discretion to impose a concurrent sentence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c).

The Government argues that U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) is inapplicable because that

section requires the imposition of a concurrent sentence only if the offense level

calculated in the case takes into account the offense underlying the undischarged offense.

The Government asserts that Tisdale received a two point enhancement based upon his

possession of a firearm in this case, not in his prior state cases. Thus, the Government

claims that U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) does not apply because Tisdale’s state court offenses

were not fully taken into account in the determination of his offense level for the instant

federal offense.

Furthermore, the Government argues that, even if this Court were to follow the

other circuit courts which have held that application note 6’s language “should be

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imposed” is permissive rather than mandatory, the district court’s statements, when

viewed in context and in its entirety, establish that the district court believed that it had

the discretion to order that Tisdale’s federal sentence be served concurrent with his state

court sentence, but it chose not to do so. In any event, the Government contends that the

imposition of a consecutive sentence in this case does not constitute plain error.

Accordingly, the Government asks the Court to affirm the district court’s imposing

Tisdale’s sentence in this case to run consecutive to his state court sentence.

Before turning to the merits of Tisdale’s argument, we must first decide the

applicable standard of review. Generally, this Court reviews de novo the district court’s

interpretation and application of the sentencing guidelines. United States v. Contreras,

210 F.3d 1151, 1152 (10th Cir. 2000); United States v. Chavez-Valenzuela, 170 F.3d

1038, 1039 (10th Cir. 1999). However, if a party fails to lodge a specific objection with

the district court to its interpretation or application of the sentencing guidelines, such a

failure precludes appellate review. United States v. Gilkey, 118 F.3d 702, 704 (10th Cir.

1997).

Nevertheless, “‘we recognize a narrow exception and review a legal question

involving application of the sentencing guidelines for plain error.’” Id., quoting United

States v. Ciapponi, 77 F.3d 1247, 1252 (10th Cir. 1996). “In order to evoke this

exception, ‘the error must be particularly egregious, as well as obvious and substantial,’

and we will apply it ‘solely in those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice

-20-
would otherwise result.’” United States v. Ivy, 83 F.3d 1266, 1295 (10th Cir. 1996),

quoting United States v. Saucedo, 950 F.2d 1508, 1511 (10th Cir. 1991), overruled on

other grounds by Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36 (1993); Johnson v. United States,

520 U.S. 461, 465-67 (1997); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993).

Although Tisdale’s objection to the district court’s imposition of a sentence

consecutive to that imposed by the state court is not the model of specificity, we find that

his counsel sufficiently raised the issue of the imposition of a consecutive versus a

concurrent sentence with the district court, and therefore, his claim is preserved for

appeal. At the sentencing hearing, the district court set forth what Tisdale’s sentence was

going to be and then asked whether there were any objections to the proposed sentence.

Tisdale’s counsel responded: “The only request, Your Honor, would be that the Court

consider the lower end of the guidelines. And also, he is serving a State sentence, but that

the Court make the sentence here concurrent with the State sentence.” The district court

heard brief arguments from both parties on this issue and then ordered Tisdale’s sentence

to be served consecutive to his state court sentence.

While it would have been preferable for Tisdale to have referenced U.S.S.G. §

5G1.3 in making his request to the district court that it order his sentence to be served

concurrent with his state court sentence, he did alert the district court to the issue at hand.

See United States v. Reyes-Lugo, 238 F.3d 305, 307-08 (5th Cir. 2001)(reviewing the

defendant’s claim de novo where, although he did not object to the imposition of a

-21-
consecutive sentence, he did ask the district court to impose a concurrent sentence);

see also United States v. Hernandez, 64 F.3d 179, 181 (5th Cir. 1995)(opining that,

although the defendant failed to cite U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c), his request for a concurrent

sentence alerted the district court to the issue before it). Accordingly, we will review the

district court’s imposition of a consecutive sentence de novo.

As we have recently explained:

In general, a district court has broad discretion to sentence a defendant to a
consecutive or concurrent sentence. This discretion is limited, however, by
U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 when the district court seeks to impose a consecutive or
concurrent sentence upon a defendant subject to an undischarged term of
imprisonment. Section 5G1.3(a) requires a consecutive sentence when the
defendant committed the instant offense while serving a term of
imprisonment, or before the defendant began serving a term. Section
5G1.3(b) applies when subsection (a) does not, and requires a concurrent
sentence if the “undischarged term of imprisonment resulted from
offense(s) that have been fully taken into account” in the determination of
the instant offense level. Section 5G1.3(c) applies in any other case and
authorizes the district court to impose a sentence to run concurrently,
partially concurrently, or consecutively to the undischarged sentence “to
achieve a reasonable punishment.”

Contreras, 210 F.3d at 1152 (internal citations and footnote omitted). Subsection (a) does

not apply in this case because an undischarged term of probation is not an “undischarged

term of imprisonment” as that phrase is used in U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3. United States v.

Cofske, 157 F.3d 1, 1-2 (1998); Prewitt v. United States,83 F.3d 812, 817-18 (7th Cir.

1996). Moreover, subsection (b) does not apply because the district court did not fully

take into account Tisdale’s prior state court offenses. Contreras, 210 F.3d at 1153; United

States v. McCarty, 82 F.3d 943, 951 (10th Cir. 1996); United States v. Johnson, 40 F.3d

-22-
1079, 1082 (10th Cir. 1994). As the Government notes, the district court increased

Tisdale’s base offense level by two levels because he possessed a firearm in the instant

offense (i.e., his federal drug conviction), not because he possessed a gun in any of his

prior state court cases. Therefore, U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c), which grants the district court the

discretion to impose a concurrent sentence, a consecutive sentence, or a combination

thereof, applies.

Application note 6 to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 provides in relevant part:

If the defendant was on federal or state probation, parole, or supervised
release at the time of the instant offense, and has had such probation,
parole, or supervised release revoked, the sentence for the instant offense
should be imposed to run consecutively to the term imposed for the
violation of probation, parole, or supervised release in order to provide an
incremental penalty for the violation of probation, parole, or supervised
release.

Id. Although we have previously noted the current split among the circuit courts

regarding whether note 6’s language is mandatory or permissive, e.g., United States v.

Carver, 160 F.3d 1266, 1268 n. 1 (10th Cir. 1998), we have not yet weighed in on the

issue. Compare United States v. Alexander, 100 F.3d 24, 26-27 (5th Cir. 1996)(holding

that note 6’s language is mandatory), and United States v. McCarthy, 77 F.3d 522, 539-

40 (1st Cir. 1996)(same), and United States v. Bernard, 48 F.3d 427, 430-32 (9th Cir.

1995)(same), and United States v. Goldman, 228 F.3d 942, 944 (8th Cir. 2000)(same),

with United States v. Maria, 186 F.3d 65, 70-73 (2d Cir. 1999)(holding that note 6 is not

mandatory based upon use of the word “should” rather than the word “shall”), and United

-23-
States v. Walker, 98 F.3d 944, 945 (7th Cir. 1996)(indicating, in dicta, that note 6 creates

a “strong presumption in favor of consecutive sentencing.”). The issue is now squarely

before us because the state court revoked Tisdale’s sentences of probation and sentenced

him on those revocations prior to the district court sentencing him.

We side with the minority of the circuit courts which have held that note 6’s

language is permissive. Paramount to this conclusion is the Supreme Court’s directive

that courts are to give words their ordinary meaning when they do not have a specific

definition or an established common-law meaning. Chapman v. United States, 500 U.S.

453, 461-62 (1991); United States v. Floyd, 81 F.3d 1517, 1523 (10th Cir. 1996).

“Should” is “used in auxiliary function to express duty, obligation, necessity, propriety, or

expediency.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 2104 (1st ed. 1993); see

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1379 (6th ed. 1990)(defining “should” as “ordinarily

implying duty or obligation; although usually no more than an obligation of propriety or

expediency . . . .”). The phrase “should be” is defined as something “that ought to be.”

WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 2104 (1st ed. 1993). Conversely, “shall” is

“used to express a command or exhortation,” and is “used in laws, regulations, or

directives to express what is mandatory.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY

2085 (1st ed. 1993); see BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1379 (7th ed. 1999)(defining “shall”

as “[h]as a duty to ; more broadly is required to.”). Thus, when used within the context of

a Sentencing Guideline provision, “should” does not mean “shall.” Maria, 186 F.3d at 70;

-24-
see United States v. Checora, 175 F.3d 782, 790 (10th Cir. 1999)(noting that “[i]f a word

in the Sentencing Guidelines is not specifically defined and does not have an established

common-law meaning, the word must be given its ordinary meaning.”).

Furthermore, as the background commentary to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 points out, when

a defendant is subject to an undischarged sentence of imprisonment, the sentencing court

generally has the authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a) to impose a sentence to run either

concurrently with or consecutive to the prior undischarged term, predicated on the

sentencing court’s consideration of the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). U.S.S.G. §

5G1.3, comment. (backg’d). The governing statutes thus vest discretion in the sentencing

court and provide criteria for the exercise of that discretion.

Section 5G1.3 itself is divided into three sections, one of which establishes

circumstances in which a court “shall” impose a consecutive sentence (U.S.S.G. §

5G1.3(a)), and one of which sets out circumstances in which a court “shall” impose a

concurrent sentence. U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b). Section 5G1.3(c), the section with which we

are concerned, differs from the first two sections in two significant respects. First, it is a

policy statement and not a guideline provision. Moreover, it is not even a policy

statement which interprets a guideline provision, and therefore, it is advisory rather than

mandatory in nature. United States v. Hurst, 78 F.3d 482, 483-84 (10th Cir. 1996).

Second, § 5G1.3(c) imposes no duty on the sentencing court but merely provides that, in

any case not covered by the other two sections, the sentence “may be imposed to run

-25-
concurrently, partially concurrently, or consecutively to the prior undischarged term of

imprisonment to achieve a reasonable punishment for the instant offense.” Id. The use of

the permissive word “may” and the reference to the need to achieve a reasonable

punishment clearly contemplate an individualized examination of particular factors and

an exercise of sentencing discretion by the sentencing court in assessing those factors.

In addition, application note 6 provides that, under the circumstances present here,

the sentences “should be imposed to run consecutively . . . in order to provide an

incremental penalty for the violation of probation, parole, or supervised release.”

U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3, comment. (n. 6)(emphasis added). The note then refers to U.S.S.G. §

7B1.3 and describes that section as “setting forth a policy that any imprisonment penalty

imposed for violating probation or supervised release should be consecutive to any

sentence of imprisonment being served or subsequently imposed.” Id. (emphasis added).

Section 7B1.3 is also a policy statement and not a guideline provision and is, therefore,

only advisory. In apparent recognition of that fact, note 4 to § 7B1.3 provides that “it is

the Commission’s recommendation that any sentence of imprisonment for a criminal

offense that is imposed after revocation of probation or supervised release be run

consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed upon revocation.” U.S.S.G. § 7B1.3,

comment. (n.4)(emphasis added).

We are particularly persuaded by the Second Circuit’s opinion in United States v.

Maria, 186 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 1999). In our opinion, the Second Circuit in Maria

-26-
persuasively refuted the majority of the circuit courts’ position that § 5G1.3 and

application note 6 mandate the imposition of consecutive sentences.

In concluding that application note 6’s language is mandatory, the majority of the

circuit courts have based their holding upon the fact that neither U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3 nor

application note 6 provide any qualifications or reservations. However, as Maria notes,

“the Sentencing Commission’s use of ‘should’ instead of ‘shall’ strongly suggests the

existence of the very qualification that the First and Fifth Circuits found not to exist. The

Commission knows how to draft a mandatory provision when it intends to.” Maria, 186

F.3d at 73. Moreover the majority of the circuit courts find significant the fact that the

situations covered by note 6 are analytically similar to those governed by § 5G1.3(a)

which mandates consecutive sentences. The Commission, nonetheless, did not include

the note 6 situations in the ambit of § 5G1.3(a), and the factual distinctions between that

section and note 6 indicate that the Commission did not include them for a reason. Id. No

court which has adopted the majority position has explained “why, if the Sentencing

Commission had indeed intended to require a consecutive sentence in situations

envisioned by Note 6, it did not either amend subsection (a) to include federal offenses in

violation of parole, probation or work release, or reword Note 6 to require unambiguously

a consecutive sentence.” Id. Finally, as for the other circuit courts’ reliance upon

U.S.S.G. § 7B1.3(f), as discussed supra, note 4 to that section states only that the

Commission recommends running the sentence consecutively in apparent recognition that

-27-
the Commission has chosen to couch that entire section as an advisory policy statement

rather than as a mandatory guideline.

Thus, based upon the plain language of U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c) and application note 6

and because nothing in the language of the applicable statutes, the guideline provisions,

the application notes, or the provisions to which the notes refer indicate that the

sentencing court is without discretion to determine whether a sentence under the

circumstances before us in this case should run concurrently or partially concurrently with

a prior undischarged term of imprisonment, we conclude that sentencing courts possess

the discretion to determine, under U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(c) and application note 6, whether to

impose a sentence concurrent with, partially concurrent with, or consecutive to a prior

undischarged term of imprisonment.

Based upon this conclusion, we must remand for re-sentencing in this case.

Contrary to the Government’s argument, we do not believe that the district court believed

that it could impose Tisdale’s federal sentence to run concurrent with or partially

concurrent with his state sentence but that the district court simply exercised its discretion

not to do so. The district court’s comments during Tisdale’s sentencing hearing leaves

little doubt that the district court believed that it was required to impose Tisdale’s federal

sentence to run consecutive to his state sentence:

Mr. Tousley: The only request, Your Honor, would be that the Court
consider the lower end of the guidelines. And also, he is
serving a State sentence, but that the Court make the sentence
here concurrent with the State sentence.

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 The Court: What does the Government have to say about it?

***

Ms. Furst: And Judge Bribiesca in State Court imposed, I think,
consecutive State sentences if they hadn’t already been, but
the total was 72 months, if I recall correctly. I oppose this one
running concurrent. I think they need to be consecutive to his
State Court convictions.

Mr. Tousley: Just for the Court’s information, the probation in the other
cases was revoked as a result of this same indictment.

The Court: He’s known that under the plea agreement, he’s known that
the Government was going to oppose anything but the
maximum. I don’t know how to do it, we’ll let the State take
care of it. We’ll – this – this sentence cannot be served with
the State sentence. We’ll let the State decide what they want
to do about that. This sentence will be consecutive to the
State sentence, whatever that is.

Although it is true that during Tisdale’s change of plea hearing, the district court

advised Tisdale that his sentence “could” be imposed consecutive to his state sentence,

we do not believe that this comment by the district court reveals an understanding on its

part that it could impose a sentence concurrent with Tisdale’s state sentence–especially

given the district court’s unequivocal comment during Tisdale’s sentencing hearing that

“this sentence cannot be served with the State sentence.” Accordingly, we must vacate

this portion of Tisdale’s sentence and remand this matter to the district court for re-

sentencing. On remand, the district court must decide whether Tisdale’s sentence in this

case should run consecutive to, concurrent with, or partially concurrent with his State

sentence.

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 2. Criminal History Points

Finally, Tisdale argues that the district court incorrectly calculated his criminal

history score and, in turn, his criminal history category.11 First, Tisdale asserts that the

district court committed plain error in adding additional criminal history points to each of

his three prior state court convictions in which his probation was revoked as a result of

the instant offense. Tisdale contends that, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1, § 4A1.2, and

application note 11 to § 4A1.2, the revocation of his sentences of probation in his three

state court cases should count as a single probation violation. Specifically, Tisdale claims

that instead of receiving three criminal history points for his 2/21/96 conviction, two

points for his 4/18/96 conviction, and three points for his 11/19/96 conviction, he should

only receive one point per conviction with two additional points being added for the

sentence imposed for the revocations of his sentences of probation.

Second, Tisdale argues that the district court engaged in impermissible double

counting in that the district court assessed criminal points to him pursuant to both

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a) and (d). Tisdale contends that, because he received criminal history

points under both subsections (a) and (d), he is being punished twice for the fact that, in

committing the instant federal drug offense, he violated the terms of his state court

sentences of probation which were revoked and for which he has received a term of

The district court assessed Tisdale 14 criminal history points, placing him in a
11

criminal history category VI.

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imprisonment. In other words, Tisdale asserts that he is being doubly punished for the

same conduct, i.e., he received three criminal history points pursuant to U.S.S.G. §

4A1.1(a) for his three prior state court convictions and two points under subsection (d) for

his prior state court convictions based upon the same conduct. Because subsections (a)

and (d) to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1 are indistinct and serve identical purposes, Tisdale claims

that he should not have received two additional criminal history points under subsection

(d). As a result of his two objections, Tisdale argues that he should only be assessed a

total of nine criminal history points, placing him in a criminal history category IV rather

than a category VI as found by the district court.

The Government argues that the district court did not commit plain error in

calculating Tisdale’s criminal history score and category. The Government asserts that,

contrary to Tisdale’s allegations, application note 11 to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 does not apply

in this case because, when his sentences of probation were revoked by the state court, his

original sentences were merely re-instated; he was not re-sentenced nor were any new

sentences imposed. Accordingly, the Government claims that the revocations of Tisdale’s

unrelated three sentences of probation should count separately for purposes of calculating

his criminal history score.

Furthermore, the Government argues that the addition of two points to Tisdale’s

criminal history score pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) does not constitute impermissible

double counting because his federal offense conduct and his conduct which resulted in the

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state court revoking his sentences of probation are not the same. Moreover, the

Government asserts that the imposition of criminal history points under both subsection

(a) and subsection (d) does not constitute impermissible double counting because those

subsections involve two distinct considerations and serve different purposes.

Accordingly, the Government contends that the district court did not commit plain error in

calculating Tisdale’s criminal history score or category.

As both parties recognize, because Tisdale did not object to the district court’s

calculation of his criminal history score, we review this issue for “plain error.” Fed. R.

Crim. Pro. 52(b); United States v. Malone, 222 F.3d 1286, 1296 (10th Cir. 2000). As this

Court has previously explained:

To establish plain error [Tisdale] must show: (1) an error, (2) that is plain,
which means clear or obvious under current law, and (3) that affect[s]
substantial rights. If these three elements are satisfied, then we may
exercise discretion to correct the error if it seriously affect [s] the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.

United States v. Whitney, 229 F.3d1296, 1308 (10th Cir. 2000)(internal citations and

quotations omitted).

In the instant case, we cannot say that the district court committed plain error in

calculating Tisdale’s criminal history score or category. Tisdale’s position does find

some support in the example provided in application note 11 to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2. The

example provided by the Sentencing Commission in note 11 provides:

A defendant was serving two probationary sentences, each counted
separately under § 4A1.2(a)(2); probation was revoked on both sentences as

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 a result of the same violation conduct; and the defendant was sentenced to a
total of 45 days of imprisonment. If one sentence had been a “straight”
probationary sentence and the other had been a probationary sentence that
had required service of 15 days of imprisonment, the revocation term of
imprisonment (45 days) would be added to the probationary sentence that
had the 15-day term of imprisonment. This would result in a total of 2
criminal history points under § 4A1.1(b) (for the combined 60-day term of
imprisonment) and 1 criminal history point under § 4A1.1(c) (for the other
probationary sentence).

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2, cmt., n. 11.

Here, Tisdale was serving three separate sentences of probation imposed by a

Kansas state court. Because of his federal drug conviction, the state court revoked his

three sentences of probation and sentenced him to 72 months of imprisonment. Thus, the

above example appears to substantiate Tisdale’s claim that, while he should have received

three criminal history points for one of his convictions for which his sentence of

probation was revoked, he should only have received one criminal history point per

conviction for his other two convictions for which he had his sentence of probation

revoked, not two and three points respectively as imposed by the district court. Other

circuit courts have agreed with Tisdale’s interpretation of note 11. See United States v.

Flores, 93 F.3d 587, 591-92 (9th Cir. 1996)(holding that, under note 11, a revocation of

probation for multiple sentences would increase the criminal history score for only one

conviction, and the other convictions would be assigned only one criminal history point

per conviction); see also United States v. Streat, 22 F.3d 109, 111 (6th Cir. 1994)(holding

that, when a sentence of imprisonment has been imposed as the result of a revocation of

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three separate sentences of probation, additional criminal history points should be

assessed to only one of the convictions for which the sentence of probation has been

revoked, not to all three); see also United States v. Dixon, 230 F.3d 109, 110 (4th Cir.

2000)(holding that “[a]n initial sentence imposing probation and a sentence upon

revocation of that probation are treated as one sentence under the Guidelines.”).

Despite the similarities, however, between Tisdale’s situation and the example

contained within application note 11 to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2, we cannot say that the district

court committed plain error in assessing Tisdale three, two, and three criminal history

points respectively for the three convictions for which Tisdale’s sentences of probation

were revoked by the state court. By its terms, the example contained within note 11

applies only “[w]here a revocation applies to multiple sentences . . . .” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2,

cmt., n. 11 (emphasis added). Here, it is unclear whether the state court intended that the

revocation order revoking Tisdale’s sentences of probation applied to all of his sentences

or whether the state court treated the revocations and sentences as separate and

independent matters.

Three points are worth noting in this regard. First, we believe that the state court’s

intentions and treatment of Tisdale’s revocations and sentencing thereafter are factual

matters, and factual disputes cannot constitute plain error. See United States v. Svacina,

137 F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 1998)(citing cases and holding that “[t]his court has held

repeatedly that factual disputes not brought to the attention of the court do not rise to the

-34-
level of plain error.”). Second, the fact that the state court imposed separate sentences as

to each count and as to each conviction lends support for the Government’s position that

the state court treated the revocations separately and did not intend to have one revocation

apply to multiple sentences. The fact that the state court imposed the sentences to run

concurrently does not detract from this position. See United States v. Jones, 87 F.3d 247,

248 (8th Cir. 1996)(“agree[ing] with the district court that Jones’s two unrelated

convictions did not become related by virtue of the probation revocation and concurrent

sentencing, and thus we conclude the district court properly assessed three points for each

conviction.”); see also United States v. Harris, 191 F.3d 457, 1999 WL 638514, * 1 (7th

Cir. Aug. 18, 1999)(noting that “it matters not that his post-revocation sentence ran

concurrent to the sentence for his second conviction - the two sentences are regarded as

separate, even though they were imposed on the same day.”). Third, this Court has

previously held that just because a court conducts a single hearing in revoking multiple

sentences of probation does not mean that the cases should be treated as related cases.

United States v. Jones, 898 F.2d 1461, 1464 (10th Cir. 1990); United States v. Villarreal,

960 F.2d 117,119-20 (10th Cir. 1992).

Although considered in an unpublished opinion which is not binding,12 this Court

has previously reached such a result. In United States v. Flores-Martinez, 7 F.3d 1045,

1993 WL 408016 (10th Cir. Oct. 14, 1993), the defendant had two prior convictions for

See 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
12

-35-
which his sentences of probation were revoked as a result of his conviction in the case

under consideration. Id. at * 1. The district court assigned three criminal points for each

conviction which had been revoked, treating the convictions as separate. Id. In affirming

the district court’s criminal history score calculation, this Court distinguished the example

contained in note 11:

The facts in the case before us are somewhat different because the
sentencing court imposed separate sentences upon revocation of
defendant’s probation for both conviction nos. 1 and 2. The sentencing
court treated the convictions as separate and unrelated but evidently handled
these matters in a single resentencing hearing for reasons of judicial
efficiency. We have previously held that “requiring separate proceedings to
revoke probation and resentence the defendant for each offense is not
necessary to preserve the status of his prior convictions as ‘unrelated
cases.’” United States v. Jones, 898 F.2d 1461, 1464 (10th Cir.), cert.
denied, 498 U.S. 838 (1990).)) We do not understand the guidelines to
contemplate that the impact of multiple unrelated prior convictions be
reduced because the district court conducts resentencing in a single hearing.
Here defendant’s two probationary sentences were individually revoked and
he was resentenced separately as to both. In that circumstance each
conviction should be counted to enhance defendant’s criminal history
category pursuant to 4A1.1(A).

Id. at * 2. Based upon the record before us, it is unclear whether the state court

considered Tisdale’s revocations as separate or whether it intended for the single

revocation of Tisdale’s sentences of probation to apply to the multiple sentences which it

imposed. As such, we cannot say that the district court committed plain error in

calculating Tisdale’s criminal history score based upon the revocation of his sentences of

probation.

Nor can we say that the district court committed plain error in assessing Tisdale

-36-
criminal history points under both U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a) and § 4A1.1(d). The assigning of

points for prior convictions and for violating the terms of one’s probation involve two

distinct considerations and, therefore, does not result in impermissible double counting.

See United States v. Martinez, 931 F.2d 851, 852 (11th Cir. 1991)(holding that “[t]he

district court’s assignment of points under both section 4A1.1(a) and section 4A1.1(d)

does not punish Martinez more than once for the same offense, but rather only determines

the severity of his single sentence.”); see also United States v. Burnett, 952 F.2d 187, 189

(8th Cir. 1991)(rejecting the defendant’s argument that the assignment of criminal history

points under both § 4A1.1(a) and § 4A1.1(d) constitutes impermissible double-counting);

see also United States v. Franklin, 148 F.3d 451, 461 (5th Cir. 1998)(same); see also

United States v. Salyers, 160 F.3d 1152, 1163-64 (7th Cir. 1998)(affirming the district

court’s assignment of criminal history points pursuant to both U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c) and §

4A1.1(d)). Accordingly, the district court did not commit plain error in assigning

criminal history points to Tisdale pursuant to both U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a) and § 4A1.1(d).

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM Tisdale’s conviction and the district

court’s calculation of Tisdale’s criminal history score and category. However, Tisdale’s

sentence is VACATED, and this matter is REMANDED for re-sentencing in order for the

district court to decide whether Tisdale’s sentence in this case should run consecutive to,

concurrent with, or partially concurrent with his State sentence.

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