F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
AUG 9 2001
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 99-4229
EFRAIN CARO,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER ON REHEARING
Richard A. Hostetler, Law Office of Marks and Hostetler, Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellant.
Paul M. Warner, United States Attorney, Barbara Bearnson and Wayne T. Dance,
Assistant United States Attorneys, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before SEYMOUR , HENRY , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.
On consideration of the petition for rehearing filed by Plaintiff-Appellee
the United States of America, the court finds and concludes as follows:
The government argues that our opinion erred in concluding that New York
v. Class, 475 U.S. 106 (1986), and United States v. Miller, 84 F.3d 1244 (10th
Cir. 1996), which relied upon Class, control this case. It contends that the
relevant holdings in Class and Miller were dicta, and that those cases were
factually inapposite. However, because we accord great weight to the dicta of the
Supreme Court, it was not error to rely upon dictum in Class in considering the
applicability of Class and Miller to the facts before us. See Gaylor v. United
States, 74 F.3d 214, 217 (10th Cir. 1996) (“[T]his court considers itself bound by
Supreme Court dicta almost as firmly as by the Court’s outright holdings . . . .”).
Our opinion reasonably construed those cases.
The government also argues that our holding impermissibly considered
Trooper Avery’s “subjective” intent to examine a doorjamb VIN, because Trooper
Avery’s actions were objectively justifiable under Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434
U.S. 106 (1977), Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730 (1982), and Whren v. United
States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996). According to the government, Trooper Avery had
the authority under Mimms to order Mr. Caro out of his car. When Mr. Caro
exited his car, its doorjamb was exposed to view, meaning Trooper Avery could
legally view it under Brown. As a consequence, the government argues that under
Whren, it is irrelevant that Trooper Avery intended to look for a doorjamb VIN
when he asked Mr. Caro to exit his vehicle, as the order to exit was objectively
permissible under Mimms.
This theory, which was not raised in the government’s brief on appeal, is a
more serious objection to our holding. In considering whether to grant rehearing
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on this basis, we have carefully reviewed the evidence presented in the case.
Upon revisiting the videotape of the traffic stop, we discovered an obscure but
highly relevant error in the sequence of facts that was agreed upon in the
appellate briefs of both parties, repeated in the “Background” section of the panel
opinion, and reasserted in the petition for rehearing.
According to all these statements of facts, Mr. Caro exited his car in
response to Trooper Avery’s request to view the doorjamb VIN, after Trooper
Avery had already inspected the dashboard VIN. But the videotape of the traffic
stop clearly shows that this was not the case. In the relevant segment of the tape,
Trooper Avery walks to the driver’s window and speaks to Mr. Caro, following
which Mr. Caro exits the car. As he exits, Mr. Caro leaves the door open, but it
swings shut on its own. Trooper Avery then inspects the VIN on the dashboard,
comparing it to the registration papers in his hand. While he does this, Mr. Caro
stands next to the car, immediately behind the driver’s door. After Trooper Avery
finishes inspecting the dashboard VIN, he takes several steps towards Mr. Caro
and speaks to him briefly. Trooper Avery then opens the car door and bends over
to examine the doorjamb. After looking around at the doorjamb, the interior of
the vehicle, and the edge of the door, Trooper Avery closes the door and again
speaks to Mr. Caro. Mr. Caro then opens the door and releases the trunk of the
car, presumably in response to a request by Trooper Avery to search it.
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If Mr. Caro was already standing outside a closed car door at the time
Trooper Avery asked to inspect the doorjamb for a VIN, and if Trooper Avery
opened that car door himself in order to effect that inspection, Mimms cannot
have “provide[d] the legal justification for the officer’s action.” Whren, 517 U.S.
at 813 (quoting Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 138 (1978)). This case
therefore continues to be controlled by Class and Miller, and there is no need to
reach the issue of any possible interplay between Mimms and Class that might
pertain to the examination of a vehicle doorjamb in search of a VIN.
Accordingly, this panel orders that the petition for rehearing is DENIED.
Entered for the Court
PATRICK FISHER, Clerk of Court
By:
Deputy Clerk
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